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Introduction: CD34 antigen is a tool important in differentiating between benign and malignant conditions. This study was aimed to determine the stromal expression of CD34 antigen by immunohistochemical method in proliferative lesions of the breast and to evaluate the specificity of loss of CD34 antigen expression in stromal cells for malignant lesions. Materials and methods: 90 cases of proliferative lesions of the breast were studied from January 2022 to December 2022. Paraffin-embedded blocks were retrieved for all the cases and underwent routine processing followed by Hematoxylin and Eosin staining. 54 cases of the benign lesion and 36 cases of the malignant lesion were studied for CD34 immunohistochemical staining, and semi-quantitative assessment was done. Results: Out of total 35 cases having grade-0 expression, majority are Infiltrating Duct Carcinoma (19 cases) followed by Invasive Breast Carcinoma (13 cases, small biopsies). We had 1 cases of grade-1 expression and it was Complex Fibroadenoma. Out of 14 cases having grade-2 expression, majority were fibroadenoma (6 cases) followed by 2 cases of tubular adenoma, 1 case each of benign phylloides, borderline phyllodes tumor, fibroadenosis, fibroadeomatoid hyperplasia, fibroadenoma with apocrine changes and fibroadenoma with epithelial hyperplasia. Out of 40 cases having grade-3 expression, majority were fibroadenomas (29 cases) followed by 3 cases each of fibroadenoma with fibrocystic disease and fibroadenoma with epithelial hyperplasia, 2 case each of fibrocystic disease and fibroadenoma with apocrine changes and 1 case of epithelial hyperplasia. Conclusion: CD34 antigen expression in stromal cells can be used as an adjuvant tool in differentiating between benign and malignant conditions where the morphology is equivocal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cervical cancer is the third most common cause of death among women in developing countries including India. To decrease morbidity and mortality associated with cervical cancer, a pap smear screening test is advised before the age of 45 with or without symptom. The aim of the study is to evaluate Pap smear screening method for detection of precancerous lesions of cervix in symptomatic women. Material and methods:The study was conducted over one year period with effect from Jan 2018 to Dec 2018. A total of 1680 cases were received. Out of 1680 cases only 466 cases were included for this study on the basis of inclusion and exclusion criteria. A detailed history was taken in all the women and that included personal information, history, and clinical examination. Smears were made with the conventional method according to standard medical literature and stained with Ultra-Fast Papanicolaou Staining kit. The stained slides were reported according to the Bethesda Classification system (2014). Results:None of the women who participated in the study had pap smear testing earlier in life. Majority of women included in the study were in the age group of 41-65 years with a mean age of 38.93 years ±12.66. Seventy-seven women among the 466 cases had achieved their menopause. Out of the 466 cases, 448 (96.1%) were parous and 18 women(3.9%) were nulliparous. The commonest presenting complaints in our study was white vaginal discharge which was in 182 (39.1%) cases followed by abnormal bleeding per vagina in 60 (12.9%) cases and pain abdomen in 46(9.9%). On microscopy 320 (68.7%) cases were reported as negative for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy(NILM), 9(1.9%) as high grade squamous intraepithelial lesion(HSIL), 5(1.1%) as low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion(LSIL), 6(1.3%) as Atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance(ASCUS), 6 (1.3%) as squamous cell carcinoma(SCC), 3 (0.6%) as Atypical squamous cells-cannot exclude HSIL(ASC-H) and 1 (0.2%) as atypical glandular cellsnot otherwise specified(AGC-NOS) respectively. Conclusions: With increasing awareness of pap test among the women by education can significantly reduce treatment burden, morbidity and mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Allergic fungal rhinosinusitis (AFRS) is a non-invasive fungal sinusitis resulting from an immunologic response to the presence of extra mucosal fungal hyphae in the sinuses. Here we studied clinicopathological characteristics of AFRS among patients of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis who underwent Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery (FESS) at a tertiary care in western Rajasthan. Standard ethical protocol was followed for the present study. We did a prospective study on admitted patients of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis in the department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head & neck surgery, Dr. S. N. Medical College, Jodhpur from January 2018 to August 2019, who underwent FESS. The patient's history, clinical and endoscopic findings with radiological features were recorded. Biopsy specimens were sent for fungal staining, culture, and histopathology. As per Bent and Kuhn criteria, 25 cases out of 100 were diagnosed as AFRS, mean age was 27.46 ± 13.36. Nasal obstruction and nasal discharge were the most common symptoms. On histopathological examination fungal hyphae found in 18 cases (72%), allergic mucin in 25 cases (100%) and eosinophilic infiltrate in 20 cases (80%). Fungal culture positive in 15 cases (60%) of AFRS. In which aspergillus flavus present in 12 (80%). Allergic fungal rhinosinusitis should be considered as an important differential diagnosis in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis and for this surgery should be the treatment of choice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Blackbuck is the most elegant member of the antelope family has long been associated with Indian culture. Wildlife parasitic diseases represent an important field of investigation as they may have a significant impact on wild animal health and are responsible for one-third of total losses due to all animal diseases. Adequate information on epidemiology of helminthic infections is a crucial requirement for the sustainable control of GIH in black bucks in near future. Methods: A total of 632 faecal samples were collected from Tal-Chhapar Sanctuary of Rajasthan during summer, rainy and winter season from November 2018 to September 2019 and examined qualitatively by faecal floatation and sedimentation techniques for helminth eggs and quantitatively by modified McMaster egg counting technique. Result: Coprological examination of samples revealed an overall prevalence of 72.46% for gastrointestinal helminths (GIH) with a mixed infection of 38.92%. Among different helminths recorded with their respective prevalences (%) were, Strongyle (56.80%), Strongyloides sp. (40.98%), Trichuris sp. (8.22%), Marshallagia sp. (6.64%) and Ascaris sp. (5.22%). Quantitative analysis revealed egg per gram of faeces ranging from 200-1200 and 200-900 with an average of 561.11±67.74 and 469.23±62.50 for strongyle and Strongyloides sp., respectively. Statistical analysis using multivariate binary logistic regression model revealed highly significant difference (P<0.01) in the prevalence of GIH infection among different seasons. The coproculture study revealed Bunostomum sp. (42%) as the major contributor of strongyle nematode population, followed by Haemonchus sp. (31%), Trichostrongylus sp. (26%) and Strongyloides sp. (1%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Life cycle cost analysis (LCCA) for the Bitumen and Concrete Road is the process for determining the total cost of road pavements including initial construction cost, operational and maintenance cost. To reduce the life cycle cost of road pavements it is necessary to deal with the initial cost and need to learn preventive maintenance of pavements. The proper implementation of preventive maintenance techniques for road pavements can extend the life of a pavements structure in a cost-effective manner. Different researchers in the field of road construction have found that Economic and Sensitivity Analysis can be used as methods to analyze LCCA results found by NPV and IRR with di fferent affecting input parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The tourism industry in India is rising and has excellent potential to create jobs and produce a large amount of foreign capital, thereby promoting the region's overall economic and social growth. The inviting customs of tribal India, the diverse community and native culture are always drawing the attention of tourists. Sustainable tourism is an enterprise that aims to get a minimal effect on the atmosphere and native customs while helping to generate revenue, employment, and conserve local environments. Tribal tourism will promote the development of locally generated goods, apart from direct and indirect jobs, and have essential multiplier effects as money is recycled into communities. Also, the sector offers substantial improvements in the tribal region development with provincial taxes and encourages local and national infrastructure growth for India. This paper describes tribal tourism, sustainable tribal tourism, and its significance in the Indian scenario. Methods: Responses of 213 tribes were analysed with multiple regression to build a model for sustainable tribal tourism's success in Rajasthan. Results: Social, economic, environmental sustainability, facility and problems dimensions are found to have a positive impact on the sustainability in tribal tourism. Implications: This study has been conducted to acquaint the growth prospects in the form of social, economic, environmental and facility aspects and challenges of sustainable tribal tourism in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The studies were undertaken at ICAR-AICRP on Pearl Millet, Research Farm, ARS, Mandor, Jodhpur (Agriculture University, Jodhpur), Rajasthan, India during July to October of both the 2019 and 2020. The experiment was consisted of three fertilizers (Control, Nutrient supply through straight fertilizers and Nutrient supply through customized fertilizer) and seven pearl millet hybrids ('MPMH 21', 'MPMH 17', 'RHB 177', 'RHB 173', 'HHB 67 (Improved)', 'HHB 197' and 'HHB 272') in FRBD and replicated thrice. Findings revealed, application of customized fertilizer of the grade 6:6:2:1 (N:P2O5:K2O:Zn) to pearl millet substantially enhanced Zn concentration in the roots, shoots, and leaves at panicle initiation (47.30, 54.31, 52.33 mg kg-1), 50% flowering (40.30, 50.96, 50.10 mg kg-1) and at harvest (45.27, 46.54, 47.29 mg kg-1), respectively, over control. Similarly, Fe concentration in the roots, shoots and leaves were also increased markedly due to the application of customized fertilizer. Substantially higher Zn (56.42 mg kg-1), Fe (39.50 mg kg-1), Mn (15.13 mg kg-1) and Cu (18.31 mg kg-1) concentrations in the pearl millet grain was also fetched by applying customized fertilizer. Moreover, customized fertilizer application statistically enhanced grain (2,010 kg) and straw (3,417 kg) yields over control. Among pearl millet hybrids, 'HHB 67 Improved' recorded substantially higher Zn (61.97 mg kg-1), Fe (43.98 mg kg-1) and Mn (15.46 mg kg-1) concentration in grain and Cu (25.09 mg kg-1) concentration in straw. Albeit, 'HHB 173' noticed significantly higher Cu (19.60 mg kg-1) concentration in grain. Further, among hybrids, 'MPMH 17' out yielded (1,958 kg ha-1) followed by 'RHB 173' (1,795 kg ha-1). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rainfall plays a vital role in the state’s economy because Rajasthan is a waterdeficient state. The state of Rajasthan is classified into ten agro-climatic zones. These zones describe the upper and lower limit of the rainfall, a classification given by Indian Agricultural Research Institute (ICAR). This paper presents a new technique Random Effect Model (REM), to estimate these limits. The literature related to estimating rainfall interval using the statistical technique has not observed the heterogeneity among the units. The units may differ in size, magnitude, kind, impact etc. but the REM technique is beneficial for estimating the mean of heterogeneous groups like agro-climate zones. This paper attempts to use this technique to estimate rainfall confidence intervals among the state’s ten agro-climate zones. This technique to estimate the rainfall interval of agroclimate has been used for the first time. The comparison between estimation of rainfall upper and lower limits obtained by these methods’ has also been discussed. This paper deals with estimates variability of the rain across all districts, including ten agro-climate zones. The result shows that the REM is a statistically effective method to estimate rainfall intervals. The study shows no statistical difference in average rainfall between humid southern, eastern plain, flood-prone eastern plain, sub-humid southern plains, and the humid southern plain. The minimum level of rain in different agro-climate zones calculated by the ICAR is overestimated because the REM has not proved it. The maximum level of rainfall is almost similar in both estimations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To compare the treatment outcome of Silodosin alone and Silodosin with Tadalafil as a medical expulsive therapy (MET) of lower ureteric stone in western part of Rajasthan. Material And Methods: The study was conducted in a tertiary hospital of Dr. S.N. Medical College, Jodhpur over a period of 12 months (1st January, 2020 to 31st December, 2020). Out of 108 patients, 100 meet the inclusion criteria who were purposively assigned into 2 groups. 48 patients included in Silodosin alone group and 52 in Silodosin with Tadalafil group. Result: There was a significant higher stone expulsion rate in Silodosin with Tadalafil than Silodosin alone which was 88.46% vs75% respectively (P value 0.02). The mean stone expulsion time of Silodosin alone was14.33 (±3.1) days and Silodosin plus Tadalafil was 11.48(±2.3) days (P value 0.001). The episodes of pain in Silodosin alone were 0.7(±0.06) and 0.6(±0.2) in Silodosin with Tadalafil group that was statistically significant. Conclusion: The present study suggested that Silodosin with tadalafil combination therapy significantly increases ureteric stone expulsion rate and decreases the expulsion time and pain episodes than treatment with silodosin alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water is the basic unit of life and it is essential element for all living forms and the environment health. Water is the basic unit of life and it is essential element for all living forms and the environment health. Rivers are essential for all living organism on earth. In this study, we screened the point of contamination of pollutants in Chambal river water and their concentration in different season. Present study revealed that water quality parameters (pH, EC, Chloride, Fluoride, TDS, DO, COD, BOD etc) of some sample site showed contamination and depletion in quality of Chambal River in pre monsoon. The water quality was maintained in certain sample site and all parameters were found under limit. We should maintain quality of water because Chambal River is major source of drinking water for districts of Rajasthan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A field experiment was undertaken at Udaipur (Rajasthan) to study the effect of FYM, nitrogen level and its scheduling of application on Chandrasur (Lepidium sativum L.) during two consecutive rabi seasons of 2010-11 and 2011-12. Two FYM levels (5 and 10 t FYM/ha), three nitrogen levels (20, 40 and 60 kg N/ha) and three applications of scheduling [½ at sowing+½ at 25 DAS (at 1st irrigation), ½ at sowing+¼ at 25 DAS+¼ at 45 DAS (at 2nd irrigation) and 1/3 each at sowing, 25 DAS and at 45 DAS] were compared in a factorial randomized block design. Results showed that application of 10 t FYM/ha provided significantly higher plant height at harvest, dry matter accumulation at 40, 60 and 80 DAS, CGR at 40-60 DAS, branches/plant, 1000-seed weight, seed, straw and biological yields, and net returns over that 5 t FYM/ha. Application of 10 t FYM/ha recorded 10.11, 6.85, 7.54 and 7.64% higher seed, straw, biological yield and net monetary returns than 5 t FYM/ha. Application of 60 kg N/ha recorded significantly higher plant height at harvest, dry matter accumulation at 40, 60 and 80 DAS, branches/plant, 1000-seed weight, seed straw, biological yield, harvest index and net returns over 20 kg N/ha. On pooled basis, magnitude of increase was 33.79, 13.61, 17.52, 46.91 and 44.04% higher in seed, straw, biological yields, net returns and B/C ratio over 20 kg N/ha. Among the N scheduling, 1/3 level of N each at sowing, 25 DAS and 45 DAS recorded significantly highest of these parameters over ½ at sowing+½ at 25 DAS and registering 32.04, 11.28 and 15.37% higher seed, straw and biological yield over two equal splittings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]