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COVID-19 has adversely impacted the entire university community worldwide, including teachers, administrative staff, and students. This study analyzed the relationship between digital competencies, transformational leadership, and job performance of Peruvian university teachers. A predictive cross-sectional study was conducted with 201 teachers from a private university in Peru in three regions of the country (coast, highlands, and jungle). The Digital Competencies in Teaching (CDD), Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ 5X Short), and the Job Performance scale were used for data collection. The samples were analyzed with structural equation modeling and an adequate fit to the data was obtained ([chi-squared] = 194.342, p < 0; [chi-squared]/df = 2.23, CFI = 0.952, TLI = 0.942, RMSEA = 0.078, SRMR = 0.061). In addition, both digital competencies ([beta] = 0.28, p < 0) and transformational leadership ([beta] = 0.76, p < 0) were found to be predictive factors of job performance. These findings provide evidence that digital competencies and transformational leadership were directly related to the job performance of university teachers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Consequently, it would be appropriate for educational leaders to consider these findings to enhance the digital competencies of teachers, promote a positive work environment, and support professional growth by stimulating motivation and job satisfaction during crisis situations.

Computer science is a dynamic field of study that requires constant review and updating of the curricular designs in academic programs--in general, measuring the impact of plan changes has been little explored in the literature. In most cases, it focuses only on structuring its curricula, leaving aside several factors associated with important events or facts such as student dropout, retention, and inclusion. However, these features provide academic institutions with many opportunities to understand student performance and propose more effective preventive/corrective actions to avoid dropouts. This work focuses on the curricular changes' influence on student gender imbalance, socioeconomic provenance, and dropout. Specifically, we employ three different approaches for our analysis: (i) a longitudinal study of four curricula from informatics engineering to computer science transition at San Pablo Catholic University, (ii) an exploratory analysis for identifying essential features that determines the events mentioned above, and (iii) a survival analysis to estimate the probability that a student will stay (not dropout) before graduate, and calculate the average permanence time per curricula. Our analysis shows that the female student rates decreased, student rates from lower socioeconomic provenance increased, and the dropout rates were reduced with updates towards an internationally standardized curriculum. This is even strongly evidenced when the program changes its name. Finally, the set of techniques employed in this work composes a statistical mechanism that can be replicated/adapted to any other program in computer science aiming to extract valuable insights to support the decision-making process in educational institutions.

This study analyzed the critical factors to approach the emergency online teaching due to the COVID-19 pandemic in a business school in Latin America. The data were collected through a semi-structured online questionnaire administered to 94 full-time and part-time faculty members. The study identified 10 critical factors for the successful implementation of emergency online teaching. The originality of the study lies in analyzing the experience in migrating to online teaching in a Hispanic higher education academic institution.

Introduction: Fitting together virtual teaching environments has made possible the continuance of higher education at the global level, and particularly in Peru, after the proliferation of the COVID-19 virus during 2020 and 2021. Nevertheless, teachers and students from Amazonian communities continue to face challenges to public education, such as limited access and insufficient knowledge of technological and educational resources, which may lead to low involvement and unfavorable attitudes towards academic research activities. Objective: The aim of this research was to propose an explanatory model for attitudes toward research, based on perceived self-efficacy and problem-solving ability in a university population, as a function of demographic factors such as gender, age, and current year of studies, during virtual education in 2021. Method: This observational, descriptive, and correlational study used a sample of students (n = 958) between the ages of 18 and 25 years. Self-reported questionnaires were used to inquire about their perceived level of academic, situation-specific self-efficacy; problem-solving ability; and attitude towards research, where the latter were explained through structural equation modeling (SEM). Results: The study confirmed that students' degree of self-efficacy and problem-solving ability predicted their attitude toward research (p < 0.05), with adequate goodness-of-fit indices for the SEM model (X[superscript 2] / df = 3.27; CFI = 0.968; RMSEA = 0.049; TLI = 0.945). Likewise, path analysis revealed that self-efficacy was directly related to indicators of attitude toward research, particularly uninterest in research (0.24), little vocation for research (0.32) and low value given to research: (0.24). Discussion and Conclusions: Thus it is essential that the university strengthen problem-solving skills and a sense of self-confidence in undergraduate students, and thereby increase students' involvement in research activities. [Note: The article title on the URL is "Attitudes Towards Research, Self-Efficacy, And Problem Solving: A Cross-Sectional Study with University Students During Virtual Education 2021." The publication year (2022) shown on the PDF is incorrect. The correct year of publication is 2023.]

The objective of the present study was to determine the incidence of university students' emotional style on the dimensions of academic goals (academic goals, learning goals, achievement goals and social reinforcement goals). For this study, 780 students of the fifth and sixth cycle of the Health Sciences School at a private university in Lima were chosen. In this quantitative study, of a substantive type, and a causal correlational cross-sectional non-experimental design, The Emotional Style Questionnaire (ESQ) was administered and for academic goals the questionnaire of the same name (CMA). The results evidenced the significant incidence of emotional style in the academic goals of university students with 72.1%; because the reason of plausibility of the logistic model (p<0.05) fits well with the data (Deviation with p<0.05).

The systematization of a relevant experience such as the training of 21 in-service teachers with the use of an action-research component was aimed at documenting and writing what happened, as well as explaining the results achieved as a result of the intervention. The aim was to interpret the experience critically, to learn from it and improve future practice. The study used qualitative and quantitative analysis techniques. The results suggest that the component favored teachers to question their own beliefs about teaching and strengthen their abilities to make teaching problematic. They also suggest that these changes occur in training events that include spaces for reflection and discussion about beliefs and practices.

The study evaluated the effects of the use of GeoGebra software in the teaching of geometry with high school students in the development of their capacities for reasoning and demonstration, mathematical communication and problem-solving. The framework of the study was the increasing presence of technologies in the school teaching of mathematics in young people of the digital age, in a context where education favors the active participation of students in the strengthening of their own abilities. The students were observed in two groups, the group intervened exposed to the use of GeoGebra software and the control group exposed to traditional teaching without the use of the software. Both groups were evaluated with a Geometry Learning Assessment Test that was applied "before" and "after" the intervention. The results suggest that the use of the GeoGebra software had effects in the strengthening of the three capacities, with improvements that were significant at high levels. Also, the scores reached at the time "afterwards" were favorable to the group intervened in the three capacities, with significant differences at moderate levels.

This article is a reflection in three planes: the first one, how teachers problematize their own practices given the complexity of the scenarios that they must face daily in classrooms; the second one, how teaching problematization is perceived in the academic and school world and the third one, how many and how contents, methodological tools and training forms, which are necessary to strengthen teachers' abilities and attitudes prone to problematization, have been assumed by continuous teaching training programs. It is concluded with a joint reflection that tries to establish the link between these planes.

This paper discusses the dialectic tension between the top-down and bottom-up processes that led to the establishment of the first public deaf education programme in Iquitos, Peru in 2016. This dialectic was initiated by the Peruvian Ministry's adoption and implementation of the policy of inclusive education, an internationally supported education initiative to educate all students, including those with special educational needs, in general education classrooms. The implementation of inclusive education in Iquitos led to an entire generation of deaf youth attending school without gaining opportunities to acquire the linguistic resources of "Lengua de Señas Peruana" (LSP). Parents of deaf children, dissatisfied with the inclusive education system, formed together to create a parents' association, "Asociación Iquitos Unidos en Señas" (AIUS). Two years later, AIUS signed an agreement with an existing school to establish a sign-based public deaf education programme, CEBA MORB - Periférico AIUS. We discuss what it took to bring Perféirco AIUS into being from the bottom-up and the top-down processes that both sparked the community effort and then facilitated it.

This paper aims to analyze the strategic drivers used to achieve the accreditations issued by the three most important business school accreditation agencies (AACSB, EQUIS, and AMBA). The study consisted of semi-structured interviews with the team members who led the accreditation processes. The information was coded, categorized, and analyzed using the thematic analysis methodology. The results show that the dean's leadership and commitment, budget commitment, faculty and staff participation, quality management systems, accreditation team, active participation, hire and retain qualified professors, encourage research, improvement of physical facilities, internationalization, local engagement, assurance of learning, innovation, stay-up-to-date and maintain records are the most important key drivers to approach business schools accreditations.

The purpose of this study was to explore geographic mobility among university students in Peru and to understand how mobility patterns differ by region and by demographic indicators of inequality. The ways that students may be able to move geographically in order to access quality higher education within the educational system can be a driver of equality or inequality, depending on who is able to take advantage. Using data from a university census, we examine how demographic indicators of inequality are related to geographic mobility for university attendance, how prior geographic mobility predicts later mobility for university attendance, and how these relationships differ based on the number and quality of universities in a region. Results show that sociodemographic variables related to social inequality explain a substantial amount of students' postsecondary mobility. However, some of these relationships do not operate in the same way in all of the regions. Depending on the availability of universities and their quality, patterns of association between inequality and geographic mobility change. Implications for higher education policy as well as further research examining geographic mobility and inequality in education are discussed.

COVID-19 has adversely impacted the entire university community worldwide, including teachers, administrative staff, and students. This study analyzed the relationship between digital competencies, transformational leadership, and job performance of Peruvian university teachers. A predictive cross-sectional study was conducted with 201 teachers from a private university in Peru in three regions of the country (coast, highlands, and jungle). The Digital Competencies in Teaching (CDD), Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ 5X Short), and the Job Performance scale were used for data collection. The samples were analyzed with structural equation modeling and an adequate fit to the data was obtained (X² = 194.342, p < 0; X² /df = 2.23, CFI = .952, TLI=0.942, RMSEA = .078, SRMR = .061). In addition, both digital competencies (β = .28, p < 0) and transformational leadership (β = .76, p < 0) were found to be predictive factors of job performance. These findings provide evidence that digital competencies and transformational leadership were directly related to the job performance of university teachers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Consequently, it would be appropriate for educational leaders to consider these findings to enhance the digital competencies of teachers, promote a positive work environment, and support professional growth by stimulating motivation and job satisfaction during crisis situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Ciencias de la Salud is the property of Colegio Mayor de Nuestra Senora del Rosario and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Ciencias de la Salud is the property of Colegio Mayor de Nuestra Senora del Rosario and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Salud Uninorte is the property of Fundacion Universidad del Norte and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Ciência & Saúde Coletiva is the property of Associacao Brasileira de Pos-Graduacao em Saude Coletiva and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A Bayesian inference approach using Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) is developed for the logistic positive exponent (LPE) model proposed by Samejima and for a new skewed Logistic Item Response Theory (IRT) model, named Reflection LPE model. Both models lead to asymmetric item characteristic curves (ICC) and can be appropriate because a symmetric ICC treats both correct and incorrect answers symmetrically, which results in a logical contradiction in ordering examinees on the ability scale. A data set corresponding to a mathematical test applied in Peruvian public schools is analyzed, where comparisons with other parametric IRT models also are conducted. Several model comparison criteria are discussed and implemented. The main conclusion is that the LPE and RLPE IRT models are easy to implement and seem to provide the best fit to the data set considered. (Contains 4 figures and 2 tables.)

Recent years have witnessed an expansion in international investment in large-scale infrastructure projects with the goal of achieving global economic integration. We focus on one such project, the Inter-Oceanic Highway in the "MAP" region, a trinational frontier where Bolivia, Brazil, and Peru meet in the southwestern Amazon. We adopt a resilience approach as an integrative framework to understand various types of road-paving impacts. We focus on migration activity as an indicator of retention of collective memory, a concept associated with resilience. We pursue a comparative analysis of the three sides of the MAP frontier as well as subregions within each side. Since road paving may be mediated by other factors, we distinguish among the effects of multiple explanatory factors. Data come from a multinational survey of rural communities. The findings show considerable net migration and turnover, both indicative of eroding collective memory and a lack of demographic resilience to externally induced change in the MAP frontier. The findings indicate variation across the frontier, which road paving helps explain, along with some of the mediating factors. These findings contribute to the literature on the impacts of new infrastructure and integration as well as the study of social-ecological resilience.

Copyright of Revista Ciencias de la Salud is the property of Colegio Mayor de Nuestra Senora del Rosario and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Formación Universitaria is the property of Centro de Informacion Tecnologica (CIT) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: This study examines the relationship between the economic, social, and environmental dimensions of social responsibility and the level of knowledge regarding technology social responsibility among Peruvian university professors. This study assessed the technical and social responsibility knowledge level among Peru's public and private university instructors. Design/methodology/approach This study was conducted using a quantitative research approach and a cross-sectional research design utilizing a survey questionnaire to acquire primary data. This study's sample comprised 1,159 public and private university professors in Peru. The academics of Peru's public and private institutions contribute to data collection. 280 valid questionnaires were utilized for data analysis with Partial Least Square (PLS). Findings According to the study, the economic, social, and environmental dimensions of social responsibility favor Peruvian university teachers' awareness of technology and social responsibility. In addition, it is discovered that there is a considerable knowledge gap between public and private university teachers regarding technology and social responsibility. Practical implications This study's findings help resolve concerns about low levels of knowledge among Peru's public and private colleges, which may contribute to the promotion of technological social responsibility among institutions. Originality/value Prior studies in the literature examined technology social responsibility, but professors' knowledge is not included. In Peru, comparative research between professors of public and private colleges has not been conducted in the past. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental education aims to rethink the relationship between human beings and nature. It is the most effective tool to generate change towards improving the environment and sustainable development. The university environment is emerging as the ideal context to establish an environmental education that promotes the training of professionals responsible for the environment and sustainable development. In this case, the work aims at exploring the perception of Peruvian university students regarding environmental problems both at the local and national levels. To do this, a survey was conducted of 714 university students of different ages, from different locations and university careers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To characterize diabetes care across healthcare facilities in six Peruvian regions.Methods: Cross-sectional study of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), ranging from primary care facilities to hospital-based facilities, in six Peruvian regions. Data was collected by health staff trained between 2012 and 2016. We studied six diabetes care outcomes and four adequate diabetes care outcomes considering the healthcare facility as the exposure of interest. We estimated prevalence ratios (PR) and their 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) using Poisson regression with robust variance.Results: Data from 8879 patients with T2DM, mean age 59.1 years (SD ± 12.2), 53.6% males, was analyzed. Of these, 8096 (91.2%) were treated at primary care facilities. The proportions of patients who had HbA1c, LDL-c, and creatinine/microalbumin test performed increased with the setting of the healthcare facility. Overall, 39%-56% of patients had an adequate HbA1c control, being higher in hospital-based facilities with specialists in comparison to primary care facilities.Conclusions: We observed that the higher the setting of the facility, the higher the rate of the assessed diabetes care outcomes and adequate diabetes care for four of the six targets (fasting glucose, HbA1c, LDL-c and creatinine or microalbumin) and for three of the four targets (glucose≤130 mg/dL, HbA1c ≤7%(53 mmol/mol) and LDL-c <100 mg/dL), respectively. Substantial gaps were observed at the primary care facilities, calling for the strengthening of diabetes care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Short-tailed fruit bats typically breed twice a year, fitting a seasonal bimodal polyestry pattern in many ecosystems along their distributional range. For two species, Carollia perspicillata and C. benkeithi, reproductive timing was studied on a monthly basis and related to environmental seasonality (climatic factors and fruit resource availability) in a Peruvian premontane forest with a secondary succession plant composition. Sex, age and reproductive condition were assessed through morphological inspection. Plant species, whose fruits were known to be consumed by these bats, were scored for fruit resource availability. For C. perspicillata, lactation followed a bimodal pattern with peaks at the onset (September–October) and the middle of the rainy season (February–March). The proportion of lactating females was positively correlated with rainfall, temperature and fruit resource availability. In contrast, reproductive males, as indicated by descended testes, occurred during the dry season and its proportion was negatively correlated with rainfall. For C. benkeithi, records of reproductive females suggest that births also occur during the rainy season. This study supports the previously suggested synchronization of births with higher fruit resource availability for Carollia species, and contributes with information about the geographic variation of their reproductive phenology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de la Sociedad Química del Perú is the property of Sociedad Quimica del Peru and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Colombiana de Psiquiatria is the property of Asociacion Colombiana de Psiquiatria and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Biomédica: Revista del Instituto Nacional de Salud is the property of Instituto Nacional de Salud of Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Avian Diseases is the property of American Association of Avian Pathologists, Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study simulates the spillage of 1460 metric tons of oil that occurred in January 2022 off La Pampilla Refinery, in central Perú. The oil slick was predominantly displaced northward along the coastline, driven by prevailing currents and winds in the region. The weathering analysis revealed that the removal of oil was mainly due to evaporation (28 %) and beaching processes (70 %) within 96 h after the initial release. The coastal areas spanning from Ventanilla to Punta Chancay experienced significant impacts from the oil spill, representing 96 % of the total affected coastal extent. Specifically, Ventanilla and Santa Rosa Beaches and the National Reserve System of Islands were heavily impacted during the first 24 h, while the surroundings of Ancón Bay, Aucallama and Pasamayo beaches were affected after two days. This modeling case study provides valuable insights into the fate and transport of the Repsol oil spill. [Display omitted] • The oil slick exhibited a northward trajectory following the coastline. • The coastal areas from Ventanilla to Punta Chancay were impacted significantly. • In 4 days, 28 % of the initial oil mass (1460 mt) evaporated, while 70 % was beached. • About 14.6 metric tons of oil remained floating after 4 days after the release. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anenterotrema is a genus of digeneans lacking digestive systems and parasitic in Neotropical bats. We have found a new species of Anenterotrema in silky short-tailed bats ( Carollia brevicauda) from Peru. The new Anenterotrema species can be readily differentiated from previously described congeners by a combination of morphological characters. It differs from its morphologically closest cogener, Anenterotrema mesolecitha, in having smaller eggs, a much larger cirrus sac, and in the position of ovary. This is the sixth species of this genus and first to be described from Peru and C. brevicauda. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationships of regional integration, land tenure and land use have all received substantial previous attention. Nonetheless, existing theoretical frameworks tend to presume ideal types of land tenure in understanding the impacts of regional integration on change in institutions and land use. We therefore evaluate the evolutionary theory of land rights (ETLR) for the case of Madre de Dios, Peru. This is a useful case since tenure for agricultural lands is private individual as the ETLR theorizes, but other characteristics, such as the presence of forest extractivism, depart from the assumptions of the ETLR. We pursue a multi-step analysis of key relationships of the ETLR, focusing particularly on the linkages between highway paving as an indicator of regional integration, titling as a measure of tenure formality, multiple indicators of land market engagement, and land uses with diverse ramifications for ecological sustainability. Findings for the different steps partially support the ETLR for the case of Madre de Dios. Disconfirmation however sometimes occurs due to geographic accidents rather than due to truly contrasting findings. We conclude by discussing the need to identify characteristics of empirical cases that do and do not fit the expectations of theories in order to better evaluate the applicability of theory for analysis and policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Histórica (02528894) is the property of Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Recognising the important changes that are taking place in both Peruvian political and religious realms, this article has as a main hypothesis that some religious variables (in this case, religious affiliation and individual level of religiosityj are associated to some key political, social and economic preferences and orientations; in turn, that these individual preferences and orientations have or might have a significant impact on the Peruvian political system. The empirical data that is analysed here comes from the Americas Barometer by the Latin American Public Opinion Project. Specifically, this paper analyses the impact of religious affiliation (Catholic vi. Evangelicals and Pentecostdls) and individual religiosity on three indexes that are defined as «political liberalism», «economic liberalism», and «social liberalism». Finally, this article shares the belief that political analysis has a lot to gain if it includes different religious dimensions as explanatory variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Economia e Sociologia Rural is the property of Sociedade Brasileira de Economia e Sociologia Rural and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Histórica (02528894) is the property of Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In recent years, dense Alexandrium ostenfeldii blooms have been reported in different coastal areas. In this study, we report for the first time the occurrence of A. ostenfeldii blooms associated with the detection of paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) in the Peruvian scallop (Argopecten purpuratus) from Paracas Bay. Alexandrium ostenfeldii blooms occurred at the end of summer and early fall, after the increase of riverine input and under stratified conditions following a decrease in wind velocity. The highest abundances occurred during warm sea surface temperatures (18–27 °C). High PST concentrations that exceed the maximum permissible level (800 μg STX eq. kg−1) occurred even under low A. ostenfeldii abundances (20 × 103 cells l−1). Our results contribute to a better understanding of the dynamics of A. ostenfeldii in coastal systems influenced by riverine inputs and upwelling and can be used to improve monitoring programs and allow the implementation of mitigation measures along the Peruvian coast. • Toxins in scallops and abundance of Alexandrium species abundances were studied. • River input and the decrease in wind velocity favored Alexandrium ostenfeldii blooms. • High toxin concentration was detected in low abundances of Alexandrium ostenfeldii. • The highest abundances of Alexandrium ostenfeldii occurred under warm temperatures. • Role of cyst in the development of blooms needs to be further investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The silver- and base metal-rich Caylloma epithermal district in the Tertiary volcanic belt of southern Perú has been worked intermittently since the Incaic period and has produced over 100 million ounces (Moz) of Ag. Intermediate-sulfidation mineralization is present in veins hosted by Miocene andesitic volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks, with minor ore in underlying folded Jurassic sedimentary basement. New 40Ar/39Ar dates give a host rock age of 20.30 ± 0.11 Ma (andesitic volcanic matrix), a hydrothermal alteration age of 1.8.35 ± 0.17 Ma (adularia in vein wall rock), and postmineralization ages of 11.8 ± 0.8 and 12.25 ± 0.07 Ma (sanidine and biotite from a rhyolite dome). Gangue minerals include quartz, calcite, rhodonite; rhodochrosite, pyrite and minor adularia, illite, barite, and helvite. Ore minerals include sphalerite, galena, chalcopyrite, and tetrahedrite. Hydrothermal alteration is pervasive in lava flows but weak and localized near veins in volcaniclastic rocks. Hydrothermal alteration types include silicification (quartz-adularia and quartz-illite) and propylitization (chlorite + calcite ± illite). Banded veins show four stages of mineral precipitation: (1) early sugary quartz, chalcedony, pyrite; (2) manganese minerals; (3) quartz + sulfides; and (4) late calcite + quartz. Cyclic bands in the manganese stage (early sulfides, coarse- to medium-grained quartz, late rhodonite + calcite + chalcedony) are a few millimeters to 5 cm thick and form ore bands up to 1 m thick. Veins occupy dextral normal faults (020°-050°, 45°-70° SE) and extension fractures (060°-090°, 70°-90° SE) and are 1 to 25 m wide and as much as several kilometers long. The veins display complex and multiepisodic filling with textures characteristic of open-space precipitation such as crustiformn banding, symmetric banding, rugs, breccias, and cockade and comb textures. We present a structural model in which the principal veins formed in subparallel northeast-striking dextral-normal faults and related extension fractures within a northwest-striking structural corridor bounded by sinistral regional faults; second- and third-order veins formed by bookshelf sliding related to movement on higher-order, dominantly strike-slip faults. Slickenlines have low rakes (20°-50° SW), and fault-kinematic analysis suggests the extension axis was oriented 4°/330° and the shortening axis 55°/234°, in agreement with the strain field commonly proposed for the early-middle Miocene of southern Perú. Ore grade is discontinuous, with high-grade ore zones having strike lengths of tens to hundreds of meters and extending about 300 m downdip. Ore shoots in fault-hosted veins are narrow subvertical zones a few tens of meters wide (measured in the plane of the vein), separated by lower-grade ore zones. Ore shoots in extension fractures are shorter downdip and horizontally more continuous. Some ore shoots occur as half-cymoids that form along the main vein only in the hanging wall of synmineral transverse faults. Mineral composition and metal content are zoned horizontally and vertically; silver, base metals, and calcite and manganese minerals increase to the northeast and downward, and sulfide content increases gradually with depth. Shallower levels of the hydrothermal system are exposed to the west and southwest in the district. Evidence from sulfur isotopes and high-salinity fluid inclusions is consistent with a model in which magmatic fluids played a role in the hydrothermal system, introduced through channels of enhanced structural permeability. The cyclic nature of mineral precipitation with abrupt changes in mineralogy, textures, and fluid composition leads us to postulate that cyclic injections of magma-derived hydrothermal fluids occurred.… [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The contiguous Cerro Verde and Santa Rosa porphyry copper deposits are hosted by Paleogene granitoid rocks and Precambrian gneiss, and spatially associated with 61 ± 1 Ma (U-Pb zircon: Mukasa, 1986) dacitic porphyry stocks. The age of hydrothermal activity is constrained by laser-induced incremental-heating 40Ar- 39Ar sericite (muscovite-2M1) dates of 61.8 ± 0.7 (2σ) and 62.0 ± 1.1 Ma for Cerro Verde, and 62.2 ± 2.9 Ma for Santa Rosa, representing the terminal event in the Arequipa segment of the Coastal batholith. The deposits crop out on the Santa Rosa erosional pediment, which itself is incised into the older La Caldera surface. Two populations, of ages 36.1 to 38.8 Ma and 24.4 to 28.0 Ma, are identified by multiple analyses of a sample from Cerro Verde comprising alunite partial y replaced by natroalunite, demonstrating that supergene activity had commenced by the latest Eocene, during the Incaic orogeny, thereafter continuing through the Oligocene. In the Santa Rosa deposit, deep (ca. 300-350 m) leaching in the late Oligocene is recorded by ca. 26 Ma natroalunite that is inferred to have formed beneath the La Caldera surface. At the top of the Cerro Verde pit (2738 m bench), veins of alunite (ca. 23 Ma) and natroalunite (ca. 21 Ma) in a hematitic leached zone are truncated by the Santa Rosy surface, which is inferred to have developed after 21 Ma. Decreasing ages of alunitegroup minerals with increasing depth in the Cerro Verde. pit (e.g., ca. 12 Ma at the 2ía48 m level, and 4.9-6.7 Ma at the 2618 m level.) are evidence for deepening of the supergene profile through the Miocene beneath this pediment. Jarosite dates (0.7-1.3 Ma) record the persistence of minor supergene activity into the Pleistocene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Countries vary substantially in the level of political patronage exercised in their respective political systems. This article examines how hypotheses generated by the literature on economic, institutional-partisan and electoral factors account for variation in the level of political patronage in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Peru. Political patronage – operationalized as the proportion of spending on personnel to total spending, both at the central government and ministerial levels – is examined through a pooled cross-sectional time-series regression. Previous spending on personnel has the most consistent effect on political patronage, while the influence of political variables is more ambiguous. In contrast to conjectures that tie personalism and clientelism, it is shown that the presence of personalist parties in the legislature is negatively associated with patronage spending. Subsequently, the evolution of personnel expenditure in Argentina and Peru is traced, based on qualitative evidence and interview data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mining-metallurgical industry in the central Andes of Peru is a source of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) contamination in milk, and there are no studies on the impact of their ingestion. Using flame atomic absorption spectrometry, we quantified the concentration of these metals in raw milk produced in agroecological zones near these industries, and estimated the exposure and dietary risk in people aged 2–85 yr with minimum, average and maximum daily milk intake. In 2018, 40 raw milk samples were collected from 20 cows at two times of the year. The mean Pb and Cd concentrations were 577 ± 18.2 and 18.35 ± 5.4 μg/kg, all samples exceeded the maximum limits (ML). Children aged 2–5 and 6–15 yr, with average milk consumption, had Pb weekly intakes (WI) of 2019 and 2423 μg, exceeding the risk value; values for Cd 64 and 77 μg were below the risk values. In those older than 20 years the WI for both metals are below the risk values. The Dietary Risk Coefficient (DRC) to Pb in children younger than 8 years was >3 due to higher milk consumption in relation to body weight; for children aged 9–19 years it was 1.7 and 2.9, being <1 for those older than 20 yr. Cd RDCs were <1 at all ages, with the exception of 2-year-olds in the high milk consumption scenario (RDC > 1). There was notable evidence of Pb and Cd exposure risk from consumption of milk produced near mining-metallurgical activities, predominantly for children under 19-year-olds. In Peru there are no regulations for Pb and Cd in fresh milk and milk products, we recommended that ML for heavy metals in food be established. [Display omitted] • Metallurgical industry is the main heavy metal contamination in the central Andes. • Pb and Cd milk concentration produced in this area exceeds the maximum limits. • This milk is unsuitable for consumption by children between the ages of 2–20 yr. • In Peru there are no regulations on heavy metals in milk. • The heavy metals content of milk produced in Peru should be regulated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mature teratoma is a germ cell tumor, characterized by the presence of mature tissue of two or more layers of germ cells. Mature teratomas of retroperitoneal localization are rare, and the cases reported in adrenal localization are even rarer. In this publication, we present the case of a 1-year-old girl, who attended a Medical Centre in Perú, for presenting a giant tumor at the level of the left adrenal gland associated with abdominal distension and difficulty standing. The patient underwent tumorectomy and adrenalectomy by open surgery and the pathological diagnosis was mature Teratoma of the left adrenal gland. A search was made by published cases of mature teratoma of the adrenal gland in pediatric patients, under 18 years of age. There were 13 cases reported to date, of which 8 cases (61.5%) were women, the most frequent location was the right adrenal gland (61.5%), and the range of tumor diameter was between 3.0 cm at 12.0 cm, with a mean of 8.0 cm. All cases were metabolically silent, the main symptoms were pain and abdominal distension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Here we evaluate the accuracy of prediction for eye, hair and skin pigmentation in a dataset of > 6500 individuals from Mexico, Colombia, Peru, Chile and Brazil (including genome-wide SNP data and quantitative/categorical pigmentation phenotypes - the CANDELA dataset CAN). We evaluated accuracy in relation to different analytical methods and various phenotypic predictors. As expected from statistical principles, we observe that quantitative traits are more sensitive to changes in the prediction models than categorical traits. We find that Random Forest or Linear Regression are generally the best performing methods. We also compare the prediction accuracy of SNP sets defined in the CAN dataset (including 56, 101 and 120 SNPs for eye, hair and skin colour prediction, respectively) to the well-established HIrisPlex-S SNP set (including 6, 22 and 36 SNPs for eye, hair and skin colour prediction respectively). When training prediction models on the CAN data, we observe remarkably similar performances for HIrisPlex-S and the larger CAN SNP sets for the prediction of hair (categorical) and eye (both categorical and quantitative), while the CAN sets outperform HIrisPlex-S for quantitative, but not for categorical skin pigmentation prediction. The performance of HIrisPlex-S, when models are trained in a world-wide sample (although consisting of 80% Europeans, https://hirisplex.erasmusmc.nl), is lower relative to training in the CAN data (particularly for hair and skin colour). Altogether, our observations are consistent with common variation of eye and hair colour having a relatively simple genetic architecture, which is well captured by HIrisPlex-S, even in admixed Latin Americans (with partial European ancestry). By contrast, since skin pigmentation is a more polygenic trait, accuracy is more sensitive to prediction SNP set size, although here this effect was only apparent for a quantitative measure of skin pigmentation. Our results support the use of HIrisPlex-S in the prediction of categorical pigmentation traits for forensic purposes in Latin America, while illustrating the impact of training datasets on its accuracy. • We investigate pigmentation traits in a cohort of ~6500 admixed individuals. • We compute prediction accuracy for pigmentation traits using various scenarios. • Random Forest and regression models are the most accurate, depending on trait. • The HIrisPlex-S set of SNPs shows competing accuracy levels for hair and skin color. • Using non-European datasets matters for prediction of skin pigmentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We apply the Fishery Performance Indicators (FPIs) methodology to the Southeast Pacific Anchoveta Fishery off southern Peru and northern Chile. Our basic model of analysis is a production function framework, where the performance outcomes are a result of the available inputs. We measured all FPI categories (outcomes and input metrics) and then grouped the metrics into different dimensions suitable for analysis. We obtained the value of each metric from different sources using expert evaluation and secondary information. Then we calculated aggregated measures at the country level and for the total fishery. We compared the country results and tested for mean differences. Our results suggest that there are no significant differences between the Chilean and Peruvian fisheries in terms of inputs. Moreover, no differences between the fisheries branches were found in the post-harvest stage. In the harvest stage, however, the Chilean fishery performs better than the Peruvian. From the differences and similarities found, we discuss the performance results between the Peruvian and Chilean branches of the fishery. The differences we found seems to be due to general societal factors that are beyond the control of fisheries managers. The differences in the organization of the fishery, characterized by high levels of concentration and vertical integration in the Chilean branch, could also explain the observed gap in performance. ● The FPIs methodology is applied to the Southeast Pacific Anchoveta Fishery off southern Peru and northern Chile. ● Our model of analysis is a production function, where the performance outcomes are a result of the available inputs. ● We measured all FPI outcomes and input metrics and then grouped them into different dimensions for analysis. ● We calculated aggregated measures at the country level and for the total fishery. ● We compared the country results and tested for mean differences. ● Our results suggest that there are no differences between the Chilean and Peruvian fisheries in terms of inputs. ● In the harvest stage, however, the Chilean fishery performs better than the Peruvian. ● We discuss the performance results between the Peruvian and Chilean branches of the fishery. ● The differences seems to be due to general societal factors that are beyond the control of fisheries managers [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We studied the effectiveness of resistance inductors (RIs) to control potato late blight (LB) in Peru. Plants of susceptible cultivar Yungay were sprayed separately with each of the following RIs: Potassium phosphite, aluminum lignosulfonate, organics acids, and silicon oxide, and then inoculated with Phytophthora infestans in laboratory and greenhouse conditions in Lima. Potassium phosphite and aluminum lignosulfonate were then tested in field trials using four potato cultivars with different levels of susceptibility to LB in three locations in the central highlands of Peru during the wet season. They were tested either alone, in alternation with each other, or in alternation with the contact fungicide propineb. Other treatments were propineb alone; spraying based on a decision support tool using systemic (propamocarb + fluopicolide; dimethomorph + mancozeb) and/or contact fungicide (propineb); and a control treatment without fungicides. Disease severity, commercial yield and environmental impact (EI) were assessed in all experiments. The most effective treatments depended on the susceptibility of the potato cultivar. In the susceptible cultivars Canchan and Yungay, the best treatments were potassium phosphite and propineb (alone or alternated); in the moderately resistant cultivar UNICA, the best treatments were potassium phosphite, and aluminum lignosulfonate alternated with propineb, and propineb alone; and in the resistant cultivar Serranita, all treatments were effective to control LB. Since potassium phosphite has very low environmental impact quotient, these results showed that it is possible to control LB in an environmental-friendly manner using RIs, even in susceptible cultivars during the wet season in the highlands of Peru. • Effectiveness of RIs to control LB depends on susceptibility of potato cultivar. • Potassium phosphite was effective in laboratory, greenhouse and field conditions. • It is possible to control LB in susceptible cultivars during wet season with low EI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marine artisanal fisheries make vital contributions to food security, livelihoods, jobs, and income in coastal communities globally. However, resources vary as a result of changes in oceanographic conditions such as sea surface temperature or wind stress, which impacts communities and also makes them more sensitive to other stressors such as climate change. In Peru, small-scale fisheries are paramount to the country's economy and food security. They are also one of most globally affected by interannual changes and potentially impacted by climate change. Assessing their present and future vulnerability and finding adaptation strategies are key to the sustainability of the sector and the livelihoods of many. This study assesses the local vulnerability in the Huaura province, Peru, where three fishing communities of very different socio-economic characteristics share the same fishing ground. The region is very sensitive to changes associated with El Niño. We assess the ecological and socio-economic vulnerability using governmental and local information, to pinpoint the main drivers of vulnerability. We find stark differences between communities: Carquín shows the greatest dependence on artisanal fishing for income and a low adaptive capacity, whereas Huacho, a larger and more diversified economy, presents greater livelihood alternatives for the artisanal fishermen. The future vulnerability analysis highlights the need to implement adaptation measures, including: economic diversification; forms to add value to the artisanal fishing; sustainable management of fishing grounds; and actions that help manage shocks from interannual variations, such as monitoring and prediction systems, but also financing mechanisms that could attenuate the socio-economic impacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many decision support systems (DSS) have been developed to manage potato late blight caused by Phytophthora infestans , but most of these require sophisticated equipment and are not realistic alternatives for small-scale farmers in low-income countries. This research evaluates a simple, hand-held decision support tool (HH-DST) consisting of a disk with three concentric circles, two of which represent factors that drive late blight epidemics and the third providing a spray recommendation. Three disks of different colors have been designed for potato varieties of varying levels of host resistance. The HH-DST was compared with locally used fungicide spray regimes in three trials in Peru, and in six trials in Ecuador, where the tool had been slightly modified. In two additional trials in Peru, the HH-DST was compared with local practices, calendar spraying and two other DSS. The HH-DST and local spray regimes both gave relatively good disease control in all cases, however, the HH-DST was more effective with highly susceptible cultivars both in Ecuador and Peru. The HH-DST also had equal or lower number of sprays per season and had a lower environmental impact, based on the environmental impact quotient (EIQ), than did the local practices. Results were similar in trials comparing different DSS, where all approaches, including the HH-DST, adequately controlled disease, and the HH-DST was among the lowest for both number of sprays per season and environmental impact. The HH-DST is a simple tool that can help resource-poor farmers improve management of potato late blight. • Decision support systems for control of potato late blight are not used by resource-poor farmers. • A hand-held decision support tool was designed to assist resource-poor farmers in the Andean region. • The tool incorporates weather conditions, host plant resistance and time since the last spray. • The tool performed generally as well as other decision support systems in trials in Ecuador and Peru. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]