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Objective: To compare intravenous lignocaine vs. intravenous nalbuphine in terms of mean change in heart rate and mean arterial pressures (MAP) during awake tracheal extubation. Study Design: Randomized control trial. Place and Duration of Study: Main Operation Theatre, Combined Military Hospital Rawalpindi, from May 2016 to Dec 2016. Methodology: After approval of the study by the institution's research ethics committee, the patients meeting inclusion criteria were assigned randomly to one of the two groups by lottery method. On return of spontaneous ventilation, patients in group L received intravenous lignocaine 1.5 mg/kg while group N patients received intravenous Nalbuphine 0.2mg/kg. Data recorded immediately (T1) and 5min after (T2) extubation. Results: After stratification of data in terms of age, gender, duration of surgery and ASA classification, evaluation of hemodynamic parameters (HR and MAP) between the two groups was done. The mean change in HR in group L was 6.66 ± 1.53 bpm and in group N was 4.43 ± 1.35. The mean change in MAP in group L was 4.90 ± 1.49 mm of Hg and in group N was 3.23 ± 1.33. p-value in both parameters was found to be less than 0.05 and thus declared significant. Conclusion: We concluded that intravenous nalbuphine, in the dose of 0.2mg/kg, is a better attenuator of hemodynamic response to extubation as compared to intravenous lignocaine and provides better stability of Heart rate and Mean arterial Pressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the protective effect of lignocaine against acetylcholine and bradykinin induced airway contraction of isolated tracheal tissue of guinea pig in vitro. Study Design: Laboratory based quasi experimental study. Place and Duration of Study: Pharmacology department in collaboration with Physiology Department at Army Medical College, Rawalpindi, from Jan 2016 to Oct 2016. Methodology: Effects of cumulative doses of acetylcholine (10-6-10-3 M) and bradykinin (11μg -66 μg) in the presence of fixed dose of lignocaine (1mM) were observed on isolated tracheal smooth muscle of guinea pig by constructing cumulative dose response curves. Isometric Force Transducer DT-475 (USA) attached to Power Lab data Acquisition Unit, was used to record the tracheal smooth muscle contractions. Results: Acetylcholine and bradykinin reversibly increased the tracheal muscle contractions of guinea pig. Maximum amplitude of contraction with acetylcholine and bradykinin alone & acetylcholine and bradykinin pretreated with lignocaine were 0.025 ± 0.0009 mV, 0.013 ± 0.0007 mV, 0.013 ± 0.0012 mV and 0.007 ± 0.0002 mV respectively. So lignocaine significantly ameliorated acetylcholine and bradykinin induced contraction. Conclusion: Lignocaine significantly inhibited the constrictor response of acetylcholine and bradykinin. The percent inhibition was more for acetylcholine than for bradykinin induced tracheal tissue contraction. So it is suggested that lignocaine may be used as spinal anesthesia in asthmatic patients undergoing surgeries due to its bronchodilatory effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]