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The current study was directed to investigate the effect of temperature and humidity on insect pest complex of cotton. This study was carried out on the farmer field of a farmer of MouzaMehraywala tehsil and district Rajanpur southern part of the Punjab, Pakistan (29.1044° N, 70.3301° E) in the month of May, 2019 to November 2019. The climatic conditions of the study site were; a Rajanpur lie on 96m above sea level Rajanpur has a desert climate. During the year, there is virtually no rainfall. The average temperature in Rajanpur is 26.0°C | 78.8°F. Precipitation here is about 205 mm / 8.1 inch per year. Our results indicate that's the correlation of temperature (minimum and maximum), humidity (minimum and maximum), rainfall and weather condition (clear or cloud), it is clear that except temperature there is a positive correlation of jassid population. While among the relation of jassid with different factor there is very weak relation with jassid population regarding temperature (-0.001), the relation of humidity, rainfall and sky condition with jassid population is positive and moderate (0.520, 0.668 & 0.575 respectively), while the relation of jassid population among these factor is significant except temperature. The results indicate that's the correlation of temperature, humidity, rainfall and weather condition, it is clear that there is positive correlation of thrips population. While among the relation of thrips with different factor there is very weak relation of thrips population with temperature (.103), the relation of humidity, rainfall and sky condition with thrips population is positive and moderate (.515.751&.577 respectively), while the relation thrips population among these factor is significant except temperature. The results indicate that's correlation of temperature, humidity, rainfall and weather condition, it is clear that there is positive correlation of Whitefly population. While among the relation of Whitefly with different factors there is very moderate relation of Whitefly population with temperature (.076), the relation of humidity, rainfall and sky condition with Whitefly population is negative and moderate (-.051.-.368 & -.559 respectively), while the relation Whitefly population among these factor is significant except temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Five populations of Typha domingensis Pers. were evaluated for their tolerance to different regimes of cadmium (Cd). Plants were collected from different sites in Punjab province of Pakistan viz. Jaranwala (S1), Farooq Abad (S2), Chiniot (S3), Khurianwala (S4), and Sidhnai (S5). Collected plants were established for three months and then subjected to Cd levels, i.e., 0, 50, 100, and 150 µM L−1. Differential changes in attributes presented variation in tolerance level of T. domingensis populations against Cd toxicity. Fresh and dry biomass, photosynthetic pigments, and total soluble sugars were decreased in all populations under Cd stress, but reduction in biomass of S2 plants was least. Similarly, amino acids, protein contents, and antioxidant enzymatic activity were increased in S2 and S3 under Cd. The populations, i.e., S2, S3, with better anti-oxidative metabolism, ionic partitioning, and growth presented useful structural changes in root and leaves. Contrary to increased leaf thickness, area of leaf and root conducting vessels was decreased with increasing Cd concentrations but these changes were lowest in S2 plants as compared to other populations. Our data indicate that the higher tolerance to Cd toxicity observed in S2 population of T. domingensis could be related to the collective role played by physiological, biochemical and anatomical changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to examine the awareness and perception of malaria and dengue fever in Multan Punjab, Pakistan while taking into account the important role of government policies and other variables. The goal of this study is to examine the awareness of students in Multan, Pakistan on malaria and dengue. This study is based on a quantitative approach of secondary evidence from scientific journals and questionnaire surveys. It is also based on observational evidence gathered in Multan Punjab Pakistan, in a field study. The survey with school children, teachers and healthcare professionals were both formal and semi-structuralize. Studies have found that malaria and dengue mainly affect children's schooling through their absence, but can also induce brain loss and cognitive disability. In questionnaires, students were seen to have different understanding of the illness, but also to be able to serve as agents of health reform only through teachers. A sample size of 500 respondents has been selected from different colleges of district Multan Punjab, Pakistan. Correlation technique is used for the data analysis. According to our results it is concluded that the students at college level are aware of malaria and dengue diseases, but they are not capable of engaging and serving as agents for health reform. On the basis of results it is recommended that students must teach about epidemics diseases regarding how to handle these diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vehicle emissions create corridors of increased carbon and nitrogen concentrations near highways that influence surrounding ecosystems. This study used the leaves of a variety of wild plant species and soil samples to examine the extent of total carbon (C) and total nitrogen (N) near highway M-2 and FSR in Punjab, Pakistan, in all four seasons of the year. Results showed significantly higher concentrations of C and N near roads in both plants and soils, indicating that a high proportion of vehicle derived C and N is deposited near roads. Compared to control samples, average soil C and N concentrations were increased by 174% and 519%, respectively, on the M-2 road. Similarly, 237% and 628% more C and N were measured in soil on FSR, respectively. The difference in mean concentrations of C and N among different seasons varied significantly. We inferred from these results that the level of C and N along roads depends upon the distance from the road, traffic volume, and seasonal variations. The raised level of C and N compounds could cause perilous impacts on the environment, especially to farmlands around major highways. Hence, farming activities like growing fruits and crops should be avoided near roads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Salinity in arable land is becoming major issue in world. • Foliar application of MLE ameliorated effects of salinity. • MLE in stressed plants c enhanced POD,SOD, GB and TSS. • MLE revealed potential as biostimulant for plants. We evaluated role of exogenous application of moringa leaf extract (MLE) in ameliorating perturbations caused by salinity (200 mM) in some physiological, biochemical and anatomical parameters of two canola varieties i.e. Super (V 1) and Punjab (V 2). Data analysis revealed significant interaction between salinity and plant attributes while MLE ameliorated effects of salinity. Both varieties exhibited an increase in shoot fresh (57%, 53%) and dry weights (37%, 19%) respectively after foliar application of MLE under salinity. In V1, particularly, this incremented growth corresponded to increase in Chl-a (33.53%), Chl-b (36.79%) under foliar application of MLE. The results presented that post MLE application in stressed plants caused comparative enhancement in H 2 O 2 , MDA, GB and TSS in both varieties but in V 1 it was particularly high (27%, 46%, 12%, 13%, respectively) when compared over control. On the other hand, TFAA (31.22%), proline (83.12%), proteins (106%), POD (81.17%), catalase (27.45%), H 2 O 2 (25.47%) and ascorbic acid (74.27%) were also boosted after MLE application in comparison with control. MLE caused a significant enhancement in leaf and stem anatomical characteristics in both varieties compared to control. Although increase was observed after MLE application but V 1 responded more strongly than V 2. Differential behavior of both varieties to MLE revealed potential of it as biostimulant for plants facing salinity. Overall, variance in photosynthetic pigments, osmoprotectants, antioxidants and changes in anatomical characteristics of leaf and stem due to MLE in V 1 and V 2 contributed in salinity tolerance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]