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Rural areas in Romania are affected by the significant lack of infrastructure and its deficiencies that have a deep impact both on the economic development and quality of life. According to the latest statistics, 42% of Romania population lives in villages. In the south of the country, 58% of the total population lives in the countryside, being the highest percentage compared to the other regions. Starting from this state of facts, in this study, we set out to make an x-ray of the social-economic profile of the rural environment in Călăraşi county by analyzing the structure and evolution of the number of agricultural companies, the cultivated area, the associative forms from the county, the labor resources employed in agriculture, but also the transport, education and health infrastructure. The analysis of the rural profile of Călăraşi county aims to formulate solutions and proposals in creating concrete conditions regarding the functionality of a socio-economic environment favorable to the consolidation of a sustainable and multifunctional development of the rural space. As research methods, we collected and descriptively analyzed statistical data, studied technical documents and specialized bibliography, and to analyze the state of the county's rural environment, we proceeded to develop a SWOT analysis. The overall analysis of the components of the rural area reveals that the prospects for the development of rural communities are affected by the economic, social and infrastructural backwardness of the rural area of Călăraşi County, but at the same time it has considerable advantages, as presented in the SWOT analysis, whose capitalization will have a significant impact on the future economic and social development of the rural area of the county. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of geotourism already represents an element that must be taken into consideration by the Administrative Territorial Units (ATUs) in order to obtain a sustainable economy. This study was divided into three main stages. In the first part of the study, an assessment of geomorphosites from the Carpathian and Sub-Carpathian area of Vrancea County was done, resulting in the ranking of geomorphosites. The second stage focussed on an analysis of the local economies in the studied area at the level of each ATU and four-digit Classification of National Economic Activities (NACE) code for a period of 19 years (2000–2018) using four economic indicators to determine the share of the tourism sector in the economy of each ATU. The data was used to generate trend matrices and relevant cartographic materials about the contribution of tourism to each ATU's local economy in the analysed area. The last stage consisted in drawing a parallel between the concentration of geomorphosites in the analysed area, the score obtained by them in the evaluation and the tourism sector's share trend in local economies. This study shows how the ATUs with a positive share trend in the tourism sector of the economy are directly influenced by the presence of geomorphosites in their administrative territory or in their proximity. It also emphasises the significance of geomorphosites in increasing tourism complexity in the study area, as well as in the development of tourism and local economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The healthcare need and costs are increasing, hospital expenditure having a big impact. New hospital structures need to be projected based on population and morbidity needs, standards and guidelines. Objectives: To assess the discrepancy between the need and the supply of hospital services, to support projects for new hospital infrastructure. Materials and methods: Literature review about hospital planning, design and building, completed with data analysis of demographic, morbidity indicators and hospital utilisation indicators. Results: In spite of lack of harmonization of morbidity coding, and various catalogues used by different institutions, it is possible to use in Romania demographic, morbidity, and hospital utilization data to assess the need of hospital services; there are discrepancies in utilization between similar wards in different hospitals; surgical activity cannot be assessed only based on hospital beds. Conclusions: A unique reporting standard is needed; further analysis is necessary to assess the need for operating theatres and actual plan new hospitals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The researches presented in this work were located in the hilly area of the East of Timis County, with altitudes between 351 - 489 m, on a total area of 43062.84 ha and an area occupied by grasslands of 11292 ha, divided into four administrative-territorial units (Ohaba Lungă, Făget, Mănăştiur and Margina). The main purpose of this study is to establish the sustainable management of grasslands and the opportunities for financial support, in order to protect and conserve the bird species Lanius minor and Falco vespertinus. In this context, three main objectives were pursued: (1) identification of grasslands in the study area and their "trajectory" over time; (2) creation of a map showing the presence of the two species of grassland birds, of community importance, Lanius minor and Falco vespertinus, in the study area (according to PNDR 2014-2020) and (3) based on the possible threats, to create integrated grassland management measures, in the study area, in accordance with EU CAP policies, aimed at the actions of protection and conservation of the birds of community importance. The work methodology, supported by geomatics techniques, statistical analyses and field observations, followed five stages: selecting the study area, drawing up the thematic maps, identifying the grassland surfaces - evolutionary trends, analyzing the EU CAP policies to subsidize important grassland for birds and identifying threats to the species Lanius minor and Falco vespertinus, in the area of interest. Through the five stages of work, the measures of sustainable grassland management have been established. Following the spatial analyses, a slight variation of the meadow surfaces was demonstrated, the main "support" of the studied bird species, produced in particular, by demographic mechanisms, in the first period favorable to the exploitation of agricultural lands, and in the second part of the analyzed range, unfavorable, with adverse consequences in the mode of agricultural exploitation, as well as for biodiversity. In order to mitigate these phenomena, the EU CAP policies, implemented in Romania by the PNDR (2014-2020) through the agri-environment and climate measure, stimulate through subsidies the measures of "good practices" in the grasslands of the analyzed area. In order to protect and conserve bird species, a set of general, but also specific measures to grassland habitats has been proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents SWOT analysis of beekeeping in Romania using various results in scientific research and author's critical opinion on the past, present and future of this important sector of agriculture. The paper is based on the data from the National Institute of Statistics and on the study of many published articles closely connected with the topic. The results emphasized that Romania has a long tradition in apiculture, favourable conditions for Apis mellifera carpatica, for pickings in a large range of wild and cultivated flora, good pastoral areas, technological solutions for bee growing and breeding, a high number of bee families and apiarists, a high quality honey production and a potential for organic honey. Romania is facing with a small apiary size, a low honey yield, a weak beekeepers organization in associations, a various apiarists' training level, a non sufficient number of honey collecting centres and brands, and with fake honey. The existence of Apimondia, Apiculturits' Association in Romania, Research and Development Institute, the legislative framework, the EU and National programes for beekeeping development are a guarantee that apiculture will continue to develop in the future. The low internal consumption and the increased demand in the EU as well as the numerous rural population could encourage the business in the field of beekeeping for increasing export and trade balance, the income and living standard in the rural areas. But, the increased price of apiary inputs, the low acquisition price of honey, the severe competition in the EU market between producers and exporters, honey imports from China at dumping prices, climate change and bees diseases are threats which could affect beekeeping in Romania. For increasing productivity and competitiveness of beekeeping, apiarists should apply for financial aids offered by the EU and Romanian Government to grow the number of bee families over 150, to intensify pickings in pastoral, to increase honey production and its quality, to extend organic honey production, to diversify production and develop more local brands, to export a higher honey amount at a better price in the EU and assure a high efficiency along the honey chain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyzed sunflower seeds sector in Romania in terms of production, exported and imported quantities, export and import value, trade balance and export and import prices in the period 2007-2017 and set up the forecast for the horizon 2018-2022 using the extrapolation method. Romania has a good performance in production and export of sunflower seeds, being ranked on the top position in the EU-28. The volume and quality of sunflower seeds has continuously grown, and the exported amount as well. The imported amount is 6 times lower than import, which favours the trade balance. The export was higher and higher and covered the import value resulting a positive trade balance. But, import price is higher than export price having a negative impact on the trade efficiency. For this reason, imported quantities should be kept at a low level. In the year 2022, it is expected as the seeds production. export and import to increase, as well as the trade balance to preserve its positive value. Farmers should pay attention to use high value cultivars and hybrids, to apply modern technologies, and improve the product market chain. The high demand for sunflower seeds for producing oil and biodiesel mainly in the EU and in other external markets is a chance for Romania to intensify its export. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to estimate the reliability features for the brake pads used in the braking systems of the industrial loader/transporter machines, with focus on machines used in the Romanian mining industry. The input data was taken from five such machines used over a period of four years. The conclusions were used by the operating companies in order to improve the maintenance strategy based on reliability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper sets out a survey on the evolution of Romanian agricultural real estate for a period of 19 years. Based on the data and on the statistical processed information, this provides few pieces of information on the implementation impact of the Agricultural Real Estate Fund Law no. 18/1991, impact that was significantly felt (in negative manner) with respect to agricultural plots of land. One of the consequences is that the contribution of agriculture to the Gross Domestic Product decreased during the last 15 years (from 19.4 % in 1995 to 13.6% in 2009). This survey also sets out the contraction of agricultural plots of land which still have hydroameliorative systems. The paper provides useful data for those who can promote consolidation measures for lands of agricultural destination. On agricultural total lands, good and very good fertility it is 53%, middling 17%, low 13%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper aimed to analyze the evolution of the population occupied in tourism compared to the population occupied in the national economy in the period 2007-2015 using the empirical data provided by National Institute of Statistics. Index method, comparison method, descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficient, linear regression function, and Herfindhal-Hirschman and Gini-Struck indices were used as methodological framework. The population occupied in tourism activities increased by 12.02% from 155.5 thousand persons in 2007 to 174.2 thousand persons in 2015. Tourism contributes by 2.07% to the population occupied in the economy. The Bucharest-Ilfov, Centre and SE micro-regions have the highest number of population working in tourism: 21.19%, 16.07%, and respectively 12.45%. The South West Oltenia and West micro-regions have the lowest shares of population employed in tourism. The persons working in tourism are relatively uniform distributed in the territory as confirmed by Herfindhal-Hirschman and Gini-Struck indices. The tourism structure by professional status is: 90.8% employees, 3.8% employers and 5.4% self employed people, higher figures than in the national economy. Tourism absorbed more younger persons than in the national economy. About 13.5% of the employed persons in tourism belong to the 15-24 years category and 34.5% belong to the 25-34 years category. The correlation coefficient r=0.588 between the number of people employed in tourism and the number of units for tourists' accommodation reflects that a higher number of tourists will require a larger accommodation capacity and more employment in tourism activities. The correlation coefficient r=0.355 between the number of places (beds) and the number of persons occupied in tourism is a weak. As a final conclusion, tourism is a dynamic branch of Romania's economy with a high potential to create jobs, employ young people and also women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the procedures were estimated to improve the reproducibility and selectivity of the method and determine the influence of different analytical parameters (pH, electrolyte composition, deposition time and potential, this ligands). Detection limit of copper in samples of white wine and red Blaj (Romania) was 2-4 ppm, reflecting a deviation of 1.5-2,0%. The results mentioned in this paper were compared with the results obtained using the classical method of atomic adsorption. The sensitivity of the method is twice smaller than the detection of Pb2-ions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rural tourism registers a growing evolution in the rural economy of Romania in the last 10 years, thanks to the progressive involvement of specialists, of entrepreneurs and also of the factors of local responsibility. However, there are many steps to go before making a superior recovery of the tourism potential which characterizes the Romanian villages. This requires the identification, the development and the implementation of some strategic options based on natural resource, but geared towards the sustainable use of it. Thus, this paper addresses the rural tourism development from the perspective of a strategic management in order to adopt and implement those strategic options aimed at the sustainable development of the rural tourism. Specifically, in the rural area of Sibiu Depression took place a field research study after the case methodology, which has contributed to the demonstration of the requirements for a sustainable development of the rural tourism in the specific examined area. The result consisted of the formulation, elaboration and adoption with a view to the implementation of some relevant strategic options for a sustainable development of the tourism in the rural area of Sibiu Depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IN PARTICULAR, IN RECENT YEARS, THE HIGHLY PRONOUNCED COMPETITIVE FRAMEWORK IN THE ROMANIAN ACADEMIC ENVIRONMENT RESULTED IN THE IMMEDIATE REFORMULATION OF THE ENTIRE MANAGEMENT STRATEGY BY ALL HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS, IN THE SENSE OF INVOLVEMENT PRIORITIZATION FIN VIEW TO OBTAIN INDIVIDUAL AND COLLECTIVE PERFORMANCE. BASED ON THESE COORDINATES, ALSO ON THE INCREASING COMPETITION IN THE MARKET OF EDUCATIONAL SERVICES, DECISIONS TAKEN IN THE ROMANIAN HIGHER EDUCATION SYSTEM, ON THE TWO EXISTING LEVELS - TEACHING AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH - HAVE FOLLOWED AND WILL FOLLOW, SURELY, INCLUSIVELY PROVIDING EDUCATION REORIENTATION LN A MODERN SYSTEM FOCUSED ON COMPETITIVENESS AND PERFORMANCE. IN THIS CONTEXT, DUE TO THE TRANSFORMATIONS OCCURRED IN THE GLOBAL SOCIAL SYSTEM, BUT ALSO IN THE EDUCATIONAL ONE, THE ROLE AND PLACE OF MANAGEMENT ARE MAJOR, ALL HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS IN OUR COUNTRY BEING OBLIGED TO IDENTIFY AND DISPOSE OF SUFFICIENT MECHANISMS, THAT LEAD TO INCREASE THEIR ROLE IN THE ACADEMIC AREA AT NATIONAL AND EUROPEAN LEVEL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

HIV infection in Romania remains an important public health problem. In this paper we aimed to analyze the current situation of HIV infection in Romania in sociopolitical context, in terms of laboratory diagnosis. HIV epidemic in the years 1980-1990 had serious consequences on the Romanian society. After a period of decline of the infection, the development of new HIV cases in 2011 provided a warning to the Romanian society. The problem can be solved through the close cooperation of all social classes, from health professionals to politicians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper aimed to make an analysis on the evolution of the areas under vines in Romania for the period 2003-2013 related with the factors that contributed to this evolution. The research method is related with dynamic analyze of time data series, using absolute and relative indicators. The discussions are focused on evolution of total vineyards, underlining the evolution tendencies of grafted vines areas. In Romania, the areas decreased with 23,5 % during the period 2003-2013. The share of grafted vines in the total areas increased from 49,62 % in 2003 to 50,03 % in 2013, but in absolute term the areas with grafted vines decreased with 26.042 ha in the selected period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Sighişoara Medieval Citadel has a very big importance to the cultural, architectural and historical heritage of Romania. The citadel is situated on the Fortress Hill and it is the only inhabited fortress in Romania. But underneath the beauty of the Citadel lies some problems that only the inhabitants and the authorities know. These problems consist in the presence of the slope instability phenomenon. Throughout the years the slopes of the Fortress Hill, because of a series of factors, became instable. Thus landslides occurred that affected the Citadel fortress walls. There are still some areas of the walls that have never been reconstructed yet. So a slope stability analysis shall show if the slope instability phenomenon is still active and the mitigation measures recommended will stop the activity of this phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is aimed at presenting an analysis of the punishment system of crimes in Romania and China. The authors have conducted a wide research based on the punishment and law systems in China with a comparison with the Romanian juridical system. A new juridical key value unit (JKVU) is introduced, regarding the different aspects between juridical notion of "incrimination" and "incarceration." The article represents an interdisciplinary research in applied law and language with the aim of giving the lawmakers the necessary background for the future improvements of laws and the punishments within a common European Criminal Code. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The environmental protection represents an important subject in international debates, being accentuated by the alert rhythm of economic development and the higher demands of the current consumer generations. In general, it can be claimed that the most developed countries are producing the largest quantities of waste and pollutants and are consuming large quantities of energy and natural resources. The impact these countries have upon the natural environment is strong and destructive. Therefore, it can be remarked that the industrialization level is inversely proportional with the environmental state, which is getting worse by the year: reduced timbered areas, agricultural soil degradation, a thinner ozone layer, numerous extinct plant and animal species, accentuated greenhouse effect, etc. Affecting the natural environment has severe repercussions upon the quality of life, manifesting itself through water, soil and atmospheric pollution. These are the reasons why the authors of this paper are analysing, in the present study, the problems concerning the environmental protection and life quality [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Limited data are available from Central and Eastern Europe on risk factors for severe complications of influenza. Such data are essential to prioritize prevention and treatment resources and to identify specific priority populations for seasonal influenza vaccination. Objectives: To use sentinel surveillance data to identify risk factors for fatal outcomes among hospitalized patients with severe acute respiratory infections (SARI), and among hospitalized patients with laboratory confirmed influenza. Methods: Retrospective analysis of case-based surveillance data collected from 26 sentinel hospitals in Romania during the 2009/2010 and 2010/2011 winter influenza seasons was performed to evaluate risk factors for fatal outcomes using multivariate logistic regression. Results: During the 2009/2010 and 2010/2011 winter influenza seasons sentinel hospitals reported 661 SARI patients of which 230 (35%) tested positive for influenza. In the multivariate analyses, infection with influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 was the strongest risk factor for death among hospitalized SARI patients (OR:6.6; 95% CI:3.3-13.1). Among patients positive for influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus infection (n=148), being pregnant (OR:7.1; 95% CI:1.6-31.2), clinically obese (OR:2.9;95% CI:1.6-31.2) and having an immuno-compromising condition (OR:3.7;95% CI:1.1-13.4) were significantly associated with fatal outcomes. Only 1.7% of SARI patients reported receiving either the 2009 monovalent pandemic vaccine, or the 2010/2011 trivalent seasonal influenza vaccine during the two years of surveillance. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that a substantial number of annual hospitalizations and deaths in Romania may be preventable with influenza vaccination. Hospital-based sentinel surveillance for SARI may provide a mechanism for monitoring the relative severity of influenza seasons, to identify priority populations for influenza vaccination using local data during each influenza season, and during pandemics as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper aimed to present the evolution of poultry meat market in the E.U.-27 in the period 2007-2009 by means of the specific indicators: poultry livestock, poultry meat production and trade both at member state level and at community level. The analysis has pointed out that despite that poultry stock was reduced by 6.10 %, poultry meat production increased by 10.70%, import increased by 9.18% and export by 11.31%. This was due to the fact that many people are oriented to poultry meat which is a white and lean meat, rich in high value protein, it has less cholesterol and a high digestibility, a nice flavor when it is prepared. In 2009, Romania was situated on the 9th position among the EU countries concerning poultry livestock and meat production, on the 11th position concerning poultry meat export and on the 5th position regarding import. As a conclusion, the EU is an important producer, exporter and importer of poultry meat and in the coming years it is expected a continuous increase of production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Market economy is a concept the meaning of which is strongly related to the word competition. In the context of globalisation, next to companies, small and medium-sized enterprises, territories also have to create an identity and furthermore to bargain it outside their boundaries. How can a local community reach the state of the art in terms of territorial marketing? This study attempts to demonstrate that more public attendance is stimulated in the local marketing process much easier the territorial branding challenge is faced by local administration. Moreover, the present paper seeks to identify the way that those pillars supporting an image strategy for Cluj-Napoca city of Romania can be found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The economic environment must be parsed because of the multitude of phenomena that determine developments which generate effects and show sinuous ridges that can be interpreted differed depending on the context. Tourism is an important sector of the economy, and the evolution must be analyzed through the signification of a set of specific indicators. However, there are common indicators for all the areas of activity which are relevant both for industry and for the country's economic level. Thus, the analysis of the achieved turnover by the most successful travel agencies in conjunction with the evolution of gross domestic product per capita is important and highlights significant elements for the future forecasts, and analysis of the business environment in this area. The time period under analysis should be long enough so that the valuable judgments are issued from the normal not random trend of the indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enhanced-V is a structure that appears at the top of a storm and it is often associated with severe weather, especially hail and tornadoes (McCann 1983, Adler et al., 1985). These structures can be observed through satellite images provided by satellites such as Meteosat Second Generation, due to the spectral, time and space resolution the satellite has. The objective of this article is to determine the details of the enhanced-V type structures that have appeared in the upper structure of tornadic storms across Romania. All the cases of tornadoes that have been reported in Romania have been selected from the European Severe Weather Database (ESWD) and for each case a series of analysis were made to determine first if such structures were present and secondly, to find specific parameters of these structures. Analyzing the most clearly defined type of enhanced-V structures was the last step in determining which the best defined enhance-V structure was. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyzes a Romanian well-known work, entitled March, by the Romanian composer Martian Negrea, originally written for flute and reciter and then adapted for solo clarinet by the author, in collaboration with the Romanian clarinet player Aurelian Octav Popa. The piece is based on the homonymous poem of Lucian Blaga, from his debut volume Poems of Light. The study focuses on describing the structure of this piece, made up of three generating musical motives, which, through continuous variational transformations, give rise to other structural entities, themselves subject to further variations. This method of achieving musical discourse, of extreme economy of thematic material, produces, paradoxically, images of extraordinary musical spontaneity and naturalness, which leave, at first glance, the impression of a continuous improvisation. This musical image, explosive and spontaneous, is certainly in relation to the lyrics of Blaga, who suggests the rebirth of nature with the arrival of spring. The poem is heard as a spoken text in the flute version, but it's only a literary reference for the solo clarinet version. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The evolution of leu-euro rate of exchange has a definite influence on Romanian real economy, permanently being searched that balanced exchange rate, to assure the financial market stability. Hereby, it is necessary the permanent analysis of the currency exchange rate, including the main factors that influence its fluctuations. With a view to achieving this aim, it is necessary a set of informatics tools dedicated to exchange rate evolution analysis, tools that use various techniques. In the present paper, it is used a data mining technique, namely classification for analyzing the evolution of leu-euro rate of exchange for a certain period of time. For implementing the results obtained through this technique, it will also be developed a system for analyzing the evolution of this currency exchange rate. Such a system can be a useful tool for economists, financial analysts, statisticians etc., in studying the exchange rate, also in predicting its evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present some of achievements on Vibratory Stress Relief, one of most controversial no-conventional technology. We have invented a new method and equipment for VSR and we patented this since 1983. An important number of workpiece was treated by this technology and a know-how was developed. The equipment was updated and redesigned based on latest achievements of electronics, computers and IT. Our method was compared with most known devices and the most limitations of VSR was established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the situation of the active sterile heaps in the Jiu Valley followed by the analysis of the stability for natural humidity and saturation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A functional analysis of tantrums was carried out with 2 children who were adopted from state-run Romanian orphanages. Tantrums included such behaviours as screaming, property destruction, self-injury and aggression. The functional analysis was conducted in an outpatient treatment unit and consisted of exposing the child and mother to a number of specific social contexts that were designed to identify social consequences maintaining tantrums. These social contexts were alternated rapidly in a multi-element design fashion during the outpatient assessment to demonstrate experimental control. Results indicated that tantrums were maintained by attention from the mother when the mother's attention was diverted away from the child (i.e. when the mother was interacting with another person). A treatment plan, which consisted of the mother delivering frequent but brief attention statements to the child during diverted attention contexts eliminated tantrums during the assessment. Follow-up evaluations for up to 6 months indicated that parents used the treatment plan and that tantrums were no longer a difficulty with these children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]