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This paper delves into the complexities of assessing educational performance and efficiency in the context of education governance. We propose a novel perspective on how governing features of educational systems influence their efficiency, focusing on the key features of public bodies responsible for local education management in Peru, known as UGELs. We characterize the educational production function using three inputs: planning conditions, human resources, and accountability mechanisms; and two outputs: student achievement and educational progress. Our efficiency estimation utilizes Robust Free Disposal Hull, Robust Data Envelopment Analysis, and Stochastic Non-parametric Envelopment approaches, leveraging unique government data from 2014. Additionally, we explore potential factors like infrastructure and internet access that could improve UGELs' efficiency through conditional DEA analysis. Our findings highlight the need for nuanced methodologies in evaluating educational performance and reveal a significant gap in existing literature. This paper addresses this gap by offering a comprehensive evaluation framework, emphasizing the importance of thorough assessments for gauging educational institution efficiency. As policymakers increasingly rely on evidence-based decision-making, our research provides valuable insights that can inform and shape education policy decisions, making it a significant contribution to the field of education policy and governance. • Aim : Assessing educational performance and efficiency from governance perspective. • Focus : Local bodies (UGELs) in Peru. • Analysis : Inputs (planning, resources, accountability) & outputs (achievement, progress). • Advanced methods : FDH, DEA, StoNED & conditional DEA. • Impact : Comprehensive evaluation framework for educational governance assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peru is the world's leading exporter of organic coffee. Peruvian organic coffee is largely marketed through farmers' cooperatives which have helped small farmers transition to organic production, earn price premiums over conventional coffee, and access extension services and finance. However, rising temperatures, increasingly volatile rainfall patterns, and the proliferation of pests and diseases make organic production riskier, as organic farmers cannot rely on agrochemicals to protect their farms against production shocks. If members of organic coffee cooperatives respond to production shocks by increasing their sales to private buyers ('side-selling'), then cooperatives' financial health could be threatened through reduced bargaining power with buyers and a decrease in scale economies. This paper explores the theoretical incentives for members to side-sell in response to production shocks and gives empirical evidence of how production shocks influence side-selling using panel data from members of two Peruvian specialty coffee cooperatives in 2013 and 2015. The study period coincides with a widespread production shock – the Coffee Leaf Rust (CLR) epidemic of 2012/13 – that decimated coffee production in Peru. We find suggestive evidence that the incidence of CLR on farms is correlated with increased side-selling. Particularly, members with high risk tolerance and high levels of non-coffee income increase side-selling when affected by production shocks. This paper contributes to a growing literature on the determinants of side-selling in agricultural cooperatives by examining the role of production shocks, extending existing theoretical frameworks, and analyzing determinants using panel data methods. • Production shocks may increase organic coffee cooperative members' side-selling. • Coffee leaf rust (CLR) decimated Peruvian coffee production in 2012 and 2013. • Farmers have heterogeneous marketing responses to production shocks. • Farmers with higher non-coffee income side-sold more coffee when facing CLR. • Relatively risk-taking members increased side-selling during the CLR epidemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the origin of the theory of español costeño and español andino, focusing on yeísmo and lleísmo, on the basis of which the theory was developed at the turn of the 19th century. I argue that the early conception of español costeño and español andino has strongly influenced the kind of research we have been conducting about the geographic varieties to this day. The aim of this study therefore, is to sharpen our understanding of the former zeitgeist of research and to stimulate further 'big data'-based studies on español costeño, español andino and español amazónico, the third Peruvian geographic variety, traditionally neglected by linguistic research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Harbors located in swell dominated seas may encounter problems such as inefficient performance of breakwaters and harbor oscillations. Taking a specific sea port in Chancay Bay, Peru, as an example, the performance of a breakwater and the characteristics of harbor oscillations are analyzed by numerical simulations. The results show that the breakwater is capable of providing protection against swell and the ratio of the wave heights inside and outside the harbor is approximately 0.15. The operational efficiency and safety at berth are guaranteed according to the tolerable wave height of short waves. The reduction of infragravity (IG) waves after they propagate into the harbor is negligible. Considerable downtime may be expected according to the tolerable IG waves. Therefore, IG waves should be taken into consideration during the design of harbor layouts and mooring systems and particularly, the natural periods of the mooring systems should not be close to the periods of IG waves inside the harbor. The results of the study presented in this paper may offer reference for the design of harbour layout and mooring system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forest landscape restoration (FLR) is the intentional intervention in the forest landscape to recover biological diversity and ecosystem functions, improving human well‐being in altered landscapes. The general objective of the present study was to understand the state of the art of research that potentially contributes to FLR practices in the Amazon. We carried out a comprehensive literature review using the Web of Science platform, considering papers published between 2000 and 2020 to understand the state of knowledge on restoration strategies that support FLR in the nine Amazonian countries and the nine states of the Brazilian Amazon. We selected 362 articles that met our inclusion criteria after analyzing 1,205 articles. We found that Brazil, followed by Peru, Colombia, and Ecuador, has the largest number of published articles on FLR. Agroforestry (37.88%) and natural regeneration (30.35%) were the most common FLR strategies across all countries and Brazilian states. Most studies investigated ecological functioning (33%), vegetation structure (31%), and tree diversity (15.5%). Forest restoration strategies (forest plantation, natural regeneration, or silviculture) are reported in most studies (57.23%), in comparison to restoration strategies of agricultural lands (agroforestry systems or improved fallow; 42.77%). We found an increase in publications describing restoration strategies over time in the Amazon, especially from 2012 onwards, with a peak in 2018. Future studies in the Amazon region should address socioeconomic issues and expand the geographic scope within the Amazon, as well as the FLR strategies and the ecosystem attributes investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alpacas are native to the poor, high- altitude plains of South America. As a common breeding animal in Peru and other countries, it has been introduced to more and more countries to enrich animal species due to its high- quality camel hair, high nutritional meat and milk. Due to the unique climatic environment and geographical conditions of alpaca origin, the breeding management needs to be adjusted in different introduced countries. Chinese alpaca feed was mainly roughage, which mixed with concentrate feed and supplemented with vitamins, mineral trace elements and so on. However, the nutritional requirements of alpacas varied from region to region. In order to better prepare the full- priced pellet feed for alpaca farming, the digestive system characteristics, differences among alpacas, cattle, sheep and other common ruminants and their nutritional requirements in different countries were reviewed in this paper, so as to provide a basis for the follow-up of fullpriced pellet feed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Young people2 are more likely to migrate than older people. During the transition to adulthood, they make important choices regarding education, labour force participation, and family formation. Using a unique panel dataset on youth born in 1994–95 in Ethiopia, India, Peru, and Vietnam, this paper investigates whether young migrants are 'positively' self-selected in observable characteristics, specifically on educational attainment. First, I document patterns on prevalence, frequency, timing, reasons and streams of migration. Second, I describe the factors associated with young people's reasons for migrating. Results suggest that 'favourable' self-selection only holds for those moving for education: a year of schooling is associated with a higher probability of moving for studies, while an extra year of education is correlated with a lower probability of moving for family formation. In sum, migrants are a heterogeneous group: there are systematic differences in the characteristics across them depending on their reasons for moving. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prediction of summer precipitation in north China (NCP) has long been a challenge partly because its low correlation with previous sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies (SSTA) limits the application of SST in NCP prediction. This study aims to extract optimal predictors of NCP from the SST field using an objective method—empirically optimal screening (EOS). It finds that the optimal precursory signal of NCP lies in the change of SSTA from winter to spring rather than the SSTA itself. This study identifies two optimal precursory signs predicting a positive (negative) NCP anomaly: the anomalous SST cooling (warming) from winter to spring in the coastal area of Somalia and Peru. Interestingly, these two presummer conditions have considerable independence, but they lead to a similar summer development of La Niña (El Niño). In summer, the tropical precipitation anomaly pattern associated with La Niña (El Niño) development excites a meridional wave train over the western Pacific and the circumglobal teleconnection in the Northern Hemisphere. Both of the anomalous wave trains show abnormal high (low) pressure over northeast Asia, which induces the south (north) wind anomalies over north China and produces abundant (deficient) precipitation there. These results highlight the importance of the SST evolution from winter to spring, break through the limitation of SST application in NCP prediction, and thus bring a prospect of improving NCP forecast skills. Significance Statement: Sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies are most used as predictors in climate prediction. However, the forecast of summer precipitation in north China is limited by its low correlation with prior SST anomalies. In this paper, we find that the optimal precursory signal of north China precipitation (NCP) is not the SST anomaly itself, but the changes of SST anomalies from winter to spring in the coastal area of Somalia and Peru. These two precursory signals are almost independent yet indicate similar summer situations leading to NCP anomaly. These results highlight the importance of the dynamic evolution of sea surface temperature in improving the forecast skill of NCP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peru is an emerging nation with a nonuniform development where the growth is focused on some specific cities and districts, as a result there is serious economic inequalities across the country. Despite the poverty in Peru has declined in the last decades, there is still poor districts in risk to become extremely poor, even in its capital, Lima. In this context, it is relevant to study the incidence of extreme poverty at district levels. In this paper, we propose to estimate the quantiles of the incidence of extreme poverty of districts in Lima by using spatial quantile models based on the Kumaraswamy distribution and spatial random effects for areal data. Furthermore, in order to deal with spatial confounding random effects we used the Spatial Orthogonal Centroid "K"orrection approach. Bayesian inference for these hierarchical models is conveniently performed based on the Hamiltonian Monte Carlo method. Our modeling is flexible and able to describe the quantiles of incidence of extreme poverty in Lima. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Peru has the second-highest diversity of birds in the world, but little is known about the interactions between birds and plastic waste. To fill this knowledge gap, we searched the scientific literature, collected information from social networks such as Facebook and databases such as Macaulay Library and iNaturalist and solicited records through messaging with researchers and bird enthusiasts. We found 119 bird interactions with plastic debris involving 39 species from 20 families, with the red-legged cormorant Phalacrocorax gaimardi and the neotropical cormorant Phalacrocorax brasilianus being the most affected species. By type of interaction category, plastic waste in nests was the most abundant, followed by entanglement, capture and handling and ingestion. Ropes, nets and soft plastics such as bags were the most frequently reported types of waste. As our methodology has limitations, it is probable that other species that also interact with plastic waste have not been reported, so we recommend further study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to document the diversity of medicinal plants used by the Cashinahua people (also known as Huni Kuin) of the Curanja River, as well as describe and compare their uses with pharmacological and phytochemical records from previously published studies. The ethnic has been studied to a limited extent from an ethnobotanical perspective. The study area is located in the Ucayali region, eastern Central Amazon, where ancestral knowledge is preserved due to the limited accessibility of the region. Between November 2010 and June 2015, a total of 11 months were spent on the survey, which included a short-term visit to complete voucher specimen collection and taxonomic identification. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 10 Cashinahua traditional healers and 10 midwives. Vernacular names, ethnomedicinal uses, plant parts used and forms of preparation and administration were recorded. Ethnopharmacological, pharmacological and phytochemical uses were checked through survey of the previously published papers indexed on Web of Science databases between 2018 and 2022. We obtained data on 467 plant taxa, among which we highlighted 79 species unreported or rarely cited for medicinal use or phytochemical analysis. These species were spread over 60 genera and 42 botanical families, with Acanthaceae being the most represented. Leaves were used the most frequently (93.56%). Among the 79 species, the most reported therapeutic activities involved pregnancy and birth disorders (13.84%), followed by poisonings, infections and infestations. The predominant application form was external (87%). Our study indicates that there are locally valuable species that have not yet been studied for their medical potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clientelism, the exchange of selective rewards for votes, is fraught with commitment problems and questions remain regarding how it occurs in settings lacking strong parties. In such settings, we argue, bureaucrats can act as brokers using their own networks. Bureaucrats can use their discretionary power to cultivate reciprocal relations with voters and leverage this political capital in negotiations with politicians to secure career advancements. As brokering requires networks, we hypothesize that bureaucrats with connections to civil society are more likely to exhibit brokering behavior, and especially in localities with stronger civil society. Original survey data of bureaucrats (N =1300) in a context of weak parties, Peru's 25 regions plus the city of Lima, show that bureaucrats with connections to civil society are more likely to exhibit brokering behavior. Political and party connections are weaker predictors of brokering. The paper thus shows how locally connected bureaucrats may aid in coordinating clientelism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we describe the vegetation of Yura and its surroundings using the Braun-Blanquet phytosociological method. As a result, we report 3 new associations (Equiseto gigantei-Escallonietum angustifoliae, Pohlio longicollis-Rhodoscirpetum yurensis and Atriplici myriophyllae-Mesembryanthemetum crystallini) and 3 new alliances (Muehlenbeckio fruticulosae-Helogynion stramineae, Polypogono interrupti-Pohlion longicollis and Atriplici myriophyllae-Mesembryanthemion crystallini) of base-rich saline environments. In addition, Lycio distichi-Helogynetum stramineae is presented as a corrected name and the area of the Schino mollis-Prosopidetum calderensis association is extended to the NW. In sum, nine plant communities have been observed, among which the Pohlio longicollis-Rhodoscirpetum yurensis association is worth highlighting, as it presents a recently described Cyperaceae, associated with a bryophyte possibly recorded for the first time in southern Peru at a much lower altitude than known. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to compare the effect of ration supplementation with breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) flour and plantain (Musa paradisiaca) flour at different concentrations on weight gain in Hybrid turkeys at the farm production of Canchán, Peru during 2021. An experimental study was carried out consisting of a total of 100 Hybrid turkeys; to which breadfruit flour and banana flour were supplied, in: 10% and 20% to the turkey ration. The experimental units were randomly distributed into 5 groups where it can be observed that the greatest weight gain was in group 1 with the addition of 10% breadfruit flour. Using the analysis of variance (ANOVA), statistically significant differences were found between these study groups (p = 0.005). It was possible to conclude that breadfruit meal has a greater effect than plantain meal on weight gain in Hybrid turkeys at the Canchán production center. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large-magnitude earthquakes in northern Chile and southern Peru occur every 108 years on average. It should be noted that over 143 years since the catastrophic earthquake of May 9, 1877, any similar events were completely absent. In 2007, a 7.7 Mw earthquake occurred near Tocopilla, and in 2014 a catastrophic M = 8.1 earthquake hit Pisagua. It is believed that only part of the energy accumulated over 143 years has been released during those events, while most of it is yet to be released. Thus, we can conclude that a serious tsunami hazard exists for all coastal cities of southern Peru and northern Chile. In this paper, on the basis of the available historical data and geodynamic studies, numerical simulation of the historical catastrophic earthquake and tsunami of May 9, 1877 is carried out assuming the blockwise earthquake source configurations. We implemented 23 simulation scenarios for different kinematic behavior patterns of such a source, sequentially updating the source fragmentation to reduce the misfit between the simulated and observed wave height data. Using the proposed methodology, for each scenario, the generation of a tsunami source is simulated and the computation of wave fields up to the 5-m isobath is carried out. The results obtained are compared with historical data. Analysis of the entire set of simulated earthquake scenarios makes it possible to choose a tsunamigenic earthquake scenario with the most adequate characteristics of tsunami waves in the coastal zone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the concept of geoethics and its application in the professional practice of geosciences. Geoethics involves research and reflection on the values and principles that underpin appropriate behaviours wherever human actions interact with the earth system. It advocates for solutions to the problems of human-Earth interaction and contributes to protecting humanity and citizens in the professional field and everyday life. After evaluating the common geoethical problem in Latin America, provide examples from three South American countries: Peru, Chile and Brazil. The synergistic action of the geoscientific community in promoting a geoethical framework is discussed. The need for transparent, quantitative, rational and repeatable analyses is highlighted to ensure high professionalism in conducting studies. The importance of providing role models for young and beginning geoscientists and correctly disseminating geoscientific information to the public is further emphasized. The ability to communicate effectively is a fundamental requirement to train engineers, geologists and geoscientists capable of addressing global issues such as environmental management, geological hazards, and energy transition. Additionally, the implementation of geoethics in geological engineering and geoscience careers is proposed to promote social and environmental responsibility among young graduates and scientists starting their careers to prevent unethical professional practices and improve the visibility of geosciences and its benefits to society. The article concludes by calling for the involvement of geoscientists in public policies for the protection of geological heritage and the promotion of geoethical values, as well as the creation of a professional group to develop and promote geoscience didactics to improve educational quality in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our pilot project, Son Mis Datos (It's My Data), is among several initiatives that have arisen over the past few years to address the need for personal data literacy in an era of increasing datafication, platformization, algorithmic decision making and digital transformation. The vast majority of these projects have emerged in Europe, North America and Australia, often in the wake of the Cambridge Analytica scandal and regulatory initiatives such as the Global Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). Given this period of experimentation with community intervention, there is little clarity about what constitutes a successful personal data literacy initiative, particularly for the Latin American context, given its particular experience with digital transformation, unique tradition of communications theory, and position within the global economy. In this paper we explore and critique the goals of other personal data literacies as a foundation for our own set of evaluative criteria. We then turn these criteria on the Son Mis Datos initiative to explore the assumptions, successes and shortcomings of our initiative. The paper concludes with a set of recommendations for how to pursue personal data literacy work that is culturally relevant and grounded in the needs and perspectives of local communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ongoing choreography of extractive industries asks for a deeper appraisal about the processes and scales underpinning resource extraction. This paper unpacks how the assembly between natural gas production networks, extractivist states and local politics is anchored in resource peripheries in Peru and Bolivia through contingent schemes of value distribution. From a critical production network approach, the paper examines the transformation of resource peripheries through the transfer of natural gas rents to sub‐national governments and, more specifically, through investments in public infrastructure. Such investments embed natural gas production networks to local politics through three processes: providing an image of modernisation and progress; coopting local elites through corruption; and mobilising local labour. In conclusion, the articulation between production networks and extractivist states involves an entangled scheme of rent distribution that flows at very local levels and consolidates multi‐scalar arrangements for resource extraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gender inequality has not been oblivious to science, where the under-representation of women in the academic scope is a concern. This is a problem that requires in-depth study, especially in careers with high percentages of women such as psychology and regions such as Latin America where there is a considerable proportion of female scientific psychologists. Despite this scene, the feminine production is known to present an increase; however, it is still lower than the masculine one. This shows that women are under-represented in leadership positions, hiring and applying for grants, and financing of research projects in public health and epidemiology. Likewise, review studies on female production in psychology are scarce in Peru and Latin America. The objective of this research is to characterize the production of women researchers in psychology by type of research, area of application, leadership and subject matter. For such objectives, a total of 149 papers published by 14 women researchers recorded in Peru's National Registry of Science, Technology and Technological Innovation (RENACYT) were analyzed. Four psychologists were excluded because they did not have their scientific production declared; in addition, repeated documents and those which did not correspond to scientific documents, such as congress summaries, papers in non-indexed journals and those excluded from any database were also excluded under the PRISMA's recommendations. The results show a greater quantity of co-authorships (60.4 %), studies with empirical designs (79.2 %), of associative objective (36.2 %), correlational strategy (21.5 %) and a greater quantity of papers in the clinical and health subfield (38.9 %) and education (38.3 %). As for the subject matter, clinical disorders (23.5 %) and cognitive processes (16.8 %) appear with greater frequency. Regarding these findings, there is scientific information evidencing that empirical designs are the most usual form of research, while the theoretical ones are the opposite; at least in Latin American. Furthermore, a ranking of the 100 most eminent psychologists of the 20th century only includes two women: Mary Ainsworth and Anna Freud, ranked 98th and 100th respectively. As for the fact of finding that more than 50 % of researchers occupy the position of co-author, previous studies show similar percentages in the health field indicating an increase from 50.3 % to 55.6 % in co-authorship. Finally, there is little scientific literature about the frequent topics studied by psychologists; therefore, these results are unprecedented; however, a search in Scopus by keywords reveals that HIV is the most studied topic in Peru; a variable located in the clinical and health subfield. Likewise, another variable that appears in the search is depression, that can be included in the topic of clinical disorders. Despite these results, the study has the following limitations: firstly, feminine scientific production can be studied from diverse sources such as review of publications in a journal, presentations at a congress, production in Scopus, which can cause difficulties in contrasting results. Secondly, there are no studies on thematic analysis, which does not allow comparison with previous research and suggests taking the findings with caution because it has a more exploratory connotation, so it is recommended to continue with this type of study. In conclusion, research psychologists carry out empirical studies framed in the analysis of the relationship between variables with a lesser predominance of theoretical and manipulative, quasi-experimental or single case studies. To a greater extent, the research is clinical and based on health. The women appear as co-authors in a large percentage of studies where the most frequent subject is clinical disorder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New World households engaged in multiple forms of exchange: markets, redistribution, gifting, debt, reciprocity, and more. Determining the degree of prominence of each of these forms in ancient economies gives clues to the economic basis of leadership and the daily lives of households. A major method for inferring forms of exchange from household assemblages is Hirth's distributional approach. This paper applies the distributional approach to domestic inventories in two places where markets are unlikely: the Preclassic Maya in and around Ucí, Yucatan, Mexico; and Inka‐period settlements in the Upper Mantaro Valley, Peru. The data presented in this paper show an equitable distribution of fancy pottery among households of both high and low socio‐economic status in both areas. These somewhat unanticipated results could provoke several interpretations. At one extreme we could posit an important role for market exchange. At the other extreme, we could reject the logic of the distributional approach. This paper argues for a more circumspect track that uses additional lines of evidence to make inferences about incipient market exchange coincident with the rise of centralized leadership in the Maya area and poorly documented, possibly concealed market exchange nestled within Inka command economies. [Preclassic Maya, Inka economies, market exchange, households] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A by‐product of energy‐dispersive X‐ray fluorescence (EDXRF)‐analysis consists of using the ratios of selected X‐ray peaks to determine the thickness of multilayered objects. Three different methods were developed in the past, all because the two main K or L X‐lines from an EDXRF spectrum emitted by a chemical element have a distinct energy and are differently attenuated by an overlying layer. This specific subject has many papers dedicated, but only a few considerations were devoted to the limits of these methods, that is, the range, for example, of gold thickness that can be usefully determined by each method. This paper defines these limits in the specific case of thin gilding (with d < 1 μm). Three typical situations were considered, and the following artefacts were studied: two artefacts on gilded lead, where the gold leaf is superimposed to a white lead pigment, both in the painting "La Fornarina" of Raphael, dated 1520 AD, and in the imperial carriage of Dom Pedro II emperor of Brazil. In this last case, the white lead pigment was painted over the wood structure of the carriage; four artefacts on gilded copper, three crowns and a pendant, from the tomb of the Lady of Cao, from the Moche civilization of the North of Peru, dated around 350 AD; finally, an artefact on gilded silver, a vase from the Chavín civilization of the North of Peru, dated around 1000‐200 BC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper stresses the importance of shark fisheries at the site of Gramalote, an early Initial Period (1500–1200/1100 cal BC) fishing settlement, which has yielded the largest amount of shark remains ever reported along the coast of Peru. The article discusses fishing techniques utilized to capture such dangerous fish with limited technology. Moreover, it highlights the economic importance of this abundant source of marine food for small-scale residential settlements along the north coast of Peru. Based on current evidence, sharks may have played an important role in the domestic and community-level rituals at Gramalote. Due to the abundance of shark remains, it is suggested that the surplus of its flesh was processed in storage facilities at family level and later was traded with residential settlements for products not available on the coast. Finally, this article suggests that, during the Late Preceramic and Initial Periods, a subsistence pattern may have emerged: while the Central Coast and the Norte Chico regions relied on anchovy as one of the most important fish species for subsistence and other needs, on the north coast of Peru sharks may have played a pivotal role for daily subsistence and economic transactions at the household level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents Peru's unique experience in measuring governance through household surveys. Launched at the initiative of the authors in the early 2000s, and coordinated since then by one of them, this survey module is, to the best of our knowledge, the most ambitious (in terms of the length of series, statistical properties, ownership) ever carried out on a global scale by a national institute of statistics (INEI). The Peruvian experience has contributed to both demonstrating the validity of the approach chosen to measure governance, prior to the adoption of SDG 16 in 2015, and supporting the regular production of indicators on governance, primarily those of SDG 16. The first part provides a brief overview of the Peruvian context and demonstrates the importance of monitoring governance issues in general, and in this country in particular. In the second part, we describe the main methodological options and innovations adopted by INEI since the launch of the module. The third part illustrates the analytical potential of the approach based on a few empirical examples, while the fourth part presents various ways through which the data has been used so far and some institutional challenges faced in promoting the use of governance statistics. Finally, we conclude by drawing key lessons from this initiative and outlining prospects for the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Latin America, approximately 70 million individuals live with a disability. Although global evidence suggests that people with disabilities are one of the poorest groups and present lower employment rates, the evidence for Latin America is still weak. This article aims to contribute to the literature by estimating and analysing the levels of employment opportunity for persons with disabilities in six countries in Latin America (Chile, Bolivia, Mexico, Peru, Colombia, and Costa Rica). Using household survey data, we measure inequality of opportunities using the Paes de Barros approach and compare the probability distributions of being employed for people with disabilities according to different individual characteristics. This research makes several contributions to the literature. First, it analyses and compares the characteristics of persons with disabilities in six countries of the region. Second, it is the first paper in the region that computes and compares the levels of employment opportunities for persons with disabilities, using the Human Opportunity Index. Third, it analyses which are the main aspects contributing to the levels of employment opportunities for persons with disabilities in each of the countries. The main results of the study reveal that people with disabilities face high levels of inequality of employment opportunity compared with people without disabilities in the six countries. Peru shows the lowest disadvantage, with higher coverage of opportunities for people with disabilities. Colombia and Costa Rica were the countries where this group presents the largest disadvantages to be employed. In addition, women with disabilities and people with disabilities living in rural areas have a lower probability of being employed compared with people without disabilities. These findings reveal that policies in the region aiming to include this group in the labour market have not been effective, and there is a necessity to guarantee the proper labour inclusion of this group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This papers aims the unconstitutionality of articles 142º and 181º of the Political Constitution of Peru, regarding the irreversible and unchallengeable nature of the resolutions issued by the National Election Jury, through the legal institution of electoral protection, whose main purpose of challenging the final decisions of said electoral body against violations of citizens' political rights, such as political participation in electoral acts, due to the processes of registration of candidacies for the election of positions of popular mandate, in the counting process and in the proclamation of results, as well as in the registration process of political organizations. For this, we will expose, in the light of the interpretations of legal philosophy, the seven most important constitutional rulings of the Constitutional Court in matters of electoral protection, understood as a human right to free choice, which must be respected by all. It concludes on the relevance of the control of constitutionality before the actions of the National Election Jury, always having as its north the legitimate and legal practice of elections, as a guarantee of protection of the constitutional and democratic rights of all individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper estimates hybrid TVP-VAR-SV models suggested by Chan and Eisenstat (2018a) to identify and quantify the impact of fiscal shocks on GDP growth in Peru between 1995Q1–2018Q2. According to Bayesian criteria, the best models exhibit time-varying dynamics, but not necessarily in all parameters. Considering this result, our findings suggest that: (i) fiscal shocks are significant in the whole sample according to impulse response functions, forecast error variance decomposition and historical decomposition of GDP growth; (ii) tax revenue shocks are the least important and their impact is model dependent; (iii) expenditure shocks are relevant drivers of GDP growth; and (iv) expenditure multipliers, mainly for capital spending, have been growing over the last 20 years. We recommend constant revision of estimated fiscal multipliers and suggest that, in following years, fiscal policy in Peru should be mostly driven by capital expenditure. • Estimates hybrid TVP-VAR-SV models to measure impact of fiscal shocks on GDP growth in Peru (1995Q1-2018Q2). • Expenditure shocks are relevant drivers of GDP growth. • Tax revenue shocks are the least important and their impact is model dependent. • Expenditure multipliers, mainly for capital spending, have been growing over the last 20 years. • Several robustness exercises reinforce the validity of the main results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interest in the literature on tourism destination sustainability has grown notably in recent years, underlining the need for a greater strategic commitment by hospitality and tourism firms (HTFs). However, it is necessary to understand why certain firms develop a greater sustainability orientation (SO), delving into how the relational factors determine the SO of HTFs, which has been demanded, but not addressed. The aim of this paper is to analyze the mediating role of absorptive capacity in explaining the influence of bonding capital and bridging capital on the SO of HTFs in destinations. The empirical study was developed in a sample of 238 HTFs in Peru. Specifically, we focused on the UNESCO-recognized World Heritage Cities, which include the historic centers of Lima, Cusco and Arequipa. Using Partial Least Squares (PLS) to analyze the results, we found that bonding capital has a direct effect on SO and a mediating effect through absorptive capacity. Bridging capital has no direct effect, influencing SO only through absorptive capacity. Thus, we highlight the importance of absorptive capacity as a key element that drives social capital, especially the bridging dimension, towards a higher SO. Managers of HTFs should combine relationships with agents inside and outside the destination to reinforce their strategic commitment to sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research paper, we have modelled the tsunami source of the 1970 Peruvian earthquake. The rupture geometry (of dimensions 150×75 km2) was obtained from the aftershocks distribution. The fault plane geometry was divided into 2 subfaults: the biggest (of 112.5-km length to the northern side) of normal fault plane and the smallest (37.5-km length to the south) of reverse fault plane, due to the seismic event had a complex rupture process. The slip was constrained from the tsunami waveform amplitudes and seismic moment using an iterative approach method, since a data inversion is impossible due to the scarcity of available tsunami data. The simulated vertical deformation field has a particular pattern, it is composed of 4 lobes of alternated uplift and subsidence, the maximum subsidence was 38 cm, and the maximum uplift was 57 cm. We have obtained a seismic moment of 8.92× 1020 Nm and the corresponding moment magnitude was Mw 7.9. The maximum slip was calculated in 1.59 m (reverse fault) and 1.32 m (normal fault). The simulated maximum tsunami height was 93 cm at Salaverry and 73 cm at Chimbote stations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study describes and analyzes the state of research on cocoa cultivation in administrative and socioeconomic areas in Latin America during the last five years. The research is descriptive, for which we proceeded to identify the location of the research articles considering the following criteria: filter by publication, filter by keyword and filter by topic. The results allow us to observe that after a filtering of 50 articles, the database was made up of 31 papers. It was known that 74.42% of the publications are published in regional impact databases (Latindex, DOAJ, Scielo and Redalyc) and in a lower order with 22.58% in global impact databases (SCOPUS and WEB_OF_SCIENCE); Likewise, it was determined that the most frequent lines of research are that of productive processes of cocoa cultivation in Latin America in 70.97% and in 29.03% socioeconomic aspects; It was possible to show that Ecuador leads the investigations in this area by 54.84% and to a lesser scale countries such as: Colombia, Mexico, Peru by 22.58%; 12.90%; 9.68% on your order. It is concluded, despite the fact that important research contributions have been made in the production processes of cocoa; It is important to analyze the economic and financial part of this crop in order to provide the small and medium producer of this crop with strategies that help improve their quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is estimated that more than 200,000 women were sterilised without giving free, prior and informed consent in Peru between 1996 and 2000 during the Fujimori regime. This paper places forced sterilisation within the frameworks of precarity and reproductive justice to understand policies that legitimised the violation of women's rights irrespective of the type of political regime: forced sterilisations during a dictatorial regime and denial of access to sexual and reproductive rights during a period of democracy. Through document analysis, this paper examines narratives around sterilisation and reproduction produced by policymakers, political and religious leaders and health care practitioners during these two political periods. This paper shows the continuity of the struggle that marginalised populations face in exercising their reproductive rights in the context of symbolic and structural inequalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Regional Archive of Cusco in Peru guards valuable history collections with exceptional regional and international value dating from the sixteenth century to the present. Historical manuscripts are part of the identity of all people; they constitute a tangible cultural heritage that must be studied, valued, and protected. In this sense, the objective of this research was to identify the chemical compositions of inks and paper, with the goals of setting the background of their originality, identifying relationships between them, and glimpsing antecedents that generated degradation due to the compositions of the inks. This study is the first of its kind in Peru and reveals the chemical elements present in the writing ink, the seal, and the paper of five documents from the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Duplicate in situ nondestructive analyses were carried out using a hand-held X-ray fluorescence spectrometer under ambient conditions in soil mode, configured with three sequential shots, and energies from zero to 40, 40, and 15 keV, respectively. The elements S and Fe were present as components of iron gall inks. Cu and Zn were less abundant; probably, they provided less corrosion and more color intensity to the inks. The minor elements Pb, As, and especially Ag in all manuscripts differentiate them from European inks of the same period. Additionally, the five documents reflect the same elemental compositions but with different concentrations. This could mean that writers used local raw materials and Spanish ink recipes. Finally, the analyses of standard reference material, SRM 1646a and SRM 196b, gave results with acceptable precision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the development of the notion of archaeological heritage in nineteenth-century Peru, within the historical and socio-political processes that led to its rise as a modern nation-State. Unlike the many studies locating the origins of the basic principles and praxis of heritage in the early twentieth-century’s intersection of Peruvian archaeology and nationalism, this study argues instead that this period marked a major landmark in the course of several processes that had begun in the nineteenth-century. Throughout the early years of the republic, heritage, here conceived as a social cons.truct and as a process, underwent a formative century from three different perspectives: nationalism, the modern scientific outlook, and the role of tutelary institutions. This study concludes identifying two major foundational moments of archaeological heritage in contexts of nationalist enthusiasm stirred by political and intellectual elites: the rise of the Peruvian State (1821-1824) and the aftermath of the War of the Pacific (1879-1884). The paper likewise acknowledges that the origins of heritage and its political nature cannot be understood outside processes closely connected with modernity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is dedicated to study the forest and the impact of its use in the native community of Chamiriari in the province of Satipo, Peru. The adequate forestry use of the forests in the area would allow the efficiency in the timber industry and therefore mean an economic improvement, in addition to reducing ecological damages and preserving the cultural wealth of the native Chamiriari people who inhabit the area. That is why the statistical study of how timber resources are exploited in this area of Peru was necessary. For this, plots that serve as a sample were randomly selected to study the trees distribution in Satipo. One drawback found is that due to the number of plots studied and the extension of them it is difficult to count exactly how many trees exist, even on how much land is not planted, that is why the technicians who carried out the data collection were asked to express the data in the form of intervals, where imprecision is included, but the accuracy is preserved. This way of representing the data needs to be processed with the use of Neutrosophic Statistics, which is the extension of the theory of classical statistics to cases where data or parameters are available in interval forms. The results obtained will make it possible to increase the efficiency of timber industry with a minimum of ecological damage and respecting the way of life of the Chamiriari community. It is the first time to the authors’ knowledge that a study of this kind has been carried out in the province of Satipo. We concluded that the studied plots which are “non-intervened” or with few of cut out trees, have more variety in tree quality and economical interest in comparison with the “intervened” plots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents an integrated framework of success and failure factors of agricultural cooperatives and its applicability based on a review of recent literature and an illustrative case study. We identify six categories of success and failure factors: the societal environment, quality of management, strategy, member base, commitment, and product aspects. Contrary to expectations that failure factors mirror success factors, the framework shows that the two represent distinctive features in at least some of the distinguished categories. The analysis of an agricultural cooperative in Peru, selected and presented as an illustrative case study, shows the applicability of the framework for the analysis of success and failure factors of cooperatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The literature on Quechuan languages describes the enclitics =mi and =chi as markers of evidentiality, with the former indicating direct evidence and the latter marking conjecture or inference. In this paper, I argue that in Conchucos Quechua they can be better characterised as markers of two degrees of assertional force, which the speakers use for common ground management purposes. For this, I present an analysis of semi-controlled conversational data under the question-under-discussion model of discourse structure. Additionally, I offer a preliminary version of how these functions could be formalised in such a theoretical framework using the model of the Table. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate is a powerful driver of agricultural and natural systems, and spatial climate datasets are currently in great demand. This is especially true in the Arequipa Department of Peru, a region with low seasonal precipitation, remarkable topographic variability, and significant water demand in a highly managed water system. This paper presents the Arequipa Climate Maps (ACM) datasets, a high resolution (1 km) spatial 30‐year (1988–2017) climate dataset for the Arequipa Region, in Peru. Four interpolation methods, and combinations of those methods, were tested to produce 30 years of daily precipitation, maximum and minimum air temperature: Ordinary Kriging (OK), Thin Plate Splines (TPS), Regression Kriging (RK), and Regression Thin Plate Splines (RTPS). The mixed method RTPS‐TPS and RTPS using locally fitted polynomial and potential regressions were found to best represent the spatial variability of precipitation and daily extreme temperatures, respectively, and helped compensate the bias resulting from the lack of weather stations at higher elevations. These methods were then selected to create the ACM dataset, which contains climate maps of 30‐year annual and monthly climate normals (ACM–Normals) and 30 years of annual, monthly, and daily climate maps (ACM–YMD). In addition, insights on weather station gap filling in mountainous areas and bias corrections for avoidance of anomalous precipitation and to assure consistency between annual, monthly and daily data are presented, together with discussion about the quality and limitations of the dataset, and its comparison with other datasets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the traditional knowledge on the management of stingless bee colonies and the use of honey by Indigenous and non-Indigenous communities of the department of Loreto, in the Peruvian Amazon. Semi-structured interviews and collection of voucher bees were carried out from June to August 2016 and from November to December 2017. The informants were selected through intentional non-probabilistic sampling (snowball sampling). During the study, 21 communities were visited, of which some of the community members in thirteen communities kept stingless bees. A total of 17 species of stingless bees are reported as used in the communities for either rearing or harvesting of honey from the forest with Melipona eburnea being the most common species. The way communities classify, manage, and use bees depends on how they perceive these insects, informed by knowledge processed and incorporated from other communities. In these communities, they use honey and pollen, with honey being the main product. Fourteen health conditions are treated with honey, with the most treated conditions being related to respiratory ailments, fertility, and reproduction. The study provides a basis for incorporating stingless bees into conservation and sustainable production policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Motivation: Latin America has witnessed massive increases in production and consumption of chicken meat over the last 60 years and well beyond its share of the developing world's population. Chicken is now a major source of livestock protein in regional diets; leads livestock production in 25 out of the region's 33 countries; production, slaughtering, and sales provide millions of jobs. Purpose: To analyse growth rates for chicken meat in Latin America, why they have differed, how the role of innovation and development policies contributed to bringing about this growth, in turn leading to the patterns of governance of these activities today. Methods and approach: This study used a modified value chain framework along with FAO statistics, national data, published and unpublished studies to analyse macro‐level developments and their linkages to shifts in the organization of activities in the value chain for chicken from pre‐production through to consumption and trade from past to present. Findings Different natural resource endowments, demographics, and dietary preferences combined with frequent innovations and an array of policy measures led to a spectacular surge in output and productivity, lower costs, and facilitated a steady rise in consumption. As part of that growth, these activities became increasingly concentrated in Brazil, Mexico, and Peru and within those countries in a few very large firms. Their operations expanded in the value chain beyond the farm gate, across the region, and in some cases around the world. Policy implications: This paper has implications for greater transparency in grower contracts, better working conditions for slaughterhouse workers and bird catchers, more environmentally and bird‐friendly chicken production, accelerated adoption of practices as per Principles for Responsible Investment in Agriculture and Food Systems in the value chain for broilers in Latin America and the Caribbean, and improved enforcement of laws and regulations governing the technical and financial operations of value chains for chicken, along with renewed collaboration among government authorities to that effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we develop a novel framework aimed to significantly reduce biases related to marine stratocumulus clouds in general circulation models (GCMs) while circumventing excessive computational cost requirements. Our strategy is to increase the horizontal resolution using a regionally refined mesh (RRM) over our region of interest in addition to using the Framework for Improvement by Vertical Enhancement (FIVE) to increase the vertical resolution only for specific physical processes that are important for stratocumulus. We apply the RRM off the coast of Peru in the southeastern Pacific, a region that climatologically contains the most marine stratocumulus in the subtropics. We find that our new modeling framework is able to replicate the results of our high-resolution benchmark simulation with much fidelity, while reducing the computational cost by several orders of magnitude. In addition, this framework is able to greatly reduce the long-standing biases associated with marine stratocumulus in GCMs when compared to the standard-resolution control simulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) are considered a cross-cutting tool that contributes to meeting the global challenges set out in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). However, in many countries, there is still a significant connectivity gap between cities and rural areas. Using a case study approach and the Digital-for-development paradigm proposed by Heeks, this paper explores an innovative strategy for addressing the rural connectivity gap and examines its impact on the SDGs. The model under analysis is the Rural Mobile Infrastructure Operator (RMIO). The specific case analyzed is the first company operating under an RMIO figure and offering services in underserved rural areas of Peru. The results show that the RMIO strategy primarily contributes to some specific targets of SDGs 3, 9, and 17. Key stakeholders can use the methodology and results of this study to develop strategies to address the connectivity divide and promote the achievement of the SDGs in rural contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the potential association between two geographic indicators, distance and altitude, with the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) for 1,874 district in Peru by using the National Census of 2017. We investigate whether higher altitude or longer distance is associated with higher MPI values. For this purpose, we use the distance of each district to three different potential spaces of reference. First, we use the shortest distance to the metropolitan area of Lima; second, the shortest distance to the capitals of coastal departments; third, and finally, the shortest distance to the sea. We obtain three relevant results. First, we find evidence that altitude is statistically significant and positive associated with variation of MPI among districts. Second, the distance with respect to the sea appears to be more relevant to explaining differences in MPI than the distance to the Metropolitan area or coastal departmental capitals. Finally, we find evidence of spatial externalities of MPI across districts which also seem to be stronger than the direct effect of altitude and distance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing number of claims filed by Indigenous peoples against pollution caused by extractive industries makes the challenge of factualizing and measuring the damage caused in their territories necessary. In Peru, the Kukama Kukamiria people are among the most affected by the various spills from the North Peruvian Pipeline since its construction, one of the most well-known occurred in the lower Marañón River in 2014. This paper is about the efforts and limitations involved in aligning the Kukama Kukamiria's experiences with the criteria and frameworks for measuring damage and compensation amid the toxic environment and the complicated time and space of late capitalism. Based on ethnographic research and considering the judicial processes, the analysis found that compensation became a tool of dispute in which incommensurable Indigenous worlds emerged to claim for their incommensurability to exist. But in the Peruvian neoliberal and extractive context, compensation also became a technique for governing Indigenous lives and natures in a way that excludes those worlds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cuisine is a powerful reflection of social and cultural identity. This paper reconstructs culinary change and continuity on the pre-Hispanic north coast of Peru as a window into ancient experiences of collapse and conquest. Using archaeological data from three sites in the Jequetepeque Valley between 600-1500 CE, I identify points of change as well as persistent patterns in how rural farmers procured, prepared, and consumed daily meals. By considering the nature and timing of changes, I suggest that daily meals may have been a site of resistance and an expression of local cultural identity in the past. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Cruz Verde site, located on the north coast of Peru, has a preceramic mound formed between 4.200-3.800 BC. This paper presents the results of a zooarchaeological analysis of the macro remains excavated from this mound to identify changes in faunal use and its characteristics of the Archaic period. There is a distinct difference in the two phases, from the phase CV-Ia, when marine mammals, seabirds, and fish are used equally, to the phase CV-Ib, when cartilaginous fish, mainly Carcharhinus sharks, are used intensively. The ecological and biological habits of the fish species that increase during phase CV-Ib suggest that the intensive resource exploitation in the estuarine brackish waters began. Referring to the data reported from other sites on the North Coast, the cartilaginous fish use tradition is a characteristic of the North Coast of Peru at least from Archaic to Formative period. On the other hand, the excavated cartilaginous fish taxonomy shows that there are differences in the fish species used in the Archaic and Formative periods. It can be pointed out that there are variations in the cartilaginous fish use tradition on the North Coast. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the potential market opportunities and challenges facing the commercialization of wastewater aquaculture systems in Peru. Peru produces large volumes of wastewater that can be reused to produce fish. However, the long-term sustainability of wastewater aquaculture value chains requires an understanding of consumer preferences and perceptions about product, market and institutional factors. We focus on the role of consumers in wastewater fish value chains and their preferences for different quality and regulatory attributes. The study utilizes data from a field survey conducted in Lima, Peru. A multi-stage stratified sampling technique was used to interview 443 households. A choice experiment was conducted as part of the data collection. Fish attributes analyzed included price, certification, and source. Data on households' health and environmental perceptions, and trust in regulatory institutions were also collected. The empirical results indicate that household perceptions about the quality of wastewater fish differs by marketing source. We find a strong preference for direct marketing channels. We also find that concerns about the safety of wastewater fish is at the forefront of household considerations. Willingness to pay for wastewater fish was positive but lower than wild and freshwater fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the role of the Peruvian State in the management of social conflicts in Peru, during the last ten years (2010-2021), through a bibliographic review of articles from indexed journals and documents from institutions linked to conflict management in Peru, coming to the conclusion that the Peruvian State only ten years ago institutionalized an instance of intersectoral coordination for conflict management and this has undergone changes, for its part, of the 24 regional governments, only four have created a specialized instance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Probiotics in allergic rhinitis (AR) have shown improvement in clinical and quality of life scores, whereas the role of synbiotics in the treatment of AR has been poorly investigated. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical efficacy of synbiotics in children with AR. Methods: An observational, prospective cohort study of pediatric outpatients with AR from a private medical center in Peru (2021) was conducted. At baseline, patients who were prescribed synbiotics during routine and those who were not (controls) recruited and followed up on Days 30, 60, and 90 of follow‐up. Clinical efficacy was assessed with differences in Visual Analogous Scale (VAS), Total Nasal Symptom Score (TNSS), Rhinitis Control Assessment Test (RCAT), and the Pediatric Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaire (PRQLQ) scores between groups at follow‐up. Mean differences ± standard deviation (SD) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) are reported. Results: Two hundred and fifteen participants were analyzed. Compared to controls (n = 115), those who used synbiotics (n = 100) had significantly lower VAS (mean difference 1.3; 95% CI: 0.8–1.8), TNSS (mean difference 1.1; 95% CI: 0.5–1.7) and higher RCAT scores and PRQLQ scores (mean difference 2.2; 95% CI: −3.3 to −1.2) and (mean difference 7.0; 95% CI: 3.1–10.9), respectively, at Day 90 of follow‐up Conclusions: This paper reports significant improvement in clinical (VAS, RCAT, TNSS) and quality of life (PRQLQ) scores of small and large sizes, respectively. These preliminary findings support the need of future trials to assess the role of synbiotics in children with AR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 30 years of commercial relations between Colombia and Peru within the framework of their different integration processes, this article aimed to analyze the Colombian companies that boost bilateral trade with Peru. The study reveals the companies and the main goods traded, the study was developed from the theoretical perspective of economic integration and the concept of South-South trade, through a predominantly quantitative method, with 300,692 data obtained from the interface of the National Statistical System (SEN) fed by the Tax and Customs Directorate Nationals (DIAN) during the last 5 years, 24,651 export operations and 18,305 import operations were obtained. Within the findings, the Colombian companies that export the most, those that import the most, and those with the highest volume of trade are categorized. The industry with the highest business participation is the hygiene and personal care sector, which ranks 5 companies out of the 10 with the highest commercial volume with significant exchanges in essential oils, chemical preparations, plastic, and paper manufactures. Regarding their size, it was found that 100% They are large multinational companies, with more than 50 years in the market. Of the 10 most representative companies: 2 are Colombian, 2 Peruvian, 4 American and 2 European. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the self-determined motivation among a group of young from an academic program of the National University of the Altiplano of Peru who use Facebook as a platform for collective construction of knowledge. The objective was to determine the level of self-determined motivation of students in learning activities. A mixed approach, qualitative and quantitative, was adopted. A Likert questionnaire and a semi-structured interview were carried out with 15 student volunteers. The results showed that the mean of intrinsic motivation prevails over that of extrinsic motivation and amotivation. Also, the use of Facebook fostered an increase in self-determination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complex and colorful textiles of ancient Peru have long been a focus of technical study, particularly to characterize the sources of the wide variety of dyes utilized by these Andean artisans. This manuscript describes the characterization of the dyes of both primary (red, blue, and yellow) and secondary (purple, orange, and green) colors sampled from textiles spanning five major civilizations: the Paracas Necropolis, the Nazca, the Wari, the Chancay, and the Lambayeque, all from Peru. All but the Paracas Necropolis samples were part of technical conservation studies of the ancient South American textiles collections of the Michael C. Carlos Museum. Analysis of the dyes was carried out utilizing direct analysis in real time time-of-flight mass spectrometry (DART-MS) and paper spray MS. To validate these ambient ionization MS methods, the samples were further investigated using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with ultraviolet-visible diode array detection (DAD). These results show that ambient ionization MS methods are simple and fast for characterization of the general classes of dyes, e.g., plant reds vs. insect reds, and indigoids in blues and greens. Due to the myriad possible sources of yellow dyes and their tendency to undergo oxidative decomposition, positively identifying those components in these yarns was difficult, though some marker compounds and flavonoid decomposition products were readily identified by ambient ionization mass spectrometry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]