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Background: Accuracy of molecular tools for the identification of parasites that cause human cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) could largely depend on the sampling method. Non-invasive or less-invasive sampling methods such as filter paper imprints and cotton swabs are preferred over punch biopsies and lancet scrapings for detection methods of Leishmania based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) because they are painless, simple, and inexpensive, and of benefit to military and civilian patients to ensure timely treatment. However, different types of samples can generate false negatives and there is a clear need to demonstrate which sample is more proper for molecular assays. Methodology: Here, we compared the sensitivity of molecular identification of different Leishmania (Viannia) species from Peru, using three types of sampling: punch biopsy, filter paper imprint and lancet scraping. Different composite reference standards and latent class models allowed to evaluate the accuracy of the molecular tools. Additionally, a quantitative PCR assessed variations in the results and parasite load in each type of sample. Principal findings: Different composite reference standards and latent class models determined higher sensitivity when lancet scrapings were used for sampling in the identification and determination of Leishmania (Viannia) species through PCR-based assays. This was consistent for genus identification through kinetoplastid DNA-PCR and for the determination of species using FRET probes-based Nested Real-Time PCR. Lack of species identification in some samples correlated with the low intensity of the PCR electrophoretic band, which reflects the low parasite load in samples. Conclusions: The type of clinical sample can directly influence the detection and identification of Leishmania (Viannia) species. Here, we demonstrated that lancet scraping samples consistently allowed the identification of more leishmaniasis cases compared to filter paper imprints or biopsies. This procedure is inexpensive, painless, and easy to implement at the point of care and avoids the need for anesthesia, surgery, and hospitalization and therefore could be used in resource limited settings for both military and civilian populations. Author summary: Human cutaneous leishmaniasis affects low-income populations living in places far from health services. The early sampling and detection of the parasite are necessary for timely treatment, however there are no uniform sampling criteria, thus the sensitivity of molecular tests may vary due to various factors such as the type of sample, the time of the disease and the parasite load in the lesion. In this study, we compared the performance of three sampling methods for molecular identification of the genus and Leishmania (Viannia) species in Peru. Several analytical methods, including composite reference standards and latent class models, suggested that lancet scraping might be the best approach for parasite genus detection by kDNA-PCR and for parasite species determination by FRET probes-based Nested Real-Time PCR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to add to the debate on the negative externalities of tourism-related megaprojects. It examines the policy adoption and implementation of two contentious airport projects in two tourist-heavy regions, Heraklion (Kastelli), Greece, and Cusco (Chinchero), Peru. In the context of destination competitiveness and commitment to neoliberal economic growth, national and regional governments in both countries became attracted by the idea of regional economic development and further increasing the number of international tourists and tourism investments. Deciding whether building a new airport serves the public interest or not is a complex policy problem with technical uncertainties and conflicting interests, which entails both a technical and political process of expressing and pairing policy actors' goals and means. The aim of the paper is to identify similarities and differences between the tactics adopted and arguments used for and against the two airport development projects by the respective advocacy coalitions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To determine the frequency of publication of scientific articles by thesis advisors of the School of Medicine of a private University in Lima, Peru. Methods: Cross-sectional and descriptive study. We search for papers using Google Scholar, Medline, and Scopus. The frequencies and percentages of the variables were calculated. Results: Out of 19 advisors, 63% of them had ever published an article in their life, and 53% had ever published an original article. 26% and 21% have published an original paper in Scopus and Medline in the last five years, respectively; while only 5% published an original article during the previous two years in those databases. Just one teacher (5.3%) was registered in REGINA. Conclusions: The publication rate in recent years of the thesis advisers of a School of Medicine of a private University of Lima is poor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Resource histories determine how particular parts of the environment come to be defined as valuable. As elsewhere, protected areas in Latin America link the governance of people, territory, and resources by reinterpreting and reclassifying practices and environments. Set in highland Peru, the article focuses on how such revisions imply contestation of both history and future. It explores particular modes of claiming space through an archeology of the claims to knowledge and legitimacy put forward by a national park and a campesino community, respectively. Claims to space entwine with social struggles about local development where territorial claims are based on different notions of history and interpretations of the esthetic and productive values of the landscape. While the park officials navigate interests of conservation, tourism, and extraction, the campesino community mobilizes a different set of values and interests based on their historical occupation of the territories. These processes of contestation over authority and legitimacy highlight different views on the role of landscapes in the history and progress of local communities. Conservation may not only dispossess people of their land and natural resources, but also of labor and territorial sovereignty. This case shows how an Andean campesino community counters such movements by a wide repertoire of legal and social actions that works simultaneously in legal and extra-legal domains. Paper works mediate claims to territorial sovereignty, people, and resources. These claims involve contestations over interpretations of history which, besides their oral forms, materialize in paperwork such as official communications, community records, and cadastral maps, as well as in visual representations, internal statutes, and deliberate history writing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Multianalytical study of a Moche funerary mask. • ED-XRF characterization of the metal alloy with Monte Carlo simulation. • Characterization of adhesive material and its components belonging to Moche culture. • Py-GC/MS and GC/MS were used for the chemical characterization of adhesive material. • SEM-EDS and ATR-FTIR were applied to characterize inorganic filler. The aim of this paper is to characterize materials belonging to one of the masks coming from the Lord of Ucupe's tomb in the region of Lambayeque in Peru. The mask belongs to the Moche culture which lived in the north of Peru since 100 CE. Along with the study of the extraordinary metal alloy technique using X-ray fluorescence (ED XRF) integrated with the Monte Carlo simulation, this paper investigates the blackish material used as an adhesive for its inlaid eyes. This material was analysed through the ATR FT-IR and characterized through Py-GC/MS and GC/MS for the organic components and SEM-EDS for the inorganic components. The chemical characterization of the adhesive material coming from this type of artefact, based on our knowledge of current literature, is the first on this material and allows us to take a further step into the understanding of the constituents used for this purpose. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper navigates the complex roles that the Catholic Church assumes in fragile democracies, exploring whether it functions as an influencer, a moral guide, or a judge in shaping public policies and societal values using the Peruvian context as a focal reference. The authors begin by providing an overview of the global religious landscape, highlighting the diverse and polarized trends within the ecclesial institution. In the second part of this paper, this study delves into the homilies of two influential Peruvian prelates, Mgr. Cipriani and Mgr. Castillo, representing opposing theological currents within the Catholic Church, offering a pertinent exploration of how religious institutions engage with evolving international and local trends in the context of democracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Peru is facing a double burden of malnutrition (DBM), characterized by the co-existence of undernutrition and overnutrition. Double-duty actions that concurrently target common drivers of undernutrition and overnutrition, while ensuring no unintended side effects, are recommended to effectively address the DBM. To understand these complex common mechanisms and design context-specific double-duty actions, there is a need for participatory systems approaches. This paper provides a case study of applying a community-based system dynamics approach to capture stakeholder perspectives of food system drivers of the DBM in two regions in Peru. Methods: We implemented a multi-stage community-based system dynamics approach, which included processes for research capacity building for systems approaches, and the designing, piloting, and implementation of stakeholder workshops. A total of 36 stakeholders, representing diverse perspectives, participated in five group model building workshops. Stakeholder views are presented in a causal loop diagram that showcases the feedback mechanisms between key food system drivers of overweight and stunting in Peru. Results: The causal loop diagram highlights that prioritization of undernutrition over overnutrition in the policymaking process, due to Peru's historically high levels of undernutrition, may undermine action against the DBM. It also describes potential mechanisms of unintended impacts of undernutrition policies on the DBM in Peru, including impacts related to within-family distribution and quality of food provided through food assistance programs, and unintended impacts due to regional dynamics. Conclusions: This paper highlights the importance of a participatory approach to understand local needs and priorities when recommending double-duty actions in Peru and shares practical methodological guidance on applying participatory systems approaches in public health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As arid lands expand across the globe, scholars increasingly turn to the archaeological record for examples of sustainable farming in extreme environments. The arid north coast of Peru was the setting of early and intensive irrigation-based farming; it is also periodically impacted by sudden, heavy rainfall related to the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon. While the sociopolitical effects, technologies, and engineering expertise of these irrigation systems have been thoroughly examined and theorized, little is known about how farmers managed periods of water stress. The aim of this study is to test whether arid zone farming was supported by hybrid, intermittent flood and perennial water source systems in the prehispanic past. An arroyo in the Chicama Valley was selected for preliminary data collection, and these data are presented here: (1) drone photography of the arroyo capturing the aftermath of a recent (2023) rain event; and (2) potassium (K) soil test kit results from samples collected near suspected prehispanic check dam features in the same area. The paper combines these data with comparative examples from the literature to suggest that the prehispanic features functioned as water-harvesting infrastructure. The paper concludes that sustainable, arid zone farming can be supported by hybrid, intermittent flood and perennial water source systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the intrahousehold allocation of housework and paid work in five Latin American countries. Prior work has consistently shown that income plays a major role in the region’s large gender gaps in the distribution of unpaid work at the aggregate level. However, the extent to which earnings shape intrahousehold decisions regarding the allocation of unpaid work remains unexplored. Using harmonized time-use surveys for Chile, Colombia, Mexico, Peru, and Uruguay, we analyze the relationship between earnings and housework drawing on the framework of the dependency, gender deviance neutralization, and autonomy. We find that in Latin America, increases in women’s absolute earnings are related to decreases in the hours women devote to housework. At the same time, the allocation of men’s time into housework does not seem to be related to their own or their partners’ earnings. Against our expectations, differences in contextual gender inequality across countries does not seem to be relevant. These findings help us assess how well existing theories, formulated to account for phenomena of the developed world, apply to more unequal contexts that have higher levels of gender inequality and where a high proportion of women are excluded from paid work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article, published in the Journal of Raptor Research, describes the first nest records of the Red-Throated Caracara (Ibycter americanus) in Peru. The Red-Throated Caracara is a social forest raptor that preys on paper wasp colonies. The article provides details of two nests found in the Junín department of Peru, including their locations, characteristics, and observations of adult behavior. The study suggests that the species may exhibit some flexibility in nesting in human-altered forests. Further research is needed to understand the nesting habitat requirements and nest success of this poorly known caracara. [Extracted from the article]

This paper is an in-depth study that starts from a preliminary one, where we surveyed 141 ranchers from the town of Coto-Coto in Peru to obtain as much information as possible about the relationship between two economic variables, Activity Cost and Financial Management. Furthermore, we study the correlation of the first one of them with three other economic variables. To do this, we process the survey data using logical operators with the support of the plithogenic statistics theory. These results given in the form of plithogenic values are logically aggregated and were converted to crisp values and studied through the use of statistical tools, specifically Kendall's Tau b. The study of economic variables within the field of cattle farming is of great importance because it allows us to improve the productivity of this economic sector, which is also part of the most accepted human diet worldwide. A substantial advantage in the use of plithogeny is that linguistic values that are more natural for livestock farmers were processed, in addition, uncertainty and indeterminacy were taken into account by the use of neutrosophic numbers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analysing data from educational tests allows governments to make decisions for improving the quality of life of individuals in a society. One of the key responsibilities of statisticians is to develop models that provide decision‐makers with pertinent information about the latent process that educational tests seek to represent. Mixtures of t$$ t $$ factor analysers (MtFA) have emerged as a powerful device for model‐based clustering and classification of high‐dimensional data containing one or several groups of observations with fatter tails or anomalous outliers. This paper considers an extension of MtFA for robust clustering of censored data, referred to as the MtFAC model, by incorporating external covariates. The enhanced flexibility of including covariates in MtFAC enables cluster‐specific multivariate regression analysis of dependent variables with censored responses arising from upper and/or lower detection limits of experimental equipment. An alternating expectation conditional maximization (AECM) algorithm is developed for maximum likelihood estimation of the proposed model. Two simulation experiments are conducted to examine the effectiveness of the techniques presented. Furthermore, the proposed methodology is applied to Peruvian data from the 2007 Early Grade Reading Assessment, and the results obtained from the analysis provide new insights regarding the reading skills of Peruvian students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper makes a case for revisiting the understandings of translation to enhance the co-production of geographical knowledge on climate change. Specifically, it offers insights about the potential role that schoolteachers and students can have as knowledge producers in relation to climate change by drawing on a case study of collaborative research on El Niño in Sechura, northern Peru. We call for researchers to pay greater attention to how co-production can be achieved through the integration of research agendas and practice with curricula development and innovation in school education. We contribute to work on how a generational shift in understanding about climate adaptation can be achieved through exploring communities' knowledge of the lesser-known opportunities of the El Niño phenomenon in northern desert regions. We conclude by arguing that revisiting how geography engages in and with translation is an urgent priority in climate-challenged times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Activity Cost and Financial Management are two variables of vital importance in livestock production. This paper aims to measure the relationship existing between these two variables within the production of beef cattle in the Coto-Coto Chilca Livestock Fair in Peru. To do this, we selected 141 ranchers from the area to give their opinions regarding the behavior of these two variables. The data were represented with the help of an Indeterminate Likert Scale, to capture the uncertainty and indeterminacy of the respondents' opinion. Survey results were compared for the two variables using a measure of neutrosophic similarities. Neutrosophic similarities are used to measure the degree of similarity between two neutrosophic sets measured in certain aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Noncommunicable diseases and mental health conditions (referred to collectively as NMHs) are the greatest cause of preventable death, illness, and disability in South America and negatively affect countries' economic performance through their detrimental impacts on labor supply and capital investments. Sound, evidence-based policy-making requires a deep understanding of the macroeconomic costs of NMHs and of their distribution across countries and diseases. The paper estimates and projects the macroeconomic burden of NMHs over the period 2020–2050 in 10 South American countries. We estimate the impact of NMHs on gross domestic product (GDP) through a human capital-augmented production function approach, accounting for mortality and morbidity effects of NMHs on labor supply, for the impact of treatment costs on physical capital accumulation, and for variations in human capital by age. Our central estimates suggest that the overall burden of NMHs in these countries amounts to $7.3 trillion (2022 international $, 3% discount rate, 95% confidence interval: $6.8–$7.8 trillion). Overall, the macroeconomic burden of NMHs is around 4% of total GDP over 2020–2050, with little variation across countries (from 3.2% in Peru to 4.5% in Brazil). In other words, without NMHs, annual GDP over 2020–2050 would be about 4% larger. In most countries, the largest macroeconomic burden is associated with cancers. Results from the paper point to a significant macroeconomic burden of NMHs in South America and provide a strong justification for investment in NMH prevention, early detection, treatment, and formal and informal care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the mandates of the Norwegian Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) is to contribute to reconciliation between the majority population and the Sámi and Kven population. The Commission is tasked to create greater equality between the majority and minority populations as well as increasing the knowledge about the Sámi and Kven population in the majority. In this paper, we will focus on the Sámi indigenous people. We will examine three aspects: first, the assumption that the reconciliation should be between the majority population and the Sámi population rather than between the State and the population targeted by the Norwegianisation policies. Second, how such a reconciliation between the State and the Sámi is possible when there are ongoing conflicts over the use of land and water, exemplified by the Fosen windmill case. Finally, the TRC believes that a common understanding of the Norwegianisation policies and its consequences will lay the foundation for a continued reconciliation between the Sámi and the majority population. The paper discusses the involvement of the majority population in the process as well as the issues of public hearings and reparations. By means of an interdisciplinary examination of the Norwegian TRC, this paper presents sociological and legal perspectives. It draws on research from Latin American TRC s, particularly the Peruvian TRC, and thereby offers comparative perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The study focuses on the nexus between bilingual education and child labor. • Relationship between bilingual education and child labor is conceptually ambiguous. • Study exploits an education program for indigenous children in Peru. • It uses a difference-in-difference approach. • Bilingual education lowers child labor. This paper investigates the effect of bilingual education reform in Peru on child labor. The reform aimed to improve access to schooling for indigenous children in rural areas with greater integration of education providers and the delivery of lessons and material in vernacular indigenous languages. The core specifications use child-level panel data from the Young Lives Study and a two-way fixed effects difference-in-difference approach to test the causal effect of the program on child labor. The results show evidence to suggest that access to bilingual education has a negative and statistically significant effect on the extensive margin of child labor, with some specifications showing consistent results for its intensive margin counterpart. The preferred estimates are sizeable, with some specifications showing a decrease in the likelihood that an indigenous child enters child labor by between 12 and 18 percentage points. The findings are robust to several specifications including randomized inference techniques, synthetic difference-in-difference, and placebo tests. The paper also shows that concurrent policies, including Peru's conditional cash transfer program, are unlikely drivers of the core results. The paper's findings also suggest that the program resulted in greater inputs (i.e., time) into schooling and improved outcomes of education for indigenous children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Traditional detection of Leishmania from ulcers involves collection of invasive specimens that cause discomfort, require technical expertise, and carry risks of invasive procedures. We compared traditional diagnostic methods with a molecular noninvasive filter paper-based method for the diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Methods. Consecutive patients presenting to the Leishmania Clinic at Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia were enrolled. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed on lesion scrapings, aspirates, and filter paper impressions. The reference standard was any 2 of 5 tests positive: smear, aspirate culture, invasive-specimen PCR (scrapings and aspirates), filter paper PCR, and leishmanin skin test. Outcome measures were sensitivity and specificity. Leishmania speciation was performed by PCR--restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of positive specimens. Results. Forty-five patients with 66 lesions were enrolled. Of 52 lesions diagnosed as cutaneous leishmaniasis, 50 were positive by PCR of invasive specimens versus 48 by PCR of filter papers (P = .930). Sensitivity and specificity of PCR on invasively obtained specimens were 94.2% (95% confidence interval [CI], 87.9%-100%) and 92.9% (95% CI, 79.4%-100%). Sensitivity and specificity of filter paper PCR were 92.3% (95% CI, 85.1%-99.5%) and 100%. Culture, smear, and leishmanin skin test all had inferior sensitivities, compared with PCR of invasive or noninvasive specimens (P < .001). Of 50 specimens positive by PCR, 19 had sufficient DNA for PCR-RFLP analysis. Conclusions. Filter paper PCR constitutes a sensitive and specific alternative to traditional diagnostic assays. This novel, rapid, well-tolerated method has the potential for widespread use in the field and in pediatric populations where traditional specimen collection is most difficult to perform, and can potentially be used for rapid species identification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the characteristics of the original papers about the plants properties published in Peruvian medical journals. Material and methods. We reviewed the bibliographic databases of SciELO Peru and SISBIB for the period 2004-2008. Results. We found 825 original papers in 14 journals, but only 45 were included to the study. The number of the included original papers by year was 3 (2004), 5 (2005), 9 (2006), 13 (2007) y 15 (2008). The journals that published the highest rate of original papers about plants were journals from medical faculties Rev Med Vallejiana (33%), Horizonte Médico (29%) y An Fac Med (13%). The institutions that developed more studies were Universidad. Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (45,5%), Universidad de San Martín de Porres (22%) y Universidad Nacional de Trujillo (13%). from 226 authors, 11 were the most productive authors with the 22,1% of the total production. from 57 studied plants, the most investigated were Lepidium sp. (maca), Croton palanostigma (sangre de grado), Calophyllum brasiliense (lagarto caspi) and Smallanthus sonchifolius (yacón). The potential uses of the plants more researched were nutritional, antineoplastic, antioxidative, hypoglycemic and arterial hypotensive. There were only six (13,3%) clinical studies and the rest was experimental or biochemical. Conclusions. The published scientific medical production related to the plant properties is scanty but growing, mainly done in the public and private universities with almost null participation of the private enterprise. There is an elite of highly-producing authors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary purpose of this paper is to present an actual case of a Peruvian SME which applied IFRS accounting standards – specifically, IAS 41 for consumable biological assets – to reflect its financial situation more accurately as an alternative to legal and tax regulations applying historical cost, which Peruvian SMEs more commonly use for the preparation of financial statements. Primary data were gathered through interviews and observation at the SME studied. This forestry-industry SME in question tried unsuccessfully to get financing from banks, even presenting complementary information regarding the calculation of biological asset values according to IAS 41. Failing this, it turned to seeking funding from private long-term investors, eventually succeeding in obtaining long-term financing from a new strategic investor. The significance of this paper is that it presents evidence of the advantages for companies (specifically agriculture-related companies) that comply with IFRS in a country where historical cost-based tax rules are traditionally applied for accounting purposes. Other SMEs can similarly improve the likelihood of obtaining new capital from potential investors by complementing the information provided in financial statements with detailed data regarding fair value calculation of biological assets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of seven deep learning models for prediction of research project execution in graduates from a public university in Peru. The deep learning models implemented are non-hybrid: Deep Neural Networks (DNN), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU), Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) and, hybrid: CNN+GRU, CNN+ LSTM and LSTM+GRU. Since most of the dataset prediction features are of the nominal type (true or false), this paper proposes a simple novel data augmentation technique for this type of features. Taking as inspiration the input data type of a neural network, the proposal data augmentation technique considers nominal features as numeric, and obtain random values close to them to generate synthetic records. The results show that most of deep learning models with data augmentation significantly outperform models with just class balancing in terms of accuracy, precision, f1-score and specificity, being the main improvements of 17.39%, 80.00%, 25.00% and 20.00% respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explains how a comparatively weak Indigenous movement succeeded in establishing a precedent of Indigenous prior consultation reform in a national context adverse to Indigenous rights. The in-depth study of Peru shows that alliances between civil society actors and people inside certain state institutions who supported Indigenous claims can explain this outcome. The paper focuses on the collaboration of many human rights lawyers who became part of the Peruvian state. Still, the analysis also shows the limits and challenges of these alliances, particularly in the regulation phase. The paper shows that progressive state activists without strong ties to social movements, and the barriers they face inside institutional settings, can also contribute to the reproduction of weak institutions, particularly during the regulation phase of approved norms. The paper is based on long-term qualitative research in Peru. Data is culled from various source documents and semi-structured interviews with key actors, bureaucrats, Indigenous leaders and human rights professionals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although in the educational context the virtual exchange practices have become popular since pandemic, there is a need to examine and provide more evidences and lessons learned from this kind of international experiences in order to advance in teaching on line and to train students how to be efficient when working in virtual teams. This paper studies the results of a virtual collaboration among three universities in two different countries (Peru and India). It discusses the methodologies and pedagogies of Collaborative Online International Learning (COIL) and global virtual team (GVT) and presents an instrument that was developed to understand student's needs and interests in several aspects (work in international teams, acquisition of intercultural knowledge and skills). A survey was applied to 77 students in Peru and India. The results showed the development of students' communication and collaboration skills as well as cross-cultural understanding and appreciation of other cultures. Despite the challenges that appeared during the project such as time difference, schedule, language barriers and engagement of some team members, students appreciated the opportunity to engage with peers from another country and to learn more about their culture. The COIL methodology, in contrast to GVT method, offers students more holistic and transformative learning experience supported and guided by lecturers. Trained faculty and awareness of COIL pedagogy characteristics and its implications are critical to a student's success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pharmaceutical sector corruption undermines patient access to medicines by diverting public funds for private gain and exacerbating health inequities. This paper presents an analysis of UN Convention Against Corruption (UNCAC) compliance in seven countries and examines how full UNCAC adoption may reduce corruption risks within four key pharmaceutical decision-making points: product approval, formulary selection, procurement, and dispensing. Countries were selected based on their participation in the Medicines Transparency Alliance and the WHO Good Governance for Medicines Programme. Each country’s domestic anti-corruption laws and policies were catalogued and analysed to evaluate their implementation of select UNCAC Articles relevant to the pharmaceutical sector. Countries displayed high compliance with UNCAC provisions on procurement and the recognition of most public sector corruption offences. However, several countries do not penalise private sector bribery or provide statutory protection to whistleblowers or witnesses in corruption proceedings, suggesting that private sector pharmaceutical dispensing may be a decision-making point particularly vulnerable to corruption. Fully implementing the UNCAC is a meaningful first step that countries can take reduce pharmaceutical sector corruption. However, without broader commitment to cultures of transparency and institutional integrity, corruption legislation alone is likely insufficient to ensure long-term, sustainable pharmaceutical sector good governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The study of sustainability within universities is recognized as essential for debates and research; in the long term, the "sustainable university" concepts can contribute to sustainability from a larger perspective. This study aims to propose a conceptual model for evaluating the students' sustainability considering their interactions with the university and the environment. The proposed model is titled Sunshine model. It is applied to students of the La Salle University, Peru. Design/methodology/approach: The model combines academic performance, happiness and the ecological footprint to quantify university students' sustainability. A structured questionnaire survey was elaborated and applied to get the raw data that feeds the three methods. The students' average grades evaluate academic performance. Happiness is quantified by the happiness index method, and the ecological footprint is measured by the demand for food, paper, electricity, transport and built-up areas. Results are evaluated under both approaches, overall group performance and clusters. Findings: The proposed model avoids misleading interpretations of a single indicator or discussions on sustainability that lack a conceptual model, bringing robustness in assessing students' sustainability in universities. To have a low ecological footprint, the student needs to need up to 1 planet for their lifestyle, be considered happy with at least 0.8 (of 1) for happiness index, and have good academic performance with at least a grade of 7 (of 10) in their course. Regarding the case study, La Salle students show a high academic grade degree of 7, a high level for happiness index of 0.8 and low performance for ecological footprint by demanding 1.8 Earth planets, resulting in an "environmentally distracted" overall classification for students with 2019 data. From a cluster approach, 81% of evaluated students (n = 603) have low performance for ecological footprint, whereas 31% have low performance for indicators of recreational activities of happiness. Changing lifestyles and making more recreational activities available play crucial roles in achieving higher sustainability for the La Salle students. Research limitations/implications: The happiness assessment questionnaire can be subject to criticism, as it was created as a specific method for this type of audience based on existing questionnaires in the literature. Although it can be seen as an important approach for diagnoses, the proposed model does not consider the cause–effect aspect. The decision-maker must consider the sociocultural aspects before implementing plan actions. Practical implications: University managers can better understand why university students have high or low sustainability performance and provide more effective actions toward higher levels of students' sustainability. Originality/value: The proposed model, Sunshine model, overcomes the single-criteria existing tools that access the sustainability of universities. Rather than focusing on university infrastructure, the proposed model focuses on the students and their relationship with the university. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to investigate whether social skills are a factor related to emotion management since inadequate emotion management is causing mental illnesses in this century, such as stress and depression. The objective was to determine the relationship between social skills and emotional management in students at the National University of Central Peru. To estimate social skills, the scales proposed by the Technical Team of the Department of Mental Health Promotion and Prevention of Psychosocial Problems of Peru were applied to a random sample of 184 from a population of 352 students. The variable of adequate management of emotions was measured using an Indeterminate Likert Scale since we consider that emotion has multiple components and therefore it is more precise to measure it when all the components are taken into account at the same time. To process the collected data, plithogenic statistics were applied that allow the study of events of a multivariate nature in an indeterminate framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The extraction of essential oils in the world is widely used to combat various diseases, and also helps for giving a good taste to food (flavoring condiments) and cosmetics that do not pollute the environment or generate chemicals. Peru is in the top 10 countries with the greatest biological diversity in the world, having an approximate 10% of world flora and endless endemic species, also valuing the citrus fruits having productive of orange, lime, grapefruit, tangerine, and tangelo. Therefore, processes are analyzed and a model for the extraction of essential oil from citrus fruits is developed, through the design of an industrial-scale steam extractor, which establishes the automation of the filling and emptying of the distiller to obtain better results and also automates a closed-loop control for refrigeration, to help the operator to control and supervise the process of refrigeration and water filling using a control panel. The distillation process was analyzed where an average of 1% to 5% of essential oil of citrus fruits was obtained and the development of a control for the supervision of the filling and emptying of the water was analyzed. In this paper we introduce a Neutrosophic (Indeterminate) Control System model based on the well-known Fuzzy Control Systems models, especially Mamdani's. It is applied in the process of automating the extraction of essential oil from citrus fruits. An Indeterminate Control System, like its similar Fuzzy Control System, makes it possible to control the oil production process with the help of natural language. The advantage of the Indeterminate Control System is that it explicitly considers indeterminacy due to the non-homogeneity of the parameters within the system, thus it is more accurate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an Accounting and Valuation (AV) method within the scope of Integrated Resource Planning (IRP) to analyze social impacts when implementing new energy resources. The method is based on a critical analysis from existing assessments regarding the IRP and its design is based on algorithms that convert qualitative information of social attributes into absolute values. These values feed the subsequent stages of the IRP to select the best energy resource (among available options) to be implemented. The method has been applied and tested as a pilot case in a rural region in Peru. This work provides extremely valuable information for decision-makers to assess, with real and quantitative data, investment decisions regarding energy planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Xenogaster Wasmann, 1891 is a Neotropical genus of termite-associated staphylinid beetles commonly found in nests of Nasutitermitinae termites. Due to morphological similarities and difficulties in their comparison, confusion often occurs among the species of Xenogaster and closely related genera such as Termitogaster Casey, 1889 and Termitomorpha Wasmann, 1894. The examination of the holotype of Xenogaster lineis Kistner, 2006, demonstrate that this specimen actually belongs to Termitogaster genus, leading to the proposal the transfer and new combination of this species, Termitogaster lineis (Kistner, 2006) comb. n. Additionally, examination of part of the paratypes of Xenogaster lineis revealed these specimens belong to a new species of the Termitomorpha genus, T. kistneri sp. n. here described. The results of these findings highlight the need of more taxonomic studies to resolve the ambiguity and imprecision in the diagnostic characters of closely related genera in Termitogastrina. This paper underscores the significance of revisiting and thoroughly re-examining type specimens and paratypes in order to ensure greater stability in the classification and nomenclature of insect taxa. To conclude, an updated key for Termitomorpha species and Neotropical Termitogastrina is also provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the effects of mining intensity and presence on Peru's mining districts' welfare from 2004 to 2019. A pooled cross-section regression is used which is constructed from different sources and two sets of comparisons are made: the first compare districts with and without mining presence within mining provinces, and the second compares districts with and without mining presence without the constraint of being within mining provinces. The primary dependent variables included in the model are income inequality, labor income, and poverty rate. In mining districts, inequality has increased, but labor income has increased, and poverty has decreased compared to non-mining districts. However, once control for province-fixed effects and clustered by standard errors at the district level, the significance of inequality is lost, while the impacts on labor income and poverty remain. The transmission mechanisms are human capital, employment, and redistributive policies. Also the mining presence has had positive effects on labor income in other sectors such as construction and commerce; Finally, the labor incomes of unskilled workers increases but not the labor incomes of skilled workers, and it has negatively impacted informal employment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the articulation of race, class, gender, and politics in erotic magazines during the Argentine and Peruvian destapes in the transition from dictatorial to democratic rule at the turn to the 1980s. We argue that porn, as a genre, was not limited to a niche of readers seeking to use the magazines only for erotic purposes. In Peru, porn was one of the main agents in the opposition to military rule, and it only became a separate, autonomous genre devoid of politics with the coming of democracy. The emergence of magazines focused mostly on eroticism developed as editors attempted to lure readers among recent migrants from the Sierra who lived in the pueblos jóvenes (squatter settlements) in Lima. In this context, the audience demanded pictures of local women to replace foreign white female nudes. In Argentina porn became a crucial aspect of democratic politics, understood as a tool to overcome inhibitions, develop a self-exploration, and undermine traditional mores while fostering democracy. Driven by an impulse to emulate the alleged open-mindedness of Europe and the US, Argentine porn cemented white middle-class identity at a time of economic decline. In this context, Argentine erotic magazines praised sexual experimentation as courageous and gave voice to women, gays, and lesbians. Our approach combines social, political, and cultural history focusing on how the readership shaped magazines and at times achieved significant editorial changes. Through the study of porn we offer new insights regarding the transition to democracy in late Cold War Latin America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper presents the analytical study of an unusual Peruvian 1899 dinero coin whose authenticity has been questioned since the 1970's. This coin, which is present in some numismatic collections although there is no record of having been minted officially, has been characterized using non-destructive techniques such as X-ray fluorescence (XRF), scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM–EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Results are consistent with a cast counterfeit coin made at the turn of the 19th and 20th using a copper base alloy that was silver-platted to pass unnoticed among the public. The alloy used, generally known as german silver, was common for counterfeits in North America and Europe in that period. The historical reasons for the appearance of this unexpected coin in Peru during a time of economic difficulties, where the public experienced a shortage of small-change coins, are briefly outlined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides empirical evidence about the close relationship between two education systems' orientations and priorities and teacher identities. Based on the Dialogical-Self Theory (DST), it identifies different schoolteacher identities and shows that these teacher identities are non-uniformly distributed across two education systems. Forty Catalan and forty Peruvian schoolteachers (eighty in total) provided information about their positions and I-positions concerning teaching via a written survey. The data were analysed using qualitative and quantitative procedures. The findings show three types of teacher identities: an educator and a learning guide, an instructor teaching, and a collaborative innovator. The results further demonstrate that most of the Peruvian schoolteachers assumed the teacher identity as an instructor teaching. In contrast, the Catalan schoolteachers assumed two teacher identities: an educator and a learning guide, and a collaborative innovator. We conclude by suggesting some implications for educational policy, teacher education and school organisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work we characterize soils from the Paramonga city, Region Lima Provinces in Peru, which are contaminated by residual chemicals (Br, As and Sr) from sugar and paper industry in the city. Four samples were collected, labelled as S1, S2, S3 and S4 and analized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) and Mössbauer spectroscopy. For all the samples, the chemical analysis by EDXRF revealed the presence of Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, K, Br, Sr. The XRD detected the presence of quartz as principal phase and copper sulfide and potassium magnesium as secondary phases. The Mössbauer spectra at room temperature (RT) for all the samples exhibit sextets which reveal the presence of an iron oxide or hydroxide. The fitting Mössbauer for both samples S1 and S4 have three doublets corresponding to iron in paramagnetic phases and a magnetic component of around 35.50 T corresponding to goethite, α-FeOOH. Sample S2 have two magnetic phases with internal fields of 37 T and 34.6 T which correspond to the goethite and other incorporated element in the structure. The sample S3 have three magnetic fields of H1 = 36.8 T, H2 = 33.6 T and H3 = 34.8 T which correspond to hydroxide iron, pyrrhotite and goethite respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Replacement Style Mineralizations. The paper presents occurrence and chemistry of ore and gangue minerals, results of fluid inclusion microthermometry and sulfur isotopes, and discussed the evolution of mineralizing fluids. The polymetallic mineralization was divided into two stages; the early Cu-Zn-(Pb) and late Cu-Zn-Pb-(Mn) mineralization stages, which are associated with a granodioritic porphyry stock and quartz porphyry sills, respectively. [Extracted from the article]

In February and March of 1812, Indigenous, mestizo, and creole rebels led an uprising in and around the colonial city of Huánuco in the viceroyalty of Peru. The diversity of the insurgent army reflected, to an extent, the vision of bilingual friars who, in the months preceding the uprising, had written, translated, and distributed pasquinades that called on residents to unite and drive out the Spanish. Although the insurgent army had two initial victories, Spanish authorities quickly put down the movement and began an investigation into the motives and leaders of the rebellion. Their interrogations led them to the subversive friars and the " papeles seductivos " (seductive papers) that these men of the cloth had been circulating. Using a collection of digitized documents from the uprising, which includes several examples of these seditious verses, this paper examines the significance of the Huánuco Rebellion in Peruvian and Latin American history. The rebellion demonstrates the potential of friars in their role as mediators of information to destabilize colonial relations. Additionally, the diverse army of insurgents complicates, at least to a degree, historians' frequent characterization of Peru in the independence era as a bastion of royalism beset by ethnic tension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the extent to which characteristics that are beyond the control of children affect their educational outcomes. This is a matter of particular interest because the distribution of educational opportunities will shape future outcomes in other realms. While time-invariant circumstances have already been examined in the inequality of opportunity (IOp) literature, the role of time-varying circumstances has not yet been addressed. For the first time, this paper provides both lower and upper-bound estimates of IOp on learning achievement and assesses the impact of time-varying circumstances on upper-bound measures. It exploits a very rich and unusual longitudinal data set, the Young Lives Study, focusing on a cohort of children that has been followed for fifteen years, surveyed for the first time when they were around a year old. The results suggest that educational IOp is sizable and time-varying circumstances do not have a major impact on upper-bound measures using panel data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The present paper aims to characterize the Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) genotype, with particular emphasis on its association with arterial oxygen saturation, arterial blood pressure, hemoglobin [Hb] concentration, and ventilatory measures among the Tawang Monpa, a high-altitude native population of the Eastern Himalaya, India. Methods: A cross-sectional sample of 168Monpa participants from Tawang town, Arunachal Pradesh, India, was selected who live at an altitude of ∼3,200 meters (m) above sea level. For each participant, height, weight, and skinfold thickness were measured, based on which body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) and percentage of body fat (%BF) were calculated. Physiological measures, such as the transcutaneous arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2), hemoglobin [Hb] concentration, forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1-second (FEV1), and systemic arterial blood pressure were measured. First, the peripheral venous blood samples (four ml) were drawn, and then white blood cells were separated for the ACE genotyping of each participant. Results: Unlike high-altitude natives from Peru and Ladakh, who exhibit high frequencies of II homozygotes, the Tawang Monpa shows a significantly high frequency of ID heterozygotes (p<0.0001). In addition, no significant association was identified between ACE gene polymorphism and arterial blood pressure, oxygen saturation at rest, vital capacity, or [Hb] concentration. Discussion: The results suggest that the association of the ACE gene with resting SaO2 is inconsistent across native populations living under hypobaric hypoxia. Further, ACE I/D gene polymorphism may not be under natural selection in specific native populations, including Tawang Monpa, for their adaptation to high-altitude hypoxia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Located at the western edge of the Classic Maya heartland, El Peru-Waka' was one of the most densely aggregated urban cores in the Lowlands. With households packed next to each other, it can be difficult to define where one ends and another begins. Nevertheless, survey and excavation data suggest that differences in household provisioning and generational cycling created considerable variation in household wealth across the city. This paper employs household area (m2) and volume (m3) to calculate Gini coefficients for the El Peru-Waka' urban core and immediate hinterlands to quantify household differentiation across the urban landscape. Comparison of the coefficients for the total study area with those for individual urban zones (core, periurban, hinterland) demonstrate that while El Perú-Waka' exhibits high overall household differentiation, this differentiation is considerably muted within a given urban zone. This demonstrates the impact of settlement location on differences in household size and architectural investment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports a new locality of Sagittaria guayanensis Kunth (Alismataceae) in southern Peru, providing data on its distribution and phytosociology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Airbnb is a worldwide tourism phenomenon that affects local commerce. In Peru, this type of service has increased. Its followers value the stay and the benefits of the place and write about it to recommend or advise against it. The aim of this paper is to analyze the discourses through linguistic strategies of guests staying in Lima-Peru. Methodologically, a corpus consisting of 91 textual samples has been collected, which are frequently used and coming from guests in the most touristic districts of Lima. It is concluded that guests generally create discourses about their stay, comfort and safety. In doing so, they put the reputation of the hosts at stake and make the published information useful for potential tourists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The study of sustainability within universities is recognized as essential for debates and research; in the long term, the "sustainable university" concepts can contribute to sustainability from a larger perspective. This study aims to propose a conceptual model for evaluating the students' sustainability considering their interactions with the university and the environment. The proposed model is titled Sunshine model. It is applied to students of the La Salle University, Peru. Design/methodology/approach: The model combines academic performance, happiness and the ecological footprint to quantify university students' sustainability. A structured questionnaire survey was elaborated and applied to get the raw data that feeds the three methods. The students' average grades evaluate academic performance. Happiness is quantified by the happiness index method, and the ecological footprint is measured by the demand for food, paper, electricity, transport and built-up areas. Results are evaluated under both approaches, overall group performance and clusters. Findings: The proposed model avoids misleading interpretations of a single indicator or discussions on sustainability that lack a conceptual model, bringing robustness in assessing students' sustainability in universities. To have a low ecological footprint, the student needs to need up to 1 planet for their lifestyle, be considered happy with at least 0.8 (of 1) for happiness index, and have good academic performance with at least a grade of 7 (of 10) in their course. Regarding the case study, La Salle students show a high academic grade degree of 7, a high level for happiness index of 0.8 and low performance for ecological footprint by demanding 1.8 Earth planets, resulting in an "environmentally distracted" overall classification for students with 2019 data. From a cluster approach, 81% of evaluated students (n = 603) have low performance for ecological footprint, whereas 31% have low performance for indicators of recreational activities of happiness. Changing lifestyles and making more recreational activities available play crucial roles in achieving higher sustainability for the La Salle students. Research limitations/implications: The happiness assessment questionnaire can be subject to criticism, as it was created as a specific method for this type of audience based on existing questionnaires in the literature. Although it can be seen as an important approach for diagnoses, the proposed model does not consider the cause–effect aspect. The decision-maker must consider the sociocultural aspects before implementing plan actions. Practical implications: University managers can better understand why university students have high or low sustainability performance and provide more effective actions toward higher levels of students' sustainability. Originality/value: The proposed model, Sunshine model, overcomes the single-criteria existing tools that access the sustainability of universities. Rather than focusing on university infrastructure, the proposed model focuses on the students and their relationship with the university. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, quinoa (traditionally grown in South America) has been imagined as a food crop that addresses the world's most pressing problems: climate change, water scarcity, food insecurity, malnutrition, and economic inequality. Valued for being nutritionally exceptional and resistant to several agronomic stresses, quinoa has attracted the attention of consumers, researchers, and development agencies. This paper focuses on the World Quinoa Congress and other international gatherings of experts (plant scientists, quinoa farmers, social scientists, development practitioners, and entrepreneurs) who produce and share knowledge about quinoa's cultivation, production, consumption, and diversification. I examine how various actors materialize quinoa through different ways of conceptualizing seeds, property, and knowledge. In some cases, quinoa is part of a larger socioecological system, while in others, seeds are disembedded from their geographical context and studied in terms of their efficiency and yields. I explore the convergence and divergence of knowledges that accompany quinoa's globalization, shedding light on the frictions, conflicting priorities, opportunities, and questions that arise in spaces of knowledge creation and exchange. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forecasts about the effects of new technologies on labor demand are generally pessimistic. However, little is known about the current level of technology adoption and its effect on labor demand, particularly in developing countries. This paper exploits a national representative employer survey and administrative data from Peru to offer empirical evidence in this regard. Our results show that the adoption of new technologies by firms is still incipient in the country. However, when adopted, they slightly reduce the demand for workers in the medium term, particularly those in high-skilled and non-routine occupations, with a temporary job contract, and during the COVID-19 pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper points out the quinoa trade between Peru and the European Union regarding selected economic issues of quinoa production and prices in Peru and import into the EU. Quinoa is known as superfood due to the high level of protein, fibre, micronutrients, and all amino acids. This caused an increased interest in its consumption in the EU which resulted in rising prices. High quinoa prices have motivated farmers in different parts of the world to try producing quinoa that is traditionally home to areas in South America. The increase in the quantity of quinoa offered led to its fall in prices. Quinoa price volatility creates uncertainty for Peruvian farmers and traders, for whom quinoa is one of the main commodities. The article focuses on the development of quinoa production and prices in Peru, a country that is one of the main producers of quinoa in the world at a time when quinoa has become a popular superfood. During this period, imports of quinoa into the EU, which is a major trading partner of Peru in relation to the quinoa, also increased. Based on the assessed economic situation in the quinoa market between Peru and the EU, the authors of the article are looking for tools that could make it easier for Peruvian farmers to be successfully established in the EU market, despite the high interest in growing this commodity in different parts of the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to make a proposal to govern the Peruvian State under the umbrella of management cybernetics, following the paths of the viable system model (VSM), proposed by Prof. Stafford Beer, enriched with other soft and hard systemic methodologies and technologies, to cover the soft and hard issues that are part of the complex Peruvian reality at different levels of recursion. For doing this, four defined perspectives were adopted to understand the complexity of Peru: the sectoral view, the regions view, the river basins view and the macroregions view. Peru is seen as a system in focus, defining, for each of these four perspectives, the five systems that VSM has. The application of the VSM in each perspective serves to apply it in two modes: diagnosis and design, according to the respective perspective. Then an integrative analysis and reflection is done considering the four perspectives, to analyze the viability of the VSM approach in the governance of the Peruvian State to establish some conclusions and recommendations in relation to the proposal, appearing at the end of the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper evaluates the effectiveness of citizen participation in environmental management, specifically, in relation to the process of evaluation of environmental impact assessment studies of large-scale mining projects in Peru. It is analysed if these mechanisms are equally inclusive of female and male voices; identifies the barriers that women face in these deliberative spaces and assess what the government is doing to reduce gender based exclusions. The paper argues that, although according to Peruvian environmental and mining law, participatory spaces are aimed to include citizens' voices; they end up reinforcing domination and control as they mainly operate to facilitate a rapid expedition of environmental licenses in mining projects rather than truly foster spaces of dialogue, consensus and political inclusion. For the most part, such mechanisms have also been blind to the gendered impacts of extractivism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Combined with field test and numerical simulation, the rock damage characteristics around peripheral hole are fully analyzed. • The influence of explosive spacing, blasthole spacing and smooth blasting layer thickness on different damage indexes of rock mass is analyzed, and the influence of boundary conditions is discussed. • Considering the influence of explosive spacing and blasthole spacing, a mathematical model is established firstly to predict the rock damage range and applied to engineering practice. • The research method in this paper provides a solution to similar engineering problems. The control of overbreak in blasting excavation is a significant technical challenge and a subject of extensive research in the field of engineering. This study examines the damage characteristics of the surrounding rock in a tunnel section through blasting test and numerical simulation conducted as part of the San Gavan diversion tunnel project in Peru. The orthogonal test of peripheral holes under the influence of explosive spacing, blasthole spacing and smooth blasting layer thickness was designed to analyze the characteristics of rock damage under different parameter combinations and the influence of various factors on rock damage. Based on the USBM formula, this paper deduces a mathematical model considering blasthole spacing and explosive spacing to predict the rock damage range. The main conclusions are as follows: on the tunnel section, the average damage range of vault and arch springer is slightly larger than that of spandrel and haunch. For a single blasthole, the rock damage range in different sections is: explosive > air > stem, and the degree of rock damage at the bottom of blasthole is the highest. Smooth blasting layer thickness has a significant effect on rock damage rate on the side of non-reflect boundary. When smooth blasting layer thickness is 45 cm and 55 cm, the boundary conditions of numerical model have a significant effect on the rock damage. The reflection of blasting stress wave on the free surface leads to the further increase of rock damage range. The blasthole spacing and explosive spacing have a significant effect on rock damage range on the side of non-reflect boundary, and both show a negative correlation. Based on the prediction model of rock damage, the combination of peripheral hole parameters satisfying the standard is obtained, which provides guidance for blasting design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]