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This paper aims to study the management of sustainable development in public and private educational institutions in the Pillco Marca Huánuco District of Perú. For this, a survey based on Bronfenbrenner's ecological model is designed. According to this theory each person is significantly affected by the interactions of a series of overlapping systems. This is part of contextual dialectical theories that explain the change of behavior of the individual through the influence of the environment. For the representation and processing of the data the Neutrosophic Likert scale is used. The classic Likert scale is widely used in psychological and sociological surveys, however, it restricts the possible answers to a fixed number and only one of them must be chosen. The neutrosophic Likert scale allows the respondent to determining the degree he/she prefers among these possible responses, in this way the respondent's opinions are captured more accurately, including the possible degree of indeterminacy between their opinions. Neutrosophic sets generalize fuzzy and intuitionistic fuzzy sets, so that to the degree of membership and non-membership of an element to the set, it is added a degree of indeterminacy, without any restriction among them. On the other hand, "Triple Refined Indeterminate Neutrosophic Sets" (TRINS) are used in the Neutrosophic Likert scale. The novelty of this article is that for the first time Sustainable Development Management is studied with the help of the Neutrosophic Likert scale, in a survey based on the Bronfenbrenner's ecological model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hotel El Comercio is a typical colonial era house in Peru. This category of buildings exhibits specific architectural details and construction techniques, including adobe walls and mixed timber-earth systems (quincha). This paper presents the seismic assessment of the building in its current condition, proposing adequate strategies for modeling this type of buildings through finite element models, which remains a true challenge in case of seismic loading. Different sets of nonlinear properties are adopted and sensitivity analyses, involving different mechanical characteristics and load conditions, are performed in order to understand how they affect the structural response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to show the different currents of global thinking of the management model by competencies in the workplace, and then take a brief review of the state of the art of the organizational method in Peru, and end with some recommendations for the implementation of the model according to the vision of McClelland (1973), Spencer and Spencer (1993), Boyatzis (2002) and Alles (2008). The documentary analysis methodology of the model was used to link the theoretical and practical realities of the organizational field of business management experiences in Peru and thus present a way forward for its insertion. The results allowed the elaboration of a management proposal of the model by competencies that consists of three phases that includes twelve steps, which must be aligned with the strategic business plan, have the maximum commitment and support of the highest managerial level of the organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through the discourses of financial-independence and «professionalisation» of offspring promoted by state-provided health-care and welfare (Juntos), Quechua women living in poverty find that upon entering motherhood their full citizenship becomes conditional on successful behaviours and stewardship of children to a more «desirable» livelihood than their own. This suggests that mothering-while-poor places a moral value on women that the state uses to justify monitoring and governing them. This paper is based on one-year's ethnographic-fieldwork in rural communities and health centres or posts in Vilcashuaman province, Ayacucho department, Peru. 100 interviews were conducted with women, men and health-workers, in addition to substantial participant-observation. Whilst the pervasive discourses overburden women's freedoms, there are alternatives to «professionalization» of indigenous-youth that do not require the financial literacy currently imposed on mothers. This paper suggests that moral values placed on poor-maternities are sometimes used unfairly as a justification for reproductive-intervention and revocation of full-citizenship for poor, indigenous women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the study of the liability of the owner of the ship in the Peruvian Law. Traditionally, the rules of "Libro" III of the Peruvian Commercial Code have generated some uncertainty about their scope on this matter. This paper proposes an interpretation of the Commercial Code rules that allows to understand them in a coherent way, especially with the context in which they were passed. The many aspects around the liability of the owner of the ship exceed the field of mere civil liability and nowadays the obligations that the owner of the ship assumes under the public regulation constitute a very important aspect for the modern shipping company. For these reasons, the author also proposes a general approach to the "administrative liability" of the owner of the ship considering the most relevant rules of the Peruvian domestic Law and the main international treaties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is the background paper for the productivity extension of the World Bank's Long-Term Growth Model (LTGM). Based on an extensive literature review, the paper identifies the main determinants of economic productivity as innovation, education, market efficiency, infrastructure, and institutions. Based on underlying proxies, the paper constructs indexes representing each of the main categories of productivity determinants and, combining them through principal component analysis, obtains an overall determinant index. This is done for every year in the three decades spanning 1985-2015 and for more than 100 countries. In parallel, the paper presents a measure of total factor productivity (TFP), largely obtained from the Penn World Table, and assesses the pattern of productivity growth across regions and income groups over the same sample. The paper then examines the relationship between the measures of TFP and its determinants. The variance of productivity growth is decomposed into the share explained by each of its main determinants, and the relationship between productivity growth and the overall determinant index is identified. The variance decomposition results show that the highest contributor among the determinants to the variance in TFP growth is market efficiency for Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development countries and education for developing countries in the most recent decade. The regression results indicate that, controlling for country- and time-specific effects, TFP growth has a positive and significant relationship with the proposed TFP determinant index and a negative relationship with initial TFP. This relationship is then used to provide a set of simulations on the potential path of TFP growth if certain improvements on TFP determinants are achieved. The paper presents and discusses some of these simulations for groups of countries by geographic region and income level. In addition, as a country-specific illustration, the paper presents simulations on the potential path of TFP growth for Peru under various scenarios. An accompanying Excelbased toolkit, linked to the LTGM, provides a larger set of simulations and scenario analysis at the country level for the next few decades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Mercury use in artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) has captured global attention and concern for decades. Policy makers and development practitioners routinely promote awareness campaigns and technical assistance to address mercury use in ASGM; however, this focus obscures other barriers that stand in the way of addressing mercury emissions from the sector. Focused on the town of Relave, in the Ayacucho Region of Southwestern Peru, this paper examines the perspectives and practices of some of the community members who are involved with ASGM activities. It highlights their own views of the challenges related to ASGM and explores the ways in which they are addressing these challenges. Despite their efforts, this paper reveals that there are two key barriers to controlling mercury use in Relave, which lie outside of the communities' lack of awareness and technological capabilities. These include the deprioritization of mercury use and pollution among community members as compared to other community and public health concerns and inequities in the supply chain that position miners and mineral processors with little to no control over the distribution, use, and emissions of mercury. The implications of these findings for policy decisions, regulatory schemes, and development initiatives are not only relevant to Peru, but are also significant for other countries committed to addressing mercury emissions from ASGM. Highlights • Small-scale gold miners are not aware of the exact mechanisms of mercury exposure. • Small-scale gold miners have challenges and priorities outside of mercury emissions. • The supply chain poses barriers to addressing mercury use in small-scale mining. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines whether the distribution of bargaining power between parents affects nutritional indicators in the early stages of a child's life, giving evidence that the allocation of household resources varies by the gender of the child and the parents. After accounting for the potential endogeneity of the indicator of power distribution within the household, related to assortative mating in the marriage market, this paper shows that maternal power is more positively associated with girls' nutrition than boys'. Among households located in rural areas, resource allocation between girls and boys seems to differ. Similarly, some evidence of competition for household resources affecting girls' nutrition is found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The papers making up this Special Section reveal important findings and begin to fill gaps in existing literature about children's and young people's understanding and developing beliefs about socioeconomic inequality and poverty. We draw on our research experience with children growing up in poverty in Ethiopia, India, Peru, and Vietnam (Young Lives) from the perspective of sociology of childhood and social anthropology. The commentary discusses the papers in the Special Section and calls for policies and practices that argue for social justice for children and young people in political and economic terms and emphasizes the importance of including children's views and descriptions of their experiences in research about poverty and inequality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This exploratory study aims to analyze the current situation of journals and repositories of Peruvian universities whose licensing was denied by the National Superintendency of Higher University Education (SUNEDU), and issues regarding digital preservation policies of papers published by such educational institutions. Data was collected between May and October 12, 2019 from repositories, journal portals, the National Open Access Digital Repository for Science, Technology and Innovation (ALICIA), and the National Registry of Research Papers Submitted for Academic Degrees and Professional Titles (RENATI). To date, out of the 143 universities registered at SUNEDU, 79 were granted license to operate, 19 were denied such license, and 45 are yet to be licensed. It was found that 16 journals were published in portals using Open Journal Systems (OJS) and DSpace, and in blogs. Nine (9) journals use OJS and 11 have an ISSN. Nineteen (19) repositories were found in university websites, out of which 15 are active and the URL of the rest does not work. Finally, the issues faced by journals and repositories on the digital collection preservation are mentioned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract By combining scholarship on modernity, urbanization and territory, this paper analyses how urban-based visions and ambitions have been realized in hydropower development and specific water access and control arrangements in the Rímac watershed in Lima, Peru. The discourses that sustained and promoted hydropower plant construction and associated development projects in the watershed are scrutinized, showing how the dream of conquering nature through engineers' technical skills was enmeshed with political agendas and visions of modernizing not only nature, but also people. Besides the historical analysis, the paper also explores how historical physical-ecological, legal, social and symbolic reconfigurations continue to shape hydrosocial relations between the city of Lima and the Rímac watershed. Analysing the current management of the watershed's highland lakes and community water use from the hydropower company's tunnels shows how the history of the Rímac is not a clear cut story of water deprivation but rather of complex, entangled, multidimensional relations and dependence. In the context of increasing pressure on water resources, the socio-territorial arrangements and the watershed's history itself are becoming matters of discussion. Highlights • Explores urban modernization as a territorial project. • Analyses how hydropower development was shaped by modern civilizing visions. • Shows how today's water governance is rooted in the Rímac watershed's historical geography. • Studies how growing competition for water leads to contestations over history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL) is a neoplasm associated with a group of malignancies called AIDs-Defining Malignancies (ADMs) in Human-Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) -patients. Similar to the case of NHL in Latin America, particularly in Peru, the amount of research done on others ADMs is limited, especially in the case of Kaposi's Sarcoma (KS). Prior investigations have talked about the great potential risk that represents this illness in latin american population, but topics as prognosis factors are yet to be well defined. In this letter, we address the importance of investigation in this area and include previously reported data that may enlighten the current national standpoint. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Well-being impacts of certification schemes need to be compared with alternative private governance strategies. • Inclusive business and solidarity economy constitute two contrasting private governance strategies. • Paper presents an exploratory comparative analysis of four cases from the cacao sectors of Peru and Switzerland. • Value chain actors combine elements of certification, solidarity economy, and inclusive business into portfolios of instruments. • These instruments may address some barriers of certification, but come with own risks and limitations. Certification of sustainability standards is an important governance strategy aimed at enhancing the human well-being outcomes of agri-food value chains. While the impacts of certification on well-being are positive for some farmers under certain conditions, they are insignificant or adverse for others. Many barriers can impede positive impacts of certification on well-being. Alternative or complementary strategies such as inclusive business and solidarity economy may challenge these barriers. However, since certification, inclusive business and solidarity economy strategies are studied in isolation, their precise similarities and differences, their interplay and their relative efficacy and limitations remain elusive. Therefore, this paper explores to what extent and how inclusive business and solidarity economy strategies may overcome the persistent governance and economic barriers that limit well-being impacts of certification. We explore four purposively selected cases of inclusive business and solidarity economy strategies from the cacao value chains connecting Peru and Switzerland. Results show that value chain actors combine different specific elements of the three strategies (certification, inclusiveness and solidarity) into portfolios of instruments, which reflect their value chain role and organizational missions. These instrument portfolios may address some of the barriers of certification schemes, but they come with their own challenges and limitations. We conclude that promising future research may use comparative research designs to disentangle specific instruments of inclusiveness, solidarity, and certification; to build typologies of instrument portfolios; to understand their interaction with systemic change in markets and land-use systems; and to specify the conditions under which value chain actors can use specific instruments to improve well-being outcomes of agri-food value chains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Systemic innovations require multiple interdependent actors to change their practices simultaneously in order to realize the benefits of the innovation. Building information modeling (BIM) has been classified as a systemic innovation that is adopted by building projects, firms, and users. However, the slow diffusion of BIM in the architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) sector has maintained the gap between BIM visions and actual BIM practice. Some governments are planning to enact policies to promote BIM adoption in construction. However, in some countries, BIM adoption has already started with large construction organizations (i.e., the middle-out diffusion approach). To learn from previous experience and before enacting top-down interventions, policymakers require a model to stimulate systemic BIM adoption for entire supply chains with fragmented project and organizational structures. The current paper investigates the systemic adoption of digital innovations in construction and is aimed at formulating a model of systemic BIM adoption (MSBA). Three primary datasets consisting of 133 BIM users, 30 chief executive officers, and 20 project managers were collected in Peru and collectively analyzed using cross-classified multilevel modeling (CCMM). It was found that MSBA has five user-, three firm-, and two project-level factors, explaining 28%, 75%, and 50% of the variance in users' BIM adoption, respectively. The proposed model would provide useful guidance for corporate decision makers and government policymakers to develop BIM-diffusion policies to accelerate adoption. It would also provide a useful practical implementation framework as the industry progresses toward a digital mode of working and could underpin further digitalization of the sector worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aimed to design an autonomous indirect solar dryer, which can dehydrate the aguaymanto in a costeffective manner, yielding a quality product suitable for export from the central part highland of Peru. To complete this task, it was proposed to design a prototype of autonomous solar dryer of 100 kg per batch of aguaymanto, equipped with flat reflectors and forced air feed, and powered with photovoltaic energy. This system allows to dry aguaymanto fruit at the requirements needed for its exportation. The fryer has the following dimensions: inner dimensions of the drying chamber: bottom 0.60 m, width 1.40 m, and height 1.10 m, with additional 0.05 m for insulation. Hence, the outer measures are bottom 0.70 m, width 1.50 m, and height 1.20 m. Two solar collectors are proposed with the dimensions of each: 1.50 m wide, 2.40 m long, and 0.15 m height; 2 flat mirror reflectors are required. A 80 Wp photovoltaic panel was selected for the forced air system and process control. This solar dryer is expected to cope with the problem of post-harvest deterioration. Also, it will facilitate the export by improving product quality and providing a cost-effective technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the utilization of Banisteriopsis caapi in drug addiction treatment. The primary research was carried out in Takiwasi Center for the Rehabilitation of Drug Addicts and Research on Traditional Medicines. A preparation from B. caapi, also known as purgahuasca, that is being used in the center was initially administered during initiation rituals by the Awajún (Aguaruna) people in northern Peru. This paper describes the purgahuasca ritual and its distribution among the Awajún people. Our findings reveal that between 68.2% and 86.5% of respondents recognize the importance of the purgahuasca ritual to their recovery. Appropriate conservation tools must be created to preserve the purgahuasca ritual for future generations, as it represents a useful therapeutic tool and an important part of the intangible cultural heritage of Peru. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Peruvian-Brazilian border is a highly endemic tegumentary leishmaniasis region in South America. The interoceanic highway is a commercial route that connects Peru and Brazil through Madre de Dios and has raised concerns about its impact on previously undisturbed areas. In order to assess leishmaniasis transmission risk along this highway, we conducted a surveillance study of the sand fly populations in this area. Sand flies were collected between 2009 and 2010 along transects at 200 m, 600 m and 1000 m from six study sites located along the highway (Iberia, La Novia, Alto Libertad, El Carmen, Florida Baja, Mazuko and Mavila) and an undisturbed area (Malinowski). Collected specimens were identified based on morphology and non-engorged females of each species were pooled and screened by kinetoplast PCR to detect natural Leishmania infections. A total of 9,023 specimens were collected belonging to 54 different Lutzomyia species including the first report of Lu. gantieri in Peru. Four species accounted for 50% of all specimens (Lutzomyia carrerai carrerai, Lu. davisi, Lu. shawi and Lu. richardwardi). El Carmen, Alto Libertad, Florida Baja and Malinowski presented higher Shannon diversity indexes (H = 2.36, 2.30, 2.17 and 2.13, respectively) than the most human disturbed sites of Mazuko and La Novia (H = 1.53 and 1.06, respectively). PCR detected 10 positive pools belonging to Lu. carrerai carrerai, Lu. yuilli yuilli, Lu. hirsuta hirsuta, Lu. (Trichophoromyia) spp., and Lu. (Lutzomyia) spp. Positive pools from 1,000 m transects had higher infectivity rates than those from 600 m and 200 m transects (9/169 = 5.3% vs 0/79 = 0% and 1/127 = 0.8%, p = 0.018). El Carmen, accounted for eight out of ten positives whereas one positive was collected in Florida Baja and Mazuko each. Our study has shown differences in sand fly diversity, abundance and species composition across and within sites. Multiple clustered Lutzomyia pools with natural Leishmania infection suggest a complex, diverse and spotty role in leishmaniasis transmission in Madre de Dios, with increased risk farther from the highway. Author summary: Leishmaniasis is a neglected disease that is endemic in tropical and subtropical regions affecting up to 2 million people every year. Currently, there is concern about the effects of human-made environmental changes on the transmission of leishmaniasis due to increased exposure to the sand fly vector. In this paper, the authors explored changes in the distribution of sand flies and natural leishmania infection across communities located along the interoceanic highway that connects Peru and Brazil. The study found differences in sand fly species composition and abundance between and within sites as well as a lower sand fly diversity in communities with high human disturbance. Ten pools belonging to Lutzomyia shawi, Lu. carrerai carrerai, Lu. yuilli yuilli, Lu. hirsuta hirsuta, Lu. (Helcocyrtomyia) spp. and Lu. (Lutzomyia) spp. were found positive for Leishmania spp. The majority of these positive pools were collected from a single community and far from the highway. The information provided by this manuscript will serve as a baseline to assess the effects of human activities in the region and guide future surveillance and intervention strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Task-shifting and technology in psychological interventions are two solutions to increasing access to mental health intervention and overcoming the treatment gap in low and middle-income countries. The CONEMO intervention combines a smartphone app with support from non-specialized professionals, aiming to treat depression in patients with diabetes and/or hypertension. The aim of this paper is to describe the process of recruitment, training and supervision of the non-specialized professionals who participated in the CONEMO task-shifting intervention in Brazil and Peru.Methods: We described and analyzed data related to the recruitment, training and supervision of 62 nurse assistants from the health system in Sao Paulo, Brazil, and three hired nurses in Lima, Peru. The data were collected from information provided by nurses and nurse assistants, supervisor records from supervision meetings and the CONEMO platform database.Results: We found that task-shifting was feasible using existing resources in Sao Paulo and additional human resources in Lima. Training and supervision were found to be crucial and well received by the staff; however, time was a limitation when using existing human resources. Ensuring technological competence prior to the start of the intervention was essential. Group supervision meetings allowed non-specialized professionals to learn from each other's experiences.Conclusion: Carefully considering recruitment, training and supervision of non-specialized professionals is important for effective task-shifting when delivering an mHealth intervention for depression. Opportunities and challenges of working in different health systems are described, which should be considered in future implementation, either for research or real settings. Trial registration NCT028406662 (Sao Paulo), NCT03026426 (Peru). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, information is added and comments are made about two recently described Peruvian species of Liolaemus from the montanus group: L. balagueri and L. qalaywa. When L. balagueri was described, differences from L. nazca was based on a phylogenetic analysis of a single mitochondrial locus, but without including phenotypic diagnostic traits that might differentiated them. On the other hand, L. qalaywa description was based upon specimens from Apurirnac department and intraspecific variation in meristic traits were missing. In this study, we added a molecular and morphological analyses between L. balagueri and L. nazca, supporting more rigorously the separation between these two taxa. In addition, the geographic range of L. qalaywa is extended to Cusco department (southwestern Peru), intraspecific variation of morphological characteristics and geographic information up to 79 specimens are included, and the conservation issues of this species is commented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The scale and pace of land tenure change for agricultural development, often known as 'land grabbing' or 'global land rush,' are historically unprecedented. Control over millions of hectares of land has shifted over the past decade for the production of food, fiber, and biofuel. However, the rapidly growing body of research on land tenure change provides few rigorous assessments of deforestation across multiple countries with distinct biophyisical and socioeconomic characteristics. In this paper, based on spatial boundaries of land transactions (LTs) in Cambodia, Ethiopia, Liberia, and Peru, we investigate their association with deforestation using a pixel-based matching approach. Our findings suggest that the context, size, and distribution of LTs and the associated deforestation patterns vary substantially across the four countries. Land tenure change significantly accelerates deforestation in Cambodia and Liberia, but such acceleration is insignificant in Ethiopia. In Peru, we observe the opposite trend, where areas adjacent to LTs experience higher deforestation than areas within. Our analysis reveals how patterns and outcomes of LTs are linked to country characteristics and contexts, and suggests that sweeping generalizations about positive or negative consequences of LTs on deforestation and possibly other socioenvironmental outcomes need to attend more closely to specific patterns and drivers of LTs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rural poor in developing countries often save and borrow in the non-formal financial sector. Providing financial education and access to formal savings products can help to improve their livelihoods. Nonetheless, financial education has traditionally been delivered on a not-for-profit basis. This paper experimentally evaluates the impact of a free in-person financial education program for rural women in Peru, implemented by a for-profit microfinance institution along with the marketing for a new microsavings account. We find very high take-up of the free financial education program (57.7% participation in at least one session), and using data collected 3 to 6 months after the intervention we observe a significant increase in the familiarity with and trust in the implementing financial institution. Also, we observe a significant positive impact on formal savings with the implementing financial institution, but no significant negative impact on savings with other formal financial institutions. These findings suggest that free financial education provided by for-profit financial institutions, paired with financial products tailored to the target population, could be a viable alternative to promote formal savings among the poor. However, we do not observe a significant short-term impact of the program on credit, income, assets, consumption, poverty, or female empowerment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Study on how certification affects farmer welfare in Peru. • Analysis using mediation models for multiple years (2015–2019), standards & crops. • Certification affects farmer welfare through increased prices, but cannot offset higher production costs. • Standards with quality-based price differentiation have the largest price effect. • Certification does not affect farmer welfare through yields, but has a large potential effect. Whether Voluntary Sustainability Standards (VSS) - such as Fairtrade, GlobalGAP or Organic - may contribute to economic sustainability has been subject to vigorous debate over the past decades. To analyze the welfare effects of VSS for family farms, previous studies rely on single equation models which enable analyzing if (some) VSS affect welfare, but not how (some) VSS affect welfare – or not. Hence, little is known about the mechanisms and the relative importance of these different mechanisms by which VSS contribute to farmer welfare. In this paper, we analyze the channel of effects through which VSS affect net farm revenue, as a proxy of farmer welfare, of family farms in Peru. We use nationwide data from Peru's National Agricultural Survey covering five years, multiple agricultural commodities, and multiple VSS. We apply a multiple mediation model which allows to disentangle the main revenue-determining mechanisms and to compare their relative importance. We find that prices (and not yields) are the main channel through which VSS affect net farm revenue. However, higher prices cannot offset higher production costs, resulting in zero net revenue gains. We do not find an effect through yields, but identify a large potential effect on net farm revenue. We find heterogeneity in the effects by standard and crop, with crops certified to standards that apply a system of quality-based price differentiation having the largest impact on net farm revenue through a price effect. From a policy perspective, we highlight potential improvements in VSS design to effectively improve economic sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research evaluated the effect of conventional management of irrigated rice on the physicochemical indicators of the soil, in the Mercedes and Pérez farms, in Yurimaguas, Peru. It is a comparative non-experimental investigation, with statistical adjustment of a completely randomized design, where the treatments are made up of the secondary forest (BS), the conventional rice management of one (A1), five (A5) and nine years (A9), evaluating physicochemical indicators of the soil in strata from 0.0 to 0.2 and 0.2 to 0.4 m. The results showed differences in the fractions, with initial reduction of sand, silt and clay increase and in time slight recovery of the sand, silt fraction and clay reduction. The chemical indicators according to treatments and strata show differences, except K; management significantly affects the beginning of the production process (A1) reducing the levels of pH, MO, N, P, K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ and increasing Al3+, AC and SAl, and there is a recovery over time (A9), except in MO and N which decrease to very low levels. In conclusion, conventional management shows significant effects between treatments and indicators evaluated in both strata, negatively affecting the beginning (A1) and recovering over time (A9); however, there are long-term negative effects on OM and N levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing participation in family decision making is an integral part of adolescent development. This paper uses longitudinal data from four low and middle income countries—Ethiopia, India, Peru and Vietnam—to assess the relationship between young people's involvement in schooling decision making and schooling outcomes. In the pooled sample, compared to young adults who indicate to have no say in educational choices at age 19, adolescents who make these decisions unilaterally or jointly with parents are on average 17%–23% more likely to drop out by age 22. The effects are, however, heterogenous across countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Peruvian government's Law N. 27811, an intellectual property law passed in 2002 and designed to register and protect traditional knowledge, provides productive opportunities for critical analysis. Framed within the trajectory of international intellectual property rights and discussions that complicate the integration of Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) into Cartesian scientific frameworks, this paper critically examines how the Peruvian law has been implemented and its impacts in Indigenous communities, particularly in the Andean Amazon region. The analysis is based on the author's work assisting Indigenous communities in San Martin register their knowledge through this law. While the law represents an advanced legal attempt to address power inequalities, it remains problematic. It does not address the impoverishment of Indigenous Peoples and continues to subordinate Indigenous TEK to Cartesian science. Although it is a symbolic recognition of the value of Peruvian Indigenous Peoples, other mechanisms are still required to redress the long history of colonization and racism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What are the limits of childhood? When does it start and when does it end? Does it happen at the same time for girls and boys? What impact do physiological processes have? What impact do social institutions such as the school have? These questions, all too familiar to many childhood researchers, emerged again when researching menstruation in four different regions of Peru. This paper focuses on one of them, Ucayali, where I reconsider research conducted in previous years in different communities in the light of more recent work. The aim was to examine the characteristics of childhood among the Shipibo people, with a particular focus on girls, and how a biological process such as menstruation implies social representations and actions, and reflects gender norms. Results show an imaginary in which sexual maturation and the possibility of being a mother signals the end of childhood, entering a period of danger and the need for greater control, which is not present for boys of the same age group. Since this is such a defining process, there is a strong lack of information on menstruation among girls, as well as gaps and silence in school that contribute to the reproduction of such a lack of information. Fear and embarrassment, fuelled by lack of information, reduce girls' assistance or restrict their participation in the school when menstruating, which in turn negatively affects school experiences and learning, reproducing and strengthening gender inequalities during childhood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is an excerpt of an ethnographic study conducted within a doctoral program in a Complementary and Integrative Practices referral unit located in Peruíbe-SP, Brazil. It presents an analysis of the implementation of a Municipal Policy on Complementary and Integrative Practices (MPCIP), including participant observation of meetings held with workers and managers, field diaries, documents from the Brazilian Ministry of Health and the World Health Organization, legislation, and reports of those involved. The analysis was based on hermeneutic interpretation (GEERTZ, 1989), and the main challenges faced during the process are presented. Even though the format of the MPCIP in Peruíbe meets national and international requirements, it only warranted legal-institutional aspects. Despite advancements in policy development, there remain political and operational challenges to its implementation and expansion, which shall be overcome to fully implement Complementary and Integrative Practices in the city's health service. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a Maoist organization, the Shining Path inflicted terror and violence in Peru throughout the 1980s and early 1990s. Facing strong domestic resistance and vehement international condemnation, this militant group was never able to establish a communist regime in Peru as its leader Abimael Guzmán had envisioned. With little domestic support and amid frequent international denouncements, the Shining Path looked beyond the Peruvian borders for trouble and capitalized on its transnational connections to enhance its survival. Its global networks spanned the Americas, Europe, and even reached to North African countries like Libya, which lacked connections to Peru or communist countries. While the Shining Path was unable to create a massive communist regime as it wished, it did, however, generate fear and violence within Peru and beyond. From this perspective, the organization altered its strategic political goal to the process goal of effecting chaos and fear among the global communities. Ironically, the supposed allies of Shining Path, according to the Maoist ideology, actually turned against the communist organization-peasants from rural Peru resented the disruption of their lives caused by Shining Path, while China, the cradle of Maoism, along with the Soviet Union and Cuba, condemned the guerrillas as terrorists. By examining the expansive transnational sources generated by the Foreign Broadcast Information Service of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and the official newspaper of the Chinese government, Renmin Ribao, this paper contributes to the recent and growing historiography that has analyzed diverse political movements in Latin America beyond their immediate geographical origins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Problem Management Plus (PM+) is a low-intensity psychological intervention developed by the World Health Organization that can be delivered by nonspecialists to address common mental health conditions in people affected by adversity. Emerging evidence demonstrates the efficacy of PM+ across a range of settings. However, the published literature rarely documents the adaptation processes for psychological interventions to context or culture, including curriculum or implementation adaptations. Practical guidance for adapting PM+ to context while maintaining fidelity to core psychological elements is essential for mental health implementers to enable replication and scale. This paper describes the process of contextually adapting PM+ for implementation in Rwanda, Peru, Mexico and Malawi undertaken by the international nongovernmental organisation Partners In Health. To our knowledge, this initiative is among the first to adapt PM+ for routine delivery across multiple public sector primary care and community settings in partnership with Ministries of Health. Lessons learned contribute to a broader understanding of effective processes for adapting low-intensity psychological interventions to real-world contexts. Key implications for practice PM+ can be contextualised based on cultural and implementation considerations while maintaining core psychological elements across different settings. The adaptation of PM+ for local health systems and articulation of practical guidance on implementation for routine care is essential. Partnerships across implementing sites are fundamental for iterative PM+ adaptation and provide opportunities for sharing lessons learned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cerro Sechin, in the Valley of Casma, has been subject of a numer of archaeological interpretations. Its mural paintings and carved lithic slabs had been interpreted as scenes of war, bloody sacrifices and even as a medicine school in ancient Peru. In this paper, we are offering an archaeostronomical, mithological and ethnographical undertsnading of one of the iconographical representations least known of the site, that of a polichrome fish decorating one of the earlier architectural phases of the site. This interpretation suggests a gradual transition to a cult centered more in the nature of the communion between the natural and supernatural worlds more tan in the deities or processes responsable of said communion. These instead refer to an iniciatic voyage through which man transforms itself to re-establish a cosmic and social order to maintain water flowing between worlds, to sustain life during the Early Horizon in the Valley of Casma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper evaluates the biopolitical implications of COVID-19 pandemic in Peru and the world. It proposes that, due to the coronavirus characteristics and its effects on the populations' health, security and economy, this disease has the ability to reveal the true biopolitical approaches adopted by each nation. The application of necropolitics as government measures to confront the coronavirus, with inequity and inefficiency, is reviewed. In the same way, the concept of ontopolitics is developed as a fundamental tool for defining reality and its components, an act that will decide the implementation of the different disease containment plans. After reviewing its historical and practical connotations, the term "idiopolitics" is proposed to denote that type of government that, in open contradiction with the main objective of politics, of seeking the common good for the citizens of the state, manages and disposes of the public resources guided by particular needs and interests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper approaches the media judgment from a new angle, from the dissemination of illegally obtained interceptions, accounting for the movements in favor of the criminalization of these behaviors, the weighting in the judicialization process, and the value acquired by the public interest as a concept / principle and parameter that allows managing the conflict between the secrecy of communications and information releases [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research carried out the analysis and evaluation of the incidence of the normative application of transfer prices in the Income Tax for related companies that provide postal services, a sample of 92 companies that provide postal services located in Metropolitan Lima has been carried out., using as data collection instruments surveys directed at managers, administrators and accountants; It was found that they indicated that the accounting information reflected in the Financial Statements does not issue their internal information based on the current transfer pricing regulations, so the corresponding adjustments will have to be made through working papers for the affidavit and therefore both there will be an adjustment in the Income Tax; Therefore, the results obtained determined that if the price agreed between the related parties does not adjust to those of the free market, then it will not obtain a real tax base of the Income Tax; It has been concluded that any commercial transaction that avoids complying with the transfer price regulations (Arm's Length principle) with related companies, and they have not made the corresponding adjustments at the end of the year by modifying the corresponding Tax, then SUNAT will make the adjustments respective and apply the corresponding sanctions; It is always recommended to be analyzing the market values under the arms legth principle and to find discrepancies with this, make the corresponding adjustments before filing the Income Tax Affidavit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

María Ana Centeno created her cabinet of curiosities and pre-Columbian antiquities during the nineteenth century. In Peru, at that time, the creation of that kind of collection was common between the elite, who were conscious of the increasing value of the pre-Hispanic cultures and antiquities. Most of the pieces of the collection were sold by María Ana's sons to the Ethnological Museum of Berlin. It was a transaction determined by the rising value of pre-Columbian pieces on the market, and also by the growing interest of travelers, scientists, and explorers in places like Peru. In that paper, it is addressed the formation of Centeno's collection, and its move from Cuzco to Berlin; all that having into account the contexts and circumstances of the time. Besides, it is made a reflection on the cultural heritage's owners, and the place where the Peruvian pre-Columbian pieces should be. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A paper published in 2019 in the journal Science concludes that Peru starred in 61 events to reduce the level of protection and size as well as to eliminate protected areas (events known by the acronym PADDD). That would place the country among those that most mistreat their protected areas. But, in Peru only one case is known. When reviewing the study methodology, it is confirmed that the authors misinterpreted the information, especially referring to national forests that in Peru have never been considered protected areas. It's seems the authors exaggerated the arguments to demonstrate the significance of PADDD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: While equity is a central concern in promoting Universal Health Coverage (UHC), the impact of social exclusion on equity in UHC remains underexplored. This paper examines challenges faced by socially excluded populations, with an emphasis on Indigenous peoples, to receive UHC in Latin America. We argue that social exclusion can have negative effects on health systems and can undermine progress towards UHC. We examine two case studies, one in Guatemala and one in Peru, involving citizen-led accountability initiatives that aim to identify and address problems with health care services for socially excluded groups. The case studies reveal how social exclusion can affect equity in UHC. Methods: In-depth analysis was conducted of all peer reviewed articles published between 2015 and 2019 on the two cases (11 in total), and two non-peer reviewed reports published over the same period. In addition, two of the three authors contributed their first-hand knowledge gathered through practitioner involvement with the citizen-led initiatives examined in the two cases. The analysis sought to identify and compare challenges faced by socially excluded Indigenous populations to receive UHC in the two cases. Results: Citizen-led accountability initiatives in Guatemala and Peru reveal very similar patterns of serious deficiencies that undermine efforts towards the realization of Universal Health Coverage in both countries. In each case, the socially excluded populations are served by a dysfunctional publicly provided health system marked by gaps and often invisible barriers. The cases suggest that, while funding and social rights to coverage have expanded, marginalized populations in Guatemala and Peru still do not receive either the health care services or the protection against financial hardship promised by health systems in each country. In both cases, the dysfunctional character of the system remains in place, undermining progress towards UHC. Conclusions: We conclude that efforts to promote UHC cannot stop at increasing health systems financing. In addition, these efforts need to contend with the deeper challenges of democratizing state institutions, including health systems, involved in marginalizing and excluding certain population groups. This includes stronger accountability systems within public institutions. More inclusive accountability mechanisms are an important step in promoting equitable progress towards UHC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Beatitudes, the promise of happiness to the poor is polemic since it is obvious that they face very hard living conditions. This paper focus on the relationship between happiness, religiousness and economic situation, poverty or wealth, in two groups of districts in Peru: the poorest and the richest ones, ie the opposite. While Luke's statement «Happy are the poor" seems to be incorrect in an empiric sense --real poor people are often less happy than rich ones--, Matthew's statement «Happy are the poor in spirit" seems to find empirical support, at least if it is understood as Gustavo Gutiérrez does. In summary, fieldwork made on surveys endorses Gutiérrez interpretation on the happiness of those who identified themselves as spiritual poor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper looks at how the origin and development of the Peruvian right wing as a neoliberal right wing between 1990 and 2020. Initially, under Fujimorism, it was authoritarian only to later become a right wing that ensured the continuity of the model but ushered it towards democracy. However, the transition remains incomplete, because neoliberal continuity has promoted a limited democracy in which although politicians represent, technocrats administrate. The corruption scandals of recent years have laid bare the model's moribundity. The present lack of alternatives means the way out is a choice between two neoliberal factions - the remnants of Fujimorism or the group that emerged during democracy. With both apparently unable to clarify the situation, a third as yet unknown actor may yet emerge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increased incidences of pipe breaks worldwide are posing a serious threat to potable water security in urban communities. The consequences may involve water loss and service interruptions, compromised water quality, infrastructure disruptions, and loss of revenue. Thus, creating failure assessment models is quite crucial to sustain water distribution networks (WDNs) and to optimize maintenance spending. This research paper aims at developing an assessment framework for water systems, as well as modeling the failure phenomena toward sustainable management of underground infrastructure. The city of El Pedregal in Peru was chosen to exemplify the methodology of the research due to the rapid pace of urbanization and growing economic activities in the region, which make water infrastructure even more critical. The framework is based on the application of modeling techniques stemming from statistical regression analysis (RA) and 3D schematic representation. First, the influential factors that lead to the deterioration of the WDNs are determined. Second, the RA technique is leveraged to evaluate and model the failure rate through consecutive simulation operations and a 3D surface plot. Finally, the efficacy of the model is investigated using different performance metrics, in conjunction with a residual analysis scheme. The validation results revealed the robustness of the model with R‐squared (R2) and the sum of squares error (SSE) of 0.9767 and 0.0008, respectively. The developed model is a predictive tool that can be used by municipal engineers as a preemptive measure against future pipeline bursts or leaks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The existing macro-historical scholarship tends to assert rather than demonstrate the wider impact of nationalism. Yet, state-sponsored national ideologies permeate the broader reaches of society to varying degrees. To investigate variations in the consolidation of official nationalism, this paper combines the content analysis of school textbooks as state-regulated and picture postcards as primarily market-driven sources. Building on this novel methodological approach, we find that textbooks published in mid-twentieth-century Argentina, Mexico, and Peru promoted a similar popular nationalism that portrayed the lower classes as "true" national subjects. However, picture postcards from the same period demonstrate that the consolidation of this official national ideology varied. In Mexico and Peru, the new state-sponsored conceptions of nationhood gained presence in public life, but they did not to take hold in Argentina. We conclude that studying the top-down nationalist messages promoted by states should not be equated with studying their ideological impact in public life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the confrontation that took place in the press --in particular, in the newspaper El Comercio- between liberals and conservatives in relation to the formation of a new Congress in 1860. This Congress had the aim of modifying the Constitution of 1856, then in force. On the basis of this analysis, it is proposed a reflection on the role of public opinion and the limits of the freedom of printing in the midnineteenth century in Peru. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article I analyze the cultural consecration of Peruvian singer Yma Sumac, that is, her aesthetic value in terms of social construction. Lately, research on cultural consecration emphasizes its increasingly interactive character, the weight that non-aesthetic criteria have in it and the relative way in which it integrates non-metropolitan propositions. In this paper, introducing the civilizational criterion allows to appreciate that cultural consecration can respond to different value regimes that are related asymmetrically, through hybrid and unstable configurations that can be at the origin of unexpected revaluations. From the revised hemerographic, musical and audiovisual materials, Yma Sumac emerges as a versatile figure of the global contemporary scene, which updates the identity projection of Peruvian folklore and the stardom of the Hollywood show, while altering them through a rarefied and residual musical performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the long-term collaboration of the Czech research group organized under the World Centre of Excellence with Peruvian experts from the National Archaeological Park of Machupicchu (Parque Arqueológico Nacional de Machupicchu). The collaboration monitored potentially dangerous slope movements at the archaeological site. This was achieved with the installation of an environmentally friendly network of dilatometric instruments, taking into consideration the strict requirements for site protection and the provision of long-term, reliable results. The 17-year-long monitoring (not continuous) identified no major hazard to the archaeological site which used to support decision of site managers to limit the entrance of tourists to the Intiwatana hill since 2019. Historical photographs of Czech travellers (from 1949, 1950, 1954, and 1961) were shared with Peruvian experts, who compared them with the oldest photos from the explorer Hiram Bingham and the most recent situation. The photographs were used to document the historical development of selected structures inside Machupicchu as well as landslide occurrences on the surrounding slopes. We think this is a good example of a successful collaboration in the adoption of a robust and reliable monitoring approach into the regular practices of the site mangers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces a new approach to the study of the exchange rate chaotic dynamics. By making an adaptation of the USA-dollar exchange rate (x-rate) in Peru to physical magnitudes, an investigation of its chaotic behavior has been executed. The state space of the exchange rate has been constructed and, it has been found that this space shows indeed a chaotic structure, resembling that of some ideal chaotic systems, but it does not get to show any strange attractor, like those found in studies of chaos based on physics models, which is justified by the fact that the factors influencing the daily price of the dollar in Peru are neither ideal nor deterministic. Only an ideal mathematical model of the x-rate, fed with deterministic data would generate the impressive orbits (strange attractors) obtained from physics ideal models. Additionally, since the rate of exchange is updated every day by the inclusion of current data, the former is far from being a dissipative system, which also justifies the absence of any attractor. Officially in Peru the x-rate is not controlled, it is rather freely floating hence, the records used to carry out the investigation this paper reports about, are real-life data which were taken from the daily x-rates along the latter five years. Due to this short term data, results are limited, however it can be concluded that the x-rate shows in-fact a rather disordered dynamics typical of chaotic systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores how one teacher working in an intercultural bilingual school in rural Peru implemented an ethic of care through three key actions: the incorporation of funds of knowledge, the focus on revitalising and repurposing Indigenous knowledge and local materials and the instruction and use of both Quechua and Spanish. The paper also examines how the focal teacher embodied an ethic of care as reflected in her relationships with students and their families. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

El Niño events are large climate disturbances which are originated within the equatorial Pacific, and occur in every 2 to eight years. The developed phase of El Niño is characterized by unusual warm waters at the ocean surface, from the coasts of Peru and Ecuador to the middle of the equatorial Pacific. This phenomenon is caused by strange weakening of the trade winds blowing westward, which allows warm surface waters to reverse their direction eastward. The climatic impacts of El Niño are amplifying throughout the planet which may show several effects on regional weather. it’s related with wide-ranging changes within the climate system and may cause prominent socio-economic impacts affecting infrastructure, agriculture, health and energy sectors. albeit El Niño appears within the region of tropical Pacific; it’s impact on the worldwide climate and weather phenomena like drought/flooding and tropical storms. the traditional status within the equatorial Pacific is modified due to the raise in greenhouse gases which in turn leads to El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) changes. we are able to assure that ENSO variations will endure and influence the worldwide climate within the coming decades and centuries. Hence, forecasting and interpreting ENSO conditions are essential to both the scientists and therefore the public. during this paper, the occurrence of El Niño and its impact on global climate and socio-economic status has been studied and reviewed from literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report the first record of the rare Koepcke's spear-nosed bat Gardnerycteris koepckeae collected outside of Peru, based on morphological and cytochrome b data. The species was found at the National Natural Park Alto Fragua Indi-Wasi, Department of Caquetá, Colombia. This record extended the species distribution 1400 km north from the northernmost known locality in Huanhuachayo, Ayacucho, Peru. This finding suggests that G. koepckeae is distributed over middle elevations along the eastern slope of the Andean-Amazonia foothills in Peru and Colombia, similar to other Phyllostomid bats, such as Vampyressa melissa and Lonchophylla handleyi. We reviewed the threatened category of G. koepckeae, currently categorized as Data Deficient (DD), according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), but considered as Endangered (EN) in recent papers. Based on this new record, we suggest that the species should be included in future assessments as Near Threatened (NT) or Vulnerable (VU) based on its wider distribution along the Andean-Amazonian foothills of Colombia, Ecuador and Peru, and probably the Orinoco slope of the Andes of Colombia and Venezuela. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ancient DNA (aDNA) analysis provides a powerful means of investigating human migration, social organization, and a plethora of other crucial questions about humanity's past. Recently, specialists have suggested that the ideal research design involving aDNA would include multiple independent lines of evidence. In this paper, we adopt a transdisciplinary approach integrating aDNA with archaeological, biogeochemical, and historical data to investigate six individuals found in two cemeteries that date to the Late Horizon (1400 to 1532 CE) and Colonial (1532 to 1825 CE) periods in the Chincha Valley of southern Peru. Genomic analyses indicate that these individuals are genetically most similar to ancient and present-day populations from the north Peruvian coast located several hundred kilometers away. These genomic data are consistent with 16th century written records as well as ceramic, textile, and isotopic data. These results provide some of the strongest evidence yet of state-sponsored resettlement in the pre-Colonial Andes. This study highlights the power of transdisciplinary research designs when using aDNA data and sets a methodological standard for investigating ancient mobility in complex societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present, Peru's agricultural sector has a shortfall of professionals, so livestock producers cannot be provided with relevant and reliable information to ensure good nutrition and care for dairy cows, which affects productivity. Milchbot is a chatbot that answers queries about the feeding and care of dairy cows based on reliable documentation. To do so, a chatbot model was designed to cover the topics of feeding, care, news and frequently asked questions for the planning, feeding and care processes about dairy cows. The model consists of a friendly interface, a dialog engine and a search engine that allows you to find and provide information from a document storage. This model was implemented employing Watson Assistant and Discovery. Milchbot was used and evaluated by 6 livestock producers and 7 zootechnicians. The results of the usability and satisfaction surveys show a high rating for both livestock producers and zootechnicians, and it should be noted that zootechnicians gave very high ratings on satisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]