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In this study, a simple but efficient bilevel multiobjective model (BLMOM) has been formulated for the optimal allocation of available water (AW) among competing water users. Upper-level decision makers (DMs), being the leader in the hierarchy (i.e., river authorities), allocate AW to lower-level DMs (i.e., canal authorities) based on equity and stability, whereas lower-level DMs allocate AW among competing users based on two single- and one multiobjective functions. The first objective function (OF1) maximizes the satisfaction rate (SR) of various water users, whereas the second objective function (OF2) maximizes the net economic benefits (NEB). The multiobjective function (OF12) maximizes the combined effect of the first two single objectives. The multiobjective function has been solved by using the simultaneous compromise constraint (SICCON) technique which creates a compromise between single-objective functions. The model was applied at Taunsa Barrage, Pakistan, for the optimal allocation of AW. Various scenarios were analyzed by varying priorities assigned to different objective functions and water users to evaluate the model applicability under various conditions. When OF1 was considered, maximum SR of 61% was achieved. In case of priority given to OF2, maximum NEB of 77 million USD was attained. However, in the case of OF12, both SR and NEB were maximized, whereas wheat, cotton, sugarcane, rice, onion and sunflower water users attained NEB of 14.36, 5.03, 22.96, 27.85, 1.34 and 0.13 million USD, respectively, with overall NEB of 72 million USD against satisfaction rate of 52%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blights, blasts and leaf spot diseases of rice limit the grain yield and deteriorate the produce quality. A field study was carried out for evaluating various fungicides to manage paddy diseases; brown leaf spot, blast & sheath blight under field conditions at research area of Adaptive Research Farm Sheikhupura, Punjab Pakistan during crop season kharif 2018 & 2019. An experiment was conducted in RCB design with three repeats and five treatments including control. Treatments comprised of four different fungicides viz: Azoxystrobin + Difenoconazol, Kasugamysin + Copperoxychloride, Copper Hydroxide & Trifloxystrobin + Tubeconazol @ 500 ml, 625 ml, 625 g & 160 g ha-1 respectively and a control (untreated check plot). Among the chemical fungicides Azoxystrobin + Difenoconazol @ 500 ml ha-1 was found effective against brown leaf spot and sheath blight with 84.6 % & 81.7 % decrease over control along with 37.4 & 36.7 percent higher yield than check plot followed by Trifloxystrobin + Tubeconazol with 74.8 & 74.3 percent protection values as compared to control during years 2018 & 2019 respectively. In case of paddy blast the fungicide containing Kasugamycin + Copperoxychloride showed better results with 82.5% & 79.4% decrease over control. Maximum incidence level of Brown leaf spot, paddy blast and sheath blight were found in control (non-treated plot) during both years. So, azoxystrobin+ difenoconazol and kasugamycin containing fungicides could be suggested for management of brown leaf spot, sheath blight and paddy blast. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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