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This article describes, from a historical perspective, the institutional and legal process of general studies in Peru in the last century, taking into account the political and intellectual contexts. Also, it reflects in favor of the humanistic dimension of general studies and the reason for being of university education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study we explore the elements that integrate the profiles of university graduates in Peru of the audiovisual communication career and the implications of the sociocultural context in their graduate research. The objective is to identify the profiles of university graduates and the implications of the sociocultural context during the development of the process. With qualitative methodology, the interpretative paradigm model and using the semi-structured interview technique, we identify their perceptions. The conclusions remark that the elements that integrate these profiles have particularities that must be considered when entering the labor market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is part of the international EduCovid19 project that seeks to describe teachers' perceptions of the impact of COVID-19 on their practices, as well as those of their students. In this context, this text focuses on making comparisons of teachers' perceptions on different variables and projecting their consequences on their teaching careers. A sample (N=541) of Chilean and Peruvian teachers of all educational levels participated in the study through a virtual structured questionnaire. The results show inequalities in the teaching practices of both countries based on significant differences linked to gender inequality, socioeconomic gaps, and the academic degree of the educators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused the migration from the face-to-face or blended teaching-learning modality to virtuality, which has forced students to adapt to this new scenario, however, despite the fact that this modality has favorable aspects, it has also had implications in the socio-emotional aspect. In this sense, the objective of this research was to determine the relationship between academic burnout and psychological well-being in students of a pedagogical higher education institute in Peru during the context of the COVID- 19 pandemic. The research approach was quantitative, the design was non-experimental, and the type was descriptive, correlational, and cross-sectional. The sample consisted of 150 students to whom the Maslach Burnout Inventory Student Survey (MBI-SS) and the Psychological Well-being Scale were applied, instruments with the required levels of validity and reliability. The main findings indicate that the students were characterized by moderate levels of academic burnout as well as psychological well-being and it was determined that there is an inverse and significant relationship between both variables (rho= -0.601; p<0.05). It was concluded that it is necessary to implement intervention programs that allow the development of protective factors and coping strategies in students so that they can cope adequately in stressful situations and thus improve their psychological well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the study is to analyze the level of environmental education and ethics in civil engineering programs in order to propose transversal contents within the curriculum. To evaluate the presence of environmental issues, a Likert scale questionnaire was applied to 260 students and a dichotomous scale to 42 professors and directors of universities in the Puno region. The results indicate that the students have a medium level of environmental ethics in knowledge and skills, while in attitudes and values they have a high level. Regarding the application of the environmental theme by the professors, there is a medium level in the physical, pedagogical and didactic areas and a high level in the academic area; consequently, it is necessary to establish environmental policies explicitly in the strategic plans and study curricula so that future professionals assume their environmental commitment at the time of executing civil infrastructure projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As part of the accelerated development of telecommunications, social networks have decisively broken into the lives of the inhabitants of the planet; Among them, Facebook stands out, for which it constitutes a very important means of communication among students. The study deals with Facebook and its use as a pedagogical resource; In this sense, the objective of the research is to explain, based on interpretations, the perception that teachers and students of basic education have in a district of Cusco in Peru, regarding the social network Facebook and its pedagogical use. The research was developed with a qualitative approach, in which the information was collected through an interview guide that was applied to 10 teachers and 5 students of the aforementioned district. The results show that teachers and students agree that Facebook is the most important social network and that it is possible to use it in learning activities. It is concluded that it is feasible to make a pedagogical use of the Facebook social network due to its ease of use and the fact that it allows the development of activities leading to improve the skills of students, but prior to this, the activities must be planned by the teacher. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this research is to analyze the social representation of violence in educational environments. It uses the case study in a secondary educational institution in the city of Huaraz in Peru where it investigates the configurations of the associations; its causes and consequences. Human rights violations caused by discrimination, ignorance of the cultural values that others contain are evident. The social nature of the problem is underlined, insisting on citizen participation for the disarmament of the structures that generate social fragmentation. It is a study of an inductive nature; surveys are designed and applied with the purpose of collecting information to support the final considerations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research analyzes reading skills as learning higher cognitive operations. In this sense, it presents the advantages of pedagogies based on the strengthening of reading skills as a social event. Promotes critical reading that is done together with others, exercises superior cognitive skills, by allowing complex thinking; the expansion of vocabulary, the establishment of strategies that allow solving shared emergencies. Well, it educates in the analysis and discussion of ideas as coordination of best practices. To achieve the objectives, a case study is carried out in a secondary school in Peru. In turn, a procedural body is presented that seeks to optimize the communicative capacity of the educated. Therefore, it is carried out from the experiential approach that uses inferences to coordinate the final recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In May 2010, Julián Miranda, an Indigenous Asháninka shaman, died hours after killing a jaguar-shaman. Despite knowing that it could kill him, he killed a jaguar-shaman to protect his cows, an investment to support the much-desired progreso ('progress') of his children and grandchildren through education. Julián's choice was one of personal sacrifice driven by the hardships he experienced in the degraded forests of the Bajo Urubamba valley in the Peruvian Amazon. My examination of his decision to kill the jaguar-shaman engages with the multi-disciplinary literature on how local peoples engage with the expanding extractive frontier in Latin America. The emphasis most literature places on social movements and – to a lesser extent – on the ontological characteristics of these conflicts needs to be counterbalanced by individual experiences like Julián's for a deeper understanding of the multiple local experiences of large-scale resource extraction and the different strategies through which people pursue their desired futures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study we explore the elements that integrate the profiles of university graduates in Peru of the audiovisual communication career and the implications of the sociocultural context in their graduate research. The objective is to identify the profiles of university graduates and the implications of the sociocultural context during the development of the process. With qualitative methodology, the interpretative paradigm model and using the semi-structured interview technique, we identify their perceptions. The conclusions remark that the elements that integrate these profiles have particularities that must be considered when entering the labor market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the research was to determine the level of scientific culture of the students of the Faculty of Education of the National University of the Center of Peru, which is made up of seven Professional Academic Schools (PAS). The level of this research was descriptive, prospective and longitudinal. The instrument used was the Scientific Culture Questionnaire (SCQ) made up of 73 items, whose design and construction was based on the recommendations of the Antigua Manual (OEI-RICYT) which was then applied, through the survey technique, to 72 students, selected by probabilistic and stratified sampling. The level of scientific culture of the students was determined, first by PAS and from these, the level of general scientific culture of the faculty, which, analyzed in terms of frequencies, was 44.61%, corresponding to a low level of scientific culture, according to an established scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last decade, a significant number of initiatives have emerged that aim to use mobile technologies and applications for educational purposes, however, the implementation has not been fully effective due to a variety of difficulties. In this work, the attitudes of students and teachers towards the use of mobile learning in institutions of higher education were explored. Samples of students and teachers from five Cajamarca universities in Peru were taken to which surveys were validated by experts and the reliability was assessed using Cronbach's alpha. It was evaluated if there are statistically significant differences between the attitudes of the students in relation to age, sex, specialty and type of mobile used. Likewise, it was evaluated whether there are statistically significant differences between teachers' attitudes regarding age, sex, university experience, academic level and type of mobile used. Student t tests and a unidirectional variance analysis (ANOVA) were performed for each indicator considered. The results revealed that there are statistically significant differences between students' attitudes regarding the type of mobile device. The emergence of mobile learning technologies had a significant impact on educational technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the 90's, economic and financial information systems with digital technology are available in Peru. These systems are permanently used by professionals in accounting, economics, finance, investments, and other related specialties. These tools are Reuters and Bloomberg, the latter being the one that has achieved significant technological development and international reach. Likewise, the main companies and institutions of Peru, both public and private, make use of these information systems for the processes of analysis, research, planning and decision making. In this sense, the application of Bloomberg in the teaching and learning process of the specific contents to the accounting, finance and investments courses has been used as academic innovation in the Accounting undergraduate program of Pontifical Catholic University From Peru. Therefore, the purpose of the research is to value the innovation made in order to know the opinions and collect the experiences of the students on the use of Bloomberg, and, at the same time, the recommendations as a result of the innovation made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Latin America and the Caribbean have reduced the maternal mortality rates. However, some of these countries still have high rates, which indicates the inequity in the access to the health services. The human resource training competent in primary health care is one of the main strategies to approach this problem. Objective: To describe the experience of planning, implementing and evaluating a training program in maternal health in countries of this region (Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Haiti and Peru). Methodology: Between 2016 and 2019, the Department of Health Systems and Services and the Human Resource Unit of the Pan-American Health Organization, together with some collaborative centers, universities and the Latin-American Center for Perinatology and Women's Health, carried out a survey on training needs, developed a formation plan and implemented the training among both professional and non-professional staff in relation to maternal health. Results: The training needs identified were Health Leadership, Prenatal Care, Labor, Postpartum Care, Obstetric Emergencies, and Family Planning. These needs are addressed both in the online and in-person training with 71 trainers from seven countries, who reproduced them for more than 4000 people. The evaluations were very positive and the health impact in future Project is yet to be determined. Conclusions: It is crucial to identify the needs and to do collaborative work in order to carry out the pertinent training in our countries. This would allow to count on the human talent, motivated and competent, in order to increase the access and coverage of high quality maternal health care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of the internet has increased significantly over the last decade. Pre-graduate students use the internet and social networks not only for recreational activities but also for academic activities. Moreover, some schools of medicine use these resources to teach medical students. Objective: To describe the use of social networks by pregraduate medical students. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried-out by using a questionnaire among pregraduate medical students of the fifth year. Wes asked about which social network the student has an active account, time spent using the network and how frequent the network was visited focusing on Facebook® y YouTube®. Results: 52 students participated; all of them had an account in Facebook®, 46.2% in Instagram®, 34.6% in Twitter®, 15.4% in SlideShare® y 7.7% in LinkedIn®. Among those who had an account in Facebook®, 50% use it at least one-hour per day; 65.3% watched videos in YouTube®. Conclusions: All students used at least one social network, mostly Facebook®, and use it at least once per day, this finding is similar to what has been reported elsewhere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study is to propose measuring instruments resilience related to school performance valid for adolescents from vulnerable social groups in urban areas of two South American countries. The research method is based on analysis of the statistical results of the items and dimensions of the resilience of the SV-RES Scale in 764 adolescents from vulnerable urban areas of Lima, Peru and 1,145 from Santiago de Chile with high and low academic performance of sectors with social vulnerability. Exploratory Factor Analysis (AFE), convergent and discriminant validity analysis was performed. The results suggest new different dimensions of resilience linked to academic performance on adolescents of Lima and Santiago de Chile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The knowledge and expertise contribute to the development of society. Tourism provides new insights for the advancement of the world, but for the adequate development and achievement of this activity it is necessary an integral, holistic and systematic view. Therefore, it is necessary to have a qualified human capital especially in management. The aim of this paper is to determine the relationship between vocational training provided by universities of tourism in La Libertad Region and the training needs of the sector. The methods used are ethnographic and analytic-synthetic, using interviews and surveys at the responsible sector. The results demonstrate that the universities in the region are focused on technical training-operational and that the sector has a limited view of their real needs regarding the capabilities and skills with which workers must have. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objetive: To identify educational status of pregnant teenagers from National Maternal Perinatal Institute of Lima; 2012. Materials and Methods: It is observational, descriptive, and transversal. The population were the pregnant teenagers of the INMP; extracting a sample of 90 pregnant teenagers. The technique was documentation and the data was analyzed using the programs Microsoft Excel 2010 and SPSS 19. Results: From 90 pregnant teenagers, the 45.20% have an Incomplete Secondary. The 69.54% was found between the ages of 17 and 19 years old. The 66.10% have the status of connivance and the 37.78% came from the East of Lima. Conclusion: We identify that the 53.8% of the pregnant teenagers from the total, have a low educational level. At this way, the 44% of the rest were found between the educational status "Complete Secondary", "Higher Education" and "Technical Studies". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comparisons between countries around the globe reported since 1999 reveal that nations' wealth consistently increases with distance from the Equator. Is Peru's territory exempt from this trend? This study used GPS coordinates, questionnaire data, climate files, and census information from the 2000 Peru Demographic and Health Survey, Climate Wizard, and G-Econ data sets to reconcile the contradictory national evidence and understand the role of certain geophysical and social variables. Household assets increase from north to south in the Brack ecological regions with latitudinal orientation which were studied (Desert, Puna, Yunga, Amazon), especially in rural settings, and as does women's education, except in the Amazon. Neither temperature nor fourteen other geophysical and social variables account for such effects, though women's domestic power explains them in the Yunga ecoregion. The findings can be understood through two theoretical perspectives: one, according to the evolutionary theses of Lynn, Rushton, and Kanazawa, suggests the genetic fixation of differential intellectual levels caused by an ancestral adaptation of Peruvian to various conditions of climate and altitude. The other, combining what is known about ultraviolet radiation, vitamin D, and production of sexual hormones with Zajon's confluence theory, is defined by fertility rate and the consequent intellectual home environment for the child. Both predict the increment of IQ and educational PISA scores from north to south Peru, but one points toward education and the other to family planning as human development strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the current relationship between Peruvian teenagers and television. The information accessed from various sources concluded that adolescents are consuming television extensively, especially the poorer within the country. Teens appreciate the cable television as a source of learning, and its variety and ability to relate it with the world. The interest in cartoons, movies and series -fiction genre in general- affirms the value of this media in society as well as the possibility to make them more familiar with their environment. Information about what happens beyond their localities is a source of reference in their perception of the country. Beyond the cultural conflict from which is generally assessed from the effects that television may have on the rural world, television has a positive sign for the visual deterritorialization, which dissolves the natural relationship between culture and territory. In rural areas, parents and teenagers evaluate television positively because it offers more than just the school itself. In the midst of academic and professional criticism on television, adolescents do not distinguish between traditional media and new media, they are all integrated into their daily lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

¿Es el sistema educativo un factor nivelador del ingreso? Según datos provenientes de países en desarrollo, si bien la educación se ha expandido enormemente en los últimos decenios, la distribución del ingreso no se ha vuelto más equitativa. En el presente artículo se procura resolver esta aparente paradoja. Se construye un modelo teórico sobre la relación entre educación e ingresos en el que la identidad étnica desempeña un papel clave en el proceso de distribución. El modelo permite diagnosticar que el sistema educativo no es un factor nivelador de los ingresos. A partir del modelo teórico se deriva un conjunto más amplio de predicciones, que posteriormente se contrastan con información disponible respecto del Perú. Los resultados de las pruebas estadísticas coinciden con las predicciones del modelo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The instrumental variables (IV) method has recently become widely popular in applied econometrics. However, recent work in the literature has shown that if instruments do not hold the relevance and exogeneity conditions at least in a «strong» way, the estimation results could be quite different from the population parameters, and an interpretation of the results would be meaningless. This paper presents this problem and shows some recent tests to verify the validity of the instruments employed. Additionally, I apply those tests to the estimation of the effects of child labor and household work on school attainment, by using a sample of 913 children from the Peruvian Living Standard Measurement Survey (LSMS) of 1997 and 2000. In this estimation, the instruments selected passed all the tests of exogeneity and relevance, so we can trust the consistency of these results. They show that household work performed by children has a positive impact on the children's observed educational performance three years later. In addition, the impact of child labor is negative, but it is not significantly different from zero. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The evolution of fiscal spending in nutrition, health and education of children and adolescents between 2000-2005, has not been following the same pattern of growth as that of GDP in the same period of time in Peru. These important components of public policy in childhood and adolescence have not been properly attended with the larger resources collected by the State, specially in the nutrition area given that fiscal real expenditure in that area fell in spite of the rapid growth of GDP during the period of our study. With the figures found in the SIAF, the structure of public expenditure in the indicated components has been constructed, according to the expenditure budgetary functions, allowing us to establish a base that allows us to take proposals on improvements in public policy in the formation of the human capital since childhood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A renowned corporate group states that there is a very important relationship between the development and the educational level of a people, and so decides to improve the mathematics school program as a way to improve academic performance. It starts by developing school texts with a new methodology and then, sponsored by other companies, it donates them to public educational institutions around the country. Shortly after, the program, Math for Everyone, seeks to increase its coverage and leaps to a virtual format, with an interactive proposal geared towards fun and games in order to catch the child and teenager's attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This case study describes an initiative by a computer engineer to develop an innovative teaching method. The company providing financial support has as their sole motivation the altruistic purpose of improving education in Peru. After enacting the program, the people involved decided to form a non-profit association in order to collect donations and assure the resources that will allow the project's expansion. The story unfolds in the city of Lima, Peru, in May of 2005. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To compare peer education versus that imparted by health professionals for improving knowledge, risk perception and risky sexual behavior among teenagers attending to family planning clinics of two hospitals in Lima. Material and Methods: Experimental single-blind study carried out at the family planning clinics of Hospital Dos de Mayo and Instituto Materno Perinatal during the year 2000. After signing an informed consent, 206 teenagers considered as being at risk were randomly assigned to one of the two educational interventions and later they were requested to come back at the end of the third month in order to reassess knowledge, attitudes and risky sexual behavior. Sign rank, Mann Whitney and Analysis of Covariance tests were used to compare scores for knowledge, risk perception and sexual behavior after the educational intervention. Results: 89 (84%) out of 106 teenagers assigned to the peer education and 70 (70%) out of 100 teenagers assigned to the education provided by health professionals (p= 0,02). Improvement in the level of knowledge was significantly higher (p= 0,047) in group with peer education compared to the group trained by health professionals; however, significance decreased (p= 0,07) when analysis of covariance was used taking into account the scores for the first interview. Improvements in risk perception and sexual behavior were higher in the group with peer education, but the difference was not statistically significant. Conclusions: Peer education proved to be more effective in improving knowledge and the group undergoing this approach had better follow up rates, so peer education should be promoted as a strategy for decreasing the prevalence of sexually transmitted infections in this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]