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In Peru, confined masonry houses are self-built, which makes it crucial to determine their seismic vulnerability. The objective of the research was to estimate the seismic vulnerability of confined masonry dwellings in the Pueblo Libre-Jaén sector using assembly algorithms. A database was constructed with data obtained from the National Institute of Civil Defense (INDECI), scientific articles, and theses. Subsequently, the data set was divided into a training set (80%) and a validation set (20%), employing the stacking method with five combinations CB_1, CB_2, CB_3, CB_4, and CB_5. The basic algorithms Gradient-Boosting, Random-Forest, Extra-Tree, and Decision-Tree were utilized as the base algorithms, with the final estimator being the Random Forest Meta-Learner. The models were trained and validated in Python, achieving accuracies of 94.95, 95.48, 95.39, and 95.66 for the base models and 95.62, 95.23, 95.76, 95.90, and 94.80% for the ensemble models. The most accurate models were the simple Gradient Boosting (95.66%) and the assembled models CB_3 (95.76%) and CB_4 (95.90%). The CB_4 model, which is composed of the Decision Tree and Gradient Boosting algorithms, was applied to the Pueblo Libre sector and yielded a reliability estimate of greater than 95% for the seismic vulnerability of confined masonry. This estimate was classified as high (1.48%), moderate (32.85%), and low (65.67%). It is anticipated that the model implemented will enable engineers and authorities to implement mitigation measures to reinforce housing in the event of a seismic event. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To meet the growing global demand for minerals and new energy sources, governments in the Global South advance policy interventions to improve the unequal distribution of the cost and benefits of resource extraction. This paper explains the politics behind the implementation of the Closing Development Gaps (CDG) Plan, a new redistributive plan on behalf of Amazonian Indigenous peoples near the oil circuit in the Loreto region of Peru. It emphasizes the long-lasting impact of mobilizing strategies of indigenous organizations, which relayed critical information to policymakers about the claims both old and new of Indigenous peoples neighboring the oil circuit. It also draws attention to the permeability of state institutions, which allowed newer state agencies with distinct policy streams to advance new solutions to old problems. While the CDG Plan seeks to improve resource governance by focusing on infrastructure gaps (e.g., water and sanitation, electrification), it excludes the "political gaps" and the most contentious claims related to the environment that have moved Amazonian Indigenous peoples into struggle in recent years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agroecology is highly promoted in research and development discourse as a holistic and effective response to climate change. The objective of this study is to contribute to the analysis of the existing evidence that agroecology enables climate change (CC) adaptation and mitigation in the agricultural systems of Latin America, a region known for pioneering the development of this science, praxis, and movement. We applied the PRISMA method to analyze the existing literature providing such evidence. Stakeholder interviews were used to obtain in-depth perceptions of agroecology's contributions to CC adaptation and mitigation from a wide range of actors and development practitioners based in Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru: farmers, NGO representatives, researchers, university program leaders, and public officials. From a total of 1821 initially identified articles, 62 were screened, and 24 case studies analyzed for methods and evidence provided. Twenty-six stakeholders were interviewed. Combining quantitative and qualitative assessment methods, the scientific literature shows that agroecological systems are appreciated for addressing resilience in a systemic way hence not just climate change per se. Mitigation was generally assess by quantitative approaches. Integrating stakeholders' discourse to our analysis highlighted their knowledge of underlying processes contributing to farm CC resilience, where crop and animal diversification and integration of trees into farming systems are central. Stakeholders attributed agroforestry and less use of synthetic fertilizers as important roles for mitigation. Our study highlights the pertinence of combining systematic analyses of the evidence and perceptions drawn from a plurality of stakeholders to recognize the positive contribution of agroecology to climate change adaptation and resilience. However, it also pointed to future research that further assesses the specific trade-offs and synergies between agroecological practices, mitigation, and resilience at multiple scales. This will be important to mobilize and better orient the support from public institutions and donors that remains lacking on the ground. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coffee (Coffea arabica) is the main commodity in Peru and is the economic support for thousands of small farmers. However, coffee production is affected by the coffee berry borer (Hypothenemus hampei). Currently, H. hampei is the most important pest in whole coffee-growing regions in Peru. This study aimed to evaluate in vitro biological activity of Beauveria bassiana, Beauveria peruviensis, and Metarhizium sp. against Hypothenemus hampei in two trials at different times. Conidia production, Conidia viability, and pathogenicity against H. hampei were evaluated at three concentrations (1 × 105, 1 × 107, and 1 × 109 conidia/mL−1). In addition, lethal times (LT50 and LT90) and lethal concentrations (LC50 and LC90) were calculated. There were significant differences in conidia production (P < 0.001) and conidia viability (P < 0.041). The highest conidia production and conidia viability were reached by B. bassiana and B. peruviensis, respectively. Likewise, there were differences in the pathogenicity of the strains in the two tests carried out (test 1: P < 0.0009 and test 2: P < 0.0001). The highest mortality occurred in the treatments of B. bassiana 1 × 109 conidia/mL−1, B. bassiana 1 × 107 conidia/mL−1, and B. peruviensis 1 × 109 conidia/mL−1. The treatments with lower LT50 and LT90 were B. bassiana 1 × 109 conidia/mL−1 and B. peruviensis 1 × 109 conidia/mL−1, and the strains with the lowest LC50 and LC90 were B. peruviensis and B. bassiana. The in vitro characteristics shown by B. bassiana and B. peruviensis conditions suggest they should be evaluated in the field to determine the capability of these strains to reduce populations of H. hampei. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lomas formations or "fog oases" are islands of vegetation in the desert belt of the west coast of South America, with a unique vegetation composition among the world's deserts. However, plant diversity and conservation studies have long been neglected, and there exists a severe gap in plant DNA sequence information. To address the lack of DNA information, we conducted field collections and laboratory DNA sequencing to establish a DNA barcode reference library of Lomas plants from Peru. This database provides 1,207 plant specimens and 3,129 DNA barcodes data corresponding with collections from 16 Lomas locations in Peru, during 2017 and 2018. This database will facilitate both rapid species identification and basic studies on plant diversity, thereby enhancing our understanding of Lomas flora's composition and temporal variation, and providing valuable resources for conserving plant diversity and maintaining the stability of the fragile Lomas ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the experience of film production in the Peruvian Altiplano. The objective is to explore cinema as a sociocultural process and its incidence in the production of alternative fictional visual narrative that recovers native knowledge and languages, in addition to questioning the role of the state and hegemonic structures. With a qualitative methodology that combines field visits and conversations with filmmakers in the Puno region of Peru, it is found that the appropriation of film techniques and a collective work, inspired by the ayni, allow the people and their filmmakers to reflect, produce and disseminate a type of cinema with decolonial features that is well received by rural and urban audiences and has won international awards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the health emergency caused by COVID-19, a series of sensations such as fear, stress, and concern about contracting the virus were developed. Despite the fact that in recent months infection rates have been significantly reduced due to vaccination campaigns, the return of teachers to face-to-face classes established in Peru from April 2022 has increased once again the fear that contagion levels could grow. Therefore, the objective was to analyze the concern of regular basic education teachers about the spread of COVID-19 when returning to face-to-face classes. A quantitative investigation was carried out; the research design was observational and the type of study was descriptive cross-sectional. The sample was made up of 648 teachers who responded to the Scale of Concern for the Contagion of COVID-19, an instrument with adequate psychometric properties. The results show that 43.8% of teachers had moderate levels of concern about the spread of COVID-19, 38.7% had low levels, and 17.5% had high levels. Teachers reported most recurrent concerns about some risks in educational institutions and the fear of spreading COVID-19 to their relatives or people with whom they lived. On the other hand, it was found that some sociodemographic, occupational, and medical variables were significantly associated with this concern (p < 0.05). Then, it was concluded that teachers had moderate levels of concern about the spread of COVID-19 when returning to face-to-face classes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peru has shifted away from centralized mining management to governance among government, companies, and communities. Various mechanisms facilitate community participation, including the mining canon, dialogues, and corporate social responsibility programs. Even with these laws and mechanisms, mining pollution and conflicts continue. In this study, we ask: how do communities perceive and participate in mining governance? And what are some alternative ways, driven by community priorities, to address governance in mining contexts? We collected 53 semi-structured with agricultural actors in two Peruvian districts with mining activity and analyzed those perspectives through the lens of community-centered governance. Our analyses revealed how centering community priorities in data collection and analysis illuminates context-specific factors that shape community attitudes toward mining and highlights community-driven approaches to addressing mining governance. Such communitydriven approaches could include integrating understandings of local livelihoods and historical contexts, implementing transparent participatory processes, and improving laws to give communities decisionmaking power over mining development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peru is one of the main producers of fine aroma native cacao, expanding its areas considerably in recent years, which makes it necessary to seek adequate management alternatives to obtain advantageous yields. The present work had the objective of testing the influence of Trichoderma sp. endophytic strains on the agronomic characteristics of ecotypes of Theobroma cacao L. under nursery conditions, Cajaruro district, Utcubamba, Amazonas, Peru. The Trichoderma strains evaluated were Trichoderma breve; T. harzianum; T. longibrachatum; T. afrojarzianum, and Trichoderma sp. which were inoculated on cocoa seedlings of ecotypes CCN51; TCHS565; and Nativo fino de aroma. The variables evaluated were chlorophyll indices (at 30, 45, 60, and 70 days after planting), percentage of endophyte colonization, root hair development, trichomes on stems, and agronomic characteristics (plant height, number of leaves, stem diameter, root dry and fresh weight, root size, etc.). The results showed that the application of Trichoderma breve in the fine aroma native cocoa ecotype (T12) presented the highest chlorophyll index at 75 days after planting (DAP) with 43.53 ± 1.59 and 49.77 ± 2.42 for the apex and leaf base, respectively, with a percentage of colonization in the root hairs of 66.67%, and with better characteristics for the number of leaves with 12.00 ± 3.46. T12 showed positive influences for plant height, leaf number, and chlorophyll index. Treatments based on T. harzianum + CCN51 (T5) and T. afroharzianum + TSHS565 (T6) showed 100% colonization of the root hairs and trichomes on stems. Endophytic Trichoderma fungi are an alternative for organic production of fine aroma cocoa in Peru, improving the agronomic characteristics of the crop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between dispositions towards critical thinking, creative-innovative performance, self-efficacy and teaching practice was assessed in Peruvian teacher trainers from the Amazonian region of San Martin. Direct and big relationships were found between all variables. A model that explained 42% of the variance of teaching practice is presented, where dispositions towards critical thinking and creative and innovative performance have a direct effect on teacher self-efficacy. In addition, teacher self-efficacy fully mediates the relationship between dispositions toward critical thinking, and partially mediates the relationship between creative-innovative performance and teaching practices. Likewise, results show differences according to sex, work experience, specialization and work place. It is suggested to include other actors to get a holistic view of the teachers' trainer capacities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Correspondencias & Analisis is the property of Universidad de San Martin de Porres and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Extreme environments Morrope and Bayovar Salt lagoons, several ecosystems and microhabitats remain unexplored, and little is known about the diversity of Actinobacteria. We suggest that the endemic bacteria present in this extreme environment is a source of active molecules with anticancer, antimicrobial, and antiparasitic properties. Using phenotypic and genotypic characterization techniques, including 16S rRNA sequencing, we identified these bacteria as members of the genera Streptomyces, Pseudonocardia, Staphylococcus, Bacillus, and Pseudomonas. Actinobacteria strains were found predominantly. Phylogenetic analysis revealed 13 Actinobacteria clusters of Streptomyces, the main genus. Three Streptomycetes, strains MW562814, MW562805, and MW562807 showed antiproliferative activities against three tumor cell lines: U251 glioma, MCF7 breast, and NCI-H460 lung (non-small cell type); and antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, Escherichia coli ATCC 10536, and the multidrug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii AC-972. The antiproliferative activities (measured as total growth inhibition [TGI]) of Streptomyces sp. MW562807 were 0.57 μg/mL, for 0.61 μg/mL, and 0.80 μg/mL for glioma, lung non-small cell type, and breast cancer cell lines, respectively; the methanolic fraction of the crude extract showed a better antiproliferative activity and could inhibit the growth of (U251 (TGI = 38.3 μg/mL), OVCAR-03 (TGI = 62.1 μg/mL), and K562 (TGI = 81.5 μg/mL)) of nine tumor cells types and one nontumor cell type. Extreme enviroments, such as the Morrope and Bayovar Salt saloons are promising sources of new bacteria, whose compounds may be useful for treating various infectious diseases or even some types of cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hyperdiverse genus Trichoderma is one of most useful groups of microbes for a number of human activities, and their accurate identification is crucial. The structural simplicity and lack of distinctive phenotypic variation in this group enable the use of DNA-based species delimitation methods in combination with phylogenies (and morphology when feasible) to establish well-supported boundaries among species. Our study employed a multilocus phylogeny and four DNA-based methods (automated barcode gap discovery [ABGD], statistical parsimony [SPN], generalized mixed Yule coalescent [GMYC], and Bayesian phylogenetics and phylogeography [BPP]) for four molecular markers (acl1, act, rpb2, and tef1) to delimit species of two lineages of Trichoderma. Although incongruence among these methods was observed in our analyses, the genetic distance (ABGD) and coalescence (BPP) methods and the multilocus phylogeny strongly supported and confirmed recognition of 108 and 39 different species in the Harzianum and Longibrachiatum lineages, including three new species associated with cacao farms in northern Peru, namely, T.awajun, sp. nov., T.jaklitschii, sp. nov., and T.peruvianum, sp. nov. Morphological distinctions between the new species and their close relatives are primarily related to growth rates, colony appearance, and size of phialides and conidia. This study confirmed that an integrative approach (DNA-based methods, multilocus phylogeny, and phenotype) is more likely to reliably verify supported species boundaries in Trichoderma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Relaciones de la Sociedad Argentina de Antropología is the property of Sociedad Argentina de Antropologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Cervical cancer is the third leading cause of cancer-related death among Latin American women. Peru has the sixth highest mortality rate for cervical cancer in the region with regional variations. We aimed to determine overall and regional cervical cancer mortality rates and trends in Peru between 2008 and 2017.Methods: We performed an ecological study on the number of deaths by cervical cancer in Peru. Deaths were extracted from the Peruvian Ministry of Health mortality database. Age-standardized mortality rates (ASMR) were estimated per 100,000 women-years using the world standard Segi population. We computed mortality trends using the Joinpoint regression program, estimating the annual percent change (APC). For spatial analysis, GeoDA software was used.Results: Peru showed downward trends in the last decade (from 11.62 in 2008 to 9.69 in 2017 (APC = - 2.2, 95% CI: - 4.3, - 0.1, p < 0.05). According to regional-specific analysis, the highest ASMR was in the rainforest region, although this declined from 34.16 in 2008 to 17.98 in 2017 (APC = - 4.3, 95% CI: - 7.2, - 1.3, p < 0.01). Concerning spatial analysis and clustering, the mortality rates from 2008 to 2017 showed a positive spatial autocorrelation and significant clustering (Moran's I: 0.35, p < 0.001) predominantly in the neighboring North-East departments (Loreto, Ucayali, and San Martin).Conclusions: Although mortality trends in the entire population are decreasing, mortality rates remain very high, mainly in the rainforest region. Our results encourage a need for further development and improvement of the current health care delivery system in Peru. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this article is to contribute to the reflection on the contributions of complexity to forest development, based on the Peruvian case, which could serve as a guide for other Latin American countries. The article gathers the proposals that arose in three days called "Complexity and Forest Development", organized by the Chapter of Foresters of the Departmental College of Lima of the Association of Engineers of Peru, carried out between 2018 and 2019. It was concluded that the disciplinary and sectorial approach of forest administration is insufficient to address the complexity of reality. Consequently, in order to address forest development from an innovative perspective, there is a need to incorporate the approach to complexity from the sciences of complexity and complex thinking, which translates into new ways of thinking and acting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

the main objective of this article is to reflect on how bioethics can shed light on forest development that is more committed to life in general. The study focuses on Peru; however, specialized bibliographic information from other countries with tropical forests is considered. It is concluded that, although there are important scientific advances in knowledge about tropical forests and expectant certified experiences in forest management, there is not enough scientific certainty to guarantee their ecological sustainability. This is a product of both the ecological complexity of tropical forests and the socio-cultural complexity of the forest sector; which demands approaches that complement disciplinary approaches with interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary perspectives. The reality of forests is multidimensional, interdimensional, multiscale and multitemporal; this condition cannot be grasped by forest management plans that lie on the paradigm of a rational and empirical science. Although there are valuable measures aimed at conserving forest biodiversity and provisions to combat illegal logging, illegal trade and trafficking of wildlife, these measures to reduce illegality are still not enough. To the date there is no specific guidance on respect to forest life in all its manifestations, and in addition to that, attempts seeking to conserve the species of flora and fauna are disarticulated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper examines the creation of the district of Megantoni, home to vast reserves of natural gas currently exploited by the Camisea project, as an example of recent territorial ordering in Peru. We focus on the political conditions that enable communities to renegotiate potential advantages from existing extractive projects. We emphasize the politicization of collective identities as central for advancing the claims of diverse ethnic groups, while drawing attention to the conflation of contextual factors that made the mobilization of Indigenous communities for the creation of their own district more likely. These factors are related to Camisea's sustainable energy discourse, domestic security threats linked to political violence and drug-trafficking, and a political discourse based on social inclusion. The paper demonstrates the varied uses of territorial ordering outside resistance in the context of resource extraction. It also shows that Indigenous identity can be politicized for cooperation among diverse ethnic groups, and in this way, advance their territorial project and secure access to benefits from existing projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Until recently the transition between the Paracas (380 - 260 B.C.) and subsequent Initial Nasca (260 B.C. - A.D. 80) epochs on the south coast of Peru was understood primarily through mortuary remains, and settlement pattern analysis. If we are to understand properly the socio-cultural and political mechanisms that underlay this period of great change, however, we need a better understanding of the quotidian details of the lives of those people who made and experienced them. We seek here to contribute to that understanding by reporting recent investigations of a semi-permanent Ocucaje 9/10 - Nasca 1 occupation site in the Samaca Basin, lower Ica Valley ('Samaca 1004'). The site lies on the pampa at the edge of the basin, approximately 80m above the current Río Ica floodplain and distant from any source of water. The site is associated with a series of trapezoid geoglyphs marked on the surface of this pampa. Using ceramic, lithic, faunal, botanical and mortuary evidence gathered from field-walking survey, we propose various hypotheses for what kind of site Samaca 1004 was, and why it was situated where it was. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Peru, HIV is concentrated among men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender women (TGW). Between June 2015 and August 2016, 591 HIV-positive MSM and TGW were recruited at five clinical care sites in Lima, Peru. We found that 82.4% of the participants had achieved viral suppression (VS; VL < 200) and 73.6% had achieved maximal viral suppression (MVS; VL < 50). Multivariable modeling indicated that patients reporting transportation as a barrier to HIV care were less likely to achieve VS (aOR = 0.47; 95% CI = 0.30-0.75) and MVS (aOR = 0.56; 95% CI = 0.37-0.84). Alcohol use disorders were negatively associated with MVS (aOR = 0.62; 95% CI = 0.30-0.75) and age was positively associated with achieving MVS (aOR = 1.29; 95% CI = 1.04-1.59). These findings underscore the need for more accessible HIV care with integrated behavioral health services in Lima, Peru. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The popular Peruvian saying that "one suffers, but enjoys" summarizes the year 2017 nicely. The year saw numerous social, political, and economic difficulties in Peru. The incumbent government had to face the ravages of El Niño, ministerial crises, and vacancy requests, among other things, while at the same time the economy was slowing down and poverty increasing. However, we believe that for most Peruvians, 2017 was also a joyous year, especially considering the agonizing classification of the Peruvian team in advance of the World Cup after 36 years of absence. In this article, we summarize the social and political context of 2017, focusing on the executive-legislative axis that determined the most important political events during the year of analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The aim of this study was to assess the variability of reproductive characteristics of the silver Arowana, Osteoglossum bicirrhosum, in four sub‐basins of the Peruvian Amazon: the Amazonas, Ucayali, Napo and Putumayo rivers. An illustrated, detailed gonadal maturation scale is proposed for a clearer determination of the reproductive status of male and female Arowana. The breeding season occurred during the dry season and early rising waters in the Amazonas and Ucayali, whereas it was restricted to the dry season in the Napo and Putumayo. A same female can reproduce more than once during the breeding season. Age at maturity was reached during the second year, at sizes varying between 43–45 cm for males and 46–50 cm SL for females. Important variations in fecundity were observed between fish of the four sub‐basins, whereas mean oocytes diameter and mass did not vary significantly, suggesting differences in reproductive investment. Together with previously reported variations of growth patterns in the same sub‐basins, these results suggest the existence of distinct populations in the Peruvian Amazon, with important consequences for management and conservation, but also for future aquaculture development programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents radiocarbon dates from human bone samples (n = 13) from seven pre-Columbian cemeteries in the Samaca and Ullujaya Basins of the lower Ica Valley, south coast of Peru, spanning from the end of the Early Horizon to the Inca Late Horizon. These contexts have been severely looted. Yet, in all cases, their putative dating by material culture remains is confirmed by these 14C dates. This shows that such disturbed contexts, sadly typical of the Peruvian coast, can nonetheless still yield valuable bioarchaeological and burial practice data. These dates elaborate upon an emerging picture of the absolute dating of the cultural phases of the wider south coast region, in particular casting new light on the poorly understood Middle Horizon to Late Intermediate period transition. A paucity of archaeological data for this 3-century period has been taken as evidence of some sort of environmentally or socially induced lacuna. Instead, the 14C dates presented here suggest that the basins of the lower Ica Valley were continuously occupied over this period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the history and establishment of the Peruvian constitution, with a particular focus on the Tribunal Constitucional del Perú (Constitutional Court of Peru). The author comments on the interpretation of the law as well as the legal jurisdictions afforded by the constitution.

The article focuses on Peru's politics and democratization attempts as of the beginning of the 21st century. Topics addressed include the government's decentralization during the mandate of president Ollanta Humala and the economic aspects of Peruvian natural resources. National protests against mining in the country are reviewed as well.

Large-scale water transfer projects (LWTPs) transfer water to urban and agricultural areas. The Majes-Siguas canal, established in 1983, is an LWTP that created a thriving agricultural area through irrigating the Majes district in the Atacama Desert of Peru. Like other LWTP receiving basins, the project has attracted an influx of migrants who work on the farms. At the same time, the Majes LWTP is the district's only source of water and has an aging infrastructure which presents significant risks. While many studies critically analyze the consequences of LWTPs in water supply basins, few evaluate the resilience of communities living in LWTP receiving basins. In this study, we ask: what factors stifle or enable resilience of the agricultural community in the Majes-Siguas receiving basin? In 2019, we conducted semi-structured interviews with migrant and residents and water authorities, collected and reviewed historical documents, and conducted participant observations. Using this data, we analyze community resilience by identifying perceived risks, stressors, and vulnerabilities among and between groups of agricultural actors, their adaptations, and their perceptions of water management organizations' responses. Results show that a single source of water, differential vulnerabilities between groups of agricultural actors, and limited organizational responsiveness stifled community resilience, while communal pooling and self-organization enabled community resilience. Attention to increasing inclusion of migrants in water management decision-making, addressing differential water and land rights, and cultivating space for migrant self-organization could enable the agricultural community to be more resilient. • Receiving basins of irrigation projects can draw migrants and face water risks. • Both farmers and migrant farmworkers experience these water risks and stressors. • Water and land policies can hinder migrant access to water and water organizations. • Inequalities between migrant farmworkers and farmers threaten community resilience. • Addressing water and organizational inequalities may improve community resilience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Until now, scholars have argued that, unlike other Latin American countries with sizable indigenous populations, indigenous politics are largely unimportant in Peru because indigenous-based parties or national-level movements are absent. Rather than focusing solely on the emergence of indigenous parties or movements, which ignores the larger consequence of individuals' indigenous identifications for electoral politics, we argue that it is more important to examine the emergence of indigenous political divisions and their effects on indigenous representation. Using data from the World Values Survey across the presidential elections of 1995, 2001, and 2006, we show that, as indigenous identity has become more carefully defined, indigenous voting divisions have emerged in Peru, and concomitantly, parties have begun to recognize and respond to these divisions. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Copyright of Revista del Cuerpo Médico del Hospital Nacional Almanzor Aguinaga Asenjo is the property of Cuerpo Medico del Hospital Nacional Almanzor Aguinaga Asenjo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Previous studies have identified the behavioral responses of Aedes aegypti to irritant and repellent chemicals that can be exploited to reduce man-vector contact. Maximum efficacy of interventions based on irritant chemical actions will, however, require full knowledge of variables that influence vector resting behavior and how untreated "safe sites" contribute to overall impact. Methods: Using a laboratory box assay, resting patterns of two population strains of female Ae. aegypti (THAI and PERU) were evaluated against two material types (cotton and polyester) at various dark:light surface area coverage (SAC) ratio and contrast configuration (horizontal and vertical) under chemical-free and treated conditions. Chemicals evaluated were alphacypermethrin and DDT at varying concentrations. Results: Under chemical-free conditions, dark material had significantly higher resting counts compared to light material at all SAC, and significantly increased when material was in horizontal configuration. Cotton elicited stronger response than polyester. Within the treatment assays, significantly higher resting counts were observed on chemical-treated dark material compared to untreated light fabric. However, compared to matched controls, significantly less resting observations were made on chemical-treated dark material overall. Most importantly, resting observations on untreated light material (or "safe sites") in the treatment assay did not significantly increase for many of the tests, even at 25% SAC. Knockdown rates were ≤5% for all assays. Significantly more observations of flying mosquitoes were made in test assays under chemical-treatment conditions as compared to controls. Conclusions/Significance: When preferred Ae. aegypti resting sites are treated with chemicals, even at reduced treatment coverage area, mosquitoes do not simply move to safe sites (untreated areas) following contact with the treated material. Instead, they become agitated, using increased flight as a proxy indicator. It is this contact irritant response that may elicit escape behavior from a treated space and is a focus of exploitation for reducing man-vector contact inside homes. Author Summary: Aedes aegypti, the primary vector mosquito of dengue virus, typically lives near or inside human dwellings, and feeds preferentially on humans. The control of this mosquito vector remains the most important dengue prevention method. The use of chemicals at levels toxic to mosquitoes is currently the only confirmed effective adult vector control strategy with interventions usually applied following epidemic onset. However, research indicates that sub-lethal chemical approaches to prevent human-vector contact at the house level exist: contact irritancy and spatial repellency. The optimum efficacy of an intervention based on contact irritant actions of chemicals will, however, require full knowledge of variables that will influence vector resting behavior and thereby chemical uptake from treated sources. Here we characterize the resting patterns of female Ae. aegypti on two material types at various dark:light surface area coverage ratios and contrast configurations under chemical-free and treated conditions using a laboratory behavioral assay. Change in resting behavior between baseline and treatment conditions was quantified to determine potential negative effects of untreated surfaces ("safe sites") when irritant responses are elicited. We show that treatment of preferred resting sites with known irritant compounds do not stimulate mosquitoes to move to safe sites after making contact with treated surfaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peru has experienced, in the past few years, a process that has largely determined the dynamics of the relationship between the Armed Forces and the political and civil societies, through the creation of a Truth and Reconciliation Commission, and the judicialization of the violations of human rights committed during the internal armed conflict between the terrorist group Sendero Luminoso and the security forces of the State (1980-2000). This process incurred a stern reaction from the Armed Forces, expressed through a number of discourses and strategies that attempted to limit its reach, by means of continuous requests, to the political authorities, for political and legal support for the fulfillment of their duties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lower Ica Valley on the hyperarid south Coast of Peru is today largely depopulated and bereft of Cultivation, yet its extensive archaeological remains attest to substantial prehispanic populations. This paper describes archaeological investigations to retrace changes in geomorphology, ecology, and land-use in Samaca, one of the riparian oasis basins of the lower Río Ica, with the aim of investigating when, how, and why such changes took place. Archaeological interpretations of culture change in the region often invoke the impacts of major ENSO perturbations (El Niño). While our investigations confirm that major El Niño events around the end of the Early Intermediate Period likely offer part of the explanation for marked landscape change in the Samaca Basin, we also demonstrate the significance of more gradual, human-induced destruction of Prosopis pallida (huarango) riparian dry-forest. Huarango is a remarkable leguminous hardwood that lives for over a millennium and provides forage, fuel, and food. Moreover, it plays a crucial role in integrating fragile desert ecosystems, enhancing soil fertility and moisture, and accomplishing desalination and microclimatic amelioration. We propose that south coast valleys remained densely forested well into the Early Intermediate Period, attenuating the impact of El Niño events and supporting hitherto underappreciated agroforestry adaptations. Gradual deforestation eventually crossed an environmental threshold: river and wind erosion increased dramatically and precipitated radical desertification, feeding back into cultural changes in the Middle Horizon. Thus we argue Prosopis-human ecological relationships merit proper recognition in our archaeological interpretations of the south coast of Peru. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In April 2009, the Law No. 29344: Framework Law on universal Health Assurance was enacted, its implementation will be gradual in the number of insured as coverage of benefits and explicit guarantees. First will be implemented in nine pilot areas of the poorest provinces and districts of Peru, for which the State has made budgetary changes to allow its implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examining the popular uprising against the privatization of electric service in Arequipa and other revolts against foreign direct investment in Peru, this article explores the changing basis of antigovernment mobilizations against economic liberalization. It suggests that the transition from Fujimori to Toledo led to a major shift in the political opportunity structure, creating a more conducive environment for greater levels of mobilization while increasing the leverage of challengers, along with their chances to achieve positive goals. These new forms of collective resistance are geographically segmented or territorialized; they present concrete demands; and they often involve unexpected actors, yet they resonate at the national level. These results confirm the expectations from recent repoliticization literature insofar as collective actors remain acutely responsive to market reforms in more democratic settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the human-induced disasters highlight the great urban fires. On December 29, 2001, in a crowded commercial area of downtown Lima-Peru, saw a large fire that caused 277 deaths, 247 injuries, millionaire losses and a big pain in the Peruvian people. This situation had been expected, but was not taken the necessary actions to prevent it. This article collects the previous situation, the characteristics of the tragedy, action and organization that was available for control, with emphasizes in interdisciplinary work and an active involvement of the Volunteer Firefighters of Peru. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What is the effect of political violence on the production of coca in the Central Andes? Does U.S. military aid reduce the amount of drugs that originate from this region? What other factors help explain the production of coca? Are the effects of U.S. military aid the same across the Andean nations? This paper tests the effects of political violence and U.S. military aid in the drug producing nations of Colombia, Bolivia and Peru. Our results are consistent with existing literature that emphasizes the obstacles that governments face as they attempt to suppress markets for prohibited goods. Our comparative analysis sheds new light on the limitations of the current U.S. policy, particularly in Colombia, where political violence has strengthened the global drug trade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes how market reform policies already in place affect social interests, and the feedback effects of those interests on reform processes. The variety of societal responses includes the creation of new societal organizations, reflecting the variable content and asymmetrical distribution of costs and benefits of the policies implemented. Because of this variety even in Peru, where the disorganizing effects of neoliberal reform appear to be strongest, it would seem that the societal impact of economic reform elsewhere in Latin America would also warrant more careful examination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recavarren-Arce S, Ramirez-Ramos A, Gilman R H, Chinga-Alayo E, Watanabe-Yamamoto J, Rodriguez-Ulloa C, Miyagui J, Passaro D J&Eza D(2005)Histopathology46,374–379Severe gastritis in the Peruvian Andes: To compare theHelicobacter pylori-associated pathology in gastric biopsies taken from patients living at sea level with those taken from patients living at high altitude.: We included 38 patients from a hospital in the Andean city of La Oroya, Peru, located at 3700 m in altitude, and 40 control patients taken from Comas Clinic located in the city of Lima at sea level. Fibrepanendoscopy and multiple biopsies were performed in all the patients followed by histopathological examination. In the antrum, patients from the Andean town had a higher prevalence of glandular lymphoid adherence lesions, active germinal centres, moderate to severe chronic atrophic gastritis, intestinal metaplasia and moderate to severe total deep gland loss, than did patients from the coastal town. Furthermore, the severity of the histological lesions seen in the gastric body and cardia was significantly greater in the high-altitude patients than in those from sea level.: This study suggests that the severity ofH. pylori-associated gastric lesions seen on histopathological examination is greater in patients living at high altitude, the cause of which is most probably multifactorial but nonetheless principally altitude related. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using monthly presidential approval data for the period between 1985 and 1997 for two presidencies, I analyze the impact of political violence on presidential approval in Peru. While controlling for variables commonly used in the economic voting literature, the results suggest that higher levels of political violence hurt left-leaning governments, but not necessarily right-leaning governments. It is likely that voters expect right-leaning governments to deal better with political violence in general and thus are more supportive of their efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigates the sustainability of the economic reform in Peru. Purpose of the economic reform in the country; Details of the economic policy of Peruvian President Alberto Fujimori; Factors affecting the economic condition of Peru.

To date, the bulk of the research on the politics of social security reform analyzes privatization as a dependent variable and explores the political and economic con-ditions leading to the implementation of pension reforms. Departing from the tra-dition of previous scholarship, this article redirects attention to the political consequences of pension privatization by focusing on how pension reform affects social interests, and the effects of those interests on reform processes. The analysis reveals the importance of looking beyond the initial alignment of interests sur-rounding market reform initiatives to explore the broader political implications. In Peru, the pension reform created concentrated beneficiaries who pushed for the deepening of the reform process at the expense of costs that were widely distrib-uted among workers in the formal sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Valeriana rigida Ruiz & Pav. (V. rigida) has long been used as a herbal medicine in Peru; however, its phytochemicals and pharmacology need to be scientifically explored. In this study, we combined the offline 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH)-/ultrafiltration-high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC)/pH-zone-refining counter-current chromatography (pH-zone-refining CCC) to screen and separate the antioxidants and aldose reductase (AR) inhibitors from the 70% MeOH extract of V. rigida, which exhibited remarkable antioxidant and AR inhibitory activities. Seven compounds were initially screened as target compounds exhibiting dual antioxidant and AR inhibitory activities using DPPH-/ultrafiltration-HPLC, which guided the subsequent pH-zone-refining CCC and HSCCC separations of these target compounds, namely 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid, 4-O-caffeoylquinic acid, 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid, 3,4-O-di-caffeoylquinic acid, 3,5-O-di-caffeoylquinic acid, 4,5-O-di-caffeoylquinic acid, and 3,4,5-O-tri-caffeoylquinic acid. These compounds are identified for the first time in V. rigida and exhibited remarkable antioxidant and AR inhibitory activities. The results demonstrate that the method established in this study can be used to efficiently screen and separate the antioxidants and AR inhibitors from natural products and, particularly, the root extract of V. rigida is a new source of caffeoylquinic acids with antioxidant and AR inhibitory activities, and it can be used as a potential functional food ingredient for diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents a study that examined how Peruvian President Alberto Fujimori acquired lower-class support through his neoliberal economic model. Implications of Peru's case to the study of lower-class political behavior in Latin America; Explanation on Peru's lower-class voting behavior; Components of Fujimori's stabilization program.

• Market integration & migration cause local water management institutions to decline. • Declining local institutions hinders community participation in IWM. • Some communities delegate responsibilities "upward" to government & intermediaries. • Some communities delegate participation "outward" to legal and water experts. • Community participation in IWM is unlikely when local institutions are declining. Participatory water governance has become highly influential around the world as a means for managing water resources. Scholars and practitioners advocate for the inclusion of previously marginalized communities in water resources management through the devolution of power, responsibility, and participation. Where community institutions are weak or missing, experts recommend strengthening or re-building them to enable inclusive decision-making over water resources. Our study looks at devolution in a government-initiated integrated water resources management approach in the Caylloma Province, located in the department of Arequipa, Peru. We used process tracing to analyze 97 qualitative interview transcripts with crop farmers and pastoralists managing water for irrigation, interview transcripts with personnel in water management agencies, and field notes from participant observation in water-related meetings. We found that farmers had limited ability to participate in local institutions for water management due to market integration and labor migration, among other socioeconomic and political stressors. For this reason, transferring more water management responsibilities and decision-making power to community-level institutions without considering the factors that limit their sustainability over time is not necessarily feasible or even desirable by local communities. Instead, strengthening and streamlining intermediary and government institutions at regional scales may be more effective at addressing local needs in watershed management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report a case of a Wolf Parkinson White syndrome in a 57-year-old woman receiving amiodarone (200 mg/ day) who presented with tachycardia, fatigue and somnolence. The physical examination did not reveal goiter, but the osteotendinous reflexes were brisk. Laboratory examinations revealed high TSH level, low T4 free level and negative antiperoxidase antibodies. Amiodarone was stopped and levotiroxine was started. Two months after, TSH and T4 free levels were normal and the patient was asymptomatic. Amiodarone is associated with several side effects that can preclude its indication; one of these side effects is hypothiroidism, characterized by high TSH levels, low T4 free levels and unspecific symptoms such as fatigue, cool intolerance and dry skin. The treatment of choice is levotiroxine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To calculate the budget impact and direct costs of the introduction of alemtuzumab in the health benefits plan of Healthcare Social Security (ESSALUD) in Peru for the treatment of patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Methods A budget impact simulation was conducted from the ESSALUD perspective with a time horizon of 5 years. [Extracted from the article]

Diarrhea is associated with infectious bacteria that cause mortality in calves, such as Escherichia coli, representing a problem for milk and meat producers globally, causing large economic losses. This study assessed the resistance to E. coli strains isolated from diarrheal feces of newborn calves from the Cajamarca region. Fifty two (52) fecal samples from calves from five provinces of the Cajamarca region were collected for the isolation of E. coli on MacConkey agar with sorbitol. The molecular identification of E. coli was performed by amplification of the uidA gene by conventional PCR and then antibiotic susceptibility/resistance was assessed using the Kirby-Bauer methodology and antibiotic discs with neomycin, tetracycline, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim and enrofloxacin. The results were that 96.15 % of E. coli strains were resistant to tetracycline, 51.92 % to sulfamethoprim, 26.92 % to neomycin and 9.61 % to enrofloxacin. It was also demonstrated that 30.76 % had resistance to two drugs, 19.23 % to three drugs and 5.76 % to four drugs; a significant difference was found in resistance to tetracycline (P<0.0001). It is concluded that newborn calves from the Cajamarca region that presented diarrhea are carriers of antibiotic-resistant E. coli, representing a problem for cattle farmers, since these strains can cause the death of animals and contribute to the spread of antibiotic resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]