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Simple Summary: Diagnosis and characterization of biliary strictures is challenging, even after the introduction of digital single-operator cholangioscopy (D-SOC). The endoscopist's visual impression has a suboptimal accuracy and there is a significant interobserver variability. Artificial intelligence tools for image analysis have presented important contributions in several fields of gastroenterology. Convolutional neural networks are highly efficient multi-layered deep neural networks for image analysis, with great results in several fields of medicine. Nevertheless, the role of these deep learning models in digital cholangioscopy is still in a premature phase. With this bicentric international study, the authors aimed to create a deep learning-based algorithm for digital cholangioscopy capable of distinguishing benign from malignant biliary lesions. The present model accurately detected malignant biliary lesions with an image processing rate that favors its clinical applicability. The authors believe that the use of an AI-based model may change the landscape in the digital cholangioscopy diagnostic yield. Digital single-operator cholangioscopy (D-SOC) has enhanced the ability to diagnose indeterminate biliary strictures (BSs). Pilot studies using artificial intelligence (AI) models in D-SOC demonstrated promising results. Our group aimed to develop a convolutional neural network (CNN) for the identification and morphological characterization of malignant BSs in D-SOC. A total of 84,994 images from 129 D-SOC exams in two centers (Portugal and Spain) were used for developing the CNN. Each image was categorized as either a normal/benign finding or as malignant lesion (the latter dependent on histopathological results). Additionally, the CNN was evaluated for the detection of morphologic features, including tumor vessels and papillary projections. The complete dataset was divided into training and validation datasets. The model was evaluated through its sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, accuracy and area under the receiver-operating characteristic and precision-recall curves (AUROC and AUPRC, respectively). The model achieved a 82.9% overall accuracy, 83.5% sensitivity and 82.4% specificity, with an AUROC and AUPRC of 0.92 and 0.93, respectively. The developed CNN successfully distinguished benign findings from malignant BSs. The development and application of AI tools to D-SOC has the potential to significantly augment the diagnostic yield of this exam for identifying malignant strictures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1. Fields such as ecology, macroecology, and conservation biology rely on accurate and comparable data. This is especially important for mostly unknown and megadiverse taxa such as spiders and regions such as the Mediterranean. Short-term sampling programmes are increasingly seen as the best option for sampling spiders. Comparability of results, however, demands standard procedures both in methodology and in sampling period. Cost-efficiency dictates that this period should be the most species rich. 2. Pitfall trapping was conducted in 23 sites from north to south Portugal, comprising three large-scale environmental zones and many different habitat types, during 10 months in each site. The annual richness pattern, differences in this pattern between areas and habitats, the complementarity between sampling periods and possible environmental correlates of richness were studied. 3. May and June present the optimal time for collecting spiders in Mediterranean areas. Northern areas have a later peak in richness and dense tree-cover sites offer more flexibility for sampling, with a higher proportion of species present at each period throughout the year. 4. Day length is the environmental factor most correlated with species richness. Maximum daily temperature may reduce richness, especially in southernmost areas, where summer temperatures can be extremely harsh. 5. It is recommended that short-term sampling programmes, intended to give a reasonable picture of spider communities in Portugal and in the Iberian Peninsula (and possibly extending to all the Mediterranean), should be conducted during May or June, with variable flexibility according to area and habitat. The proposed suggestions should appeal to everyone working in the field, given the cost-efficiency and comparability of results by adopting a common standardised approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]