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We performed a comprehensive review of recent publications about type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Peru, including studies among people living at high altitude above the sea level. An increase in the prevalence of T2DM in Peru has been reported, the reasons are multifactorial and coinciding with the strong economic growth that our country has experienced over the last 20 years along with migration from the Andean regions to the coast and the adoption of a lifestyle that is a known to be a risk factor for obesity and insulin resistance. Scarce information is available in Peru about the prevalence of chronic complications of T2DM such as retinopathy, neuropathy, and nephropathy. There is a need for a health care plan based on early diagnosis of T2DM to reduce social and economic problems, as recommended by the WHO and the United Nations., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: Restless legs syndrome (RLS) and chronic mountain sickness (CMS) share physiological traits. Our objective was to explore a possible association between RLS and CMS., Methods: We carried a cross-sectional study with male subjects living between 4100 and 4300 m above sea level. Participants underwent a clinical interview, physical examination, electrocardiographic (EKG) recording, and spirometry. We classified subjects into CMS, Limbo, and healthy high-altitude dwellers (hHAD), according to their Quinghai score and hematocrit levels. We applied the "Paradigm of questions for epidemiological studies of RLS," The International Restless Leg Syndrome Study Group Scale, and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the association between variables., Results: Seventy-eight male subjects were included. Forty subjects were hHAD, 23 were CMS patients, and 15 participants were considered as Limbo. CMS and Limbo subjects had a higher frequency of RLS (p <0.05). Limbo subjects had the highest severity score for RLS. There were no differences in age, body mass index (BMI), or tobacco use between RLS patients and non-sufferers. In the multivariate analysis, CMS was not associated with RLS diagnosis. Oxygen saturation (p = 0.019), poor sleep quality (p <0.01), and Quinghai score of ≥6 (p = 0.026) were independently associated with RLS diagnosis., Conclusions: Our results did not show a direct association between RLS and CMS; however, RLS was associated with reduced oxygen saturation. Hence, RLS could represent an early clinical manifestation of hypoxia, or, in CMS natural history, an early sign of maladaptation to high altitude., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)