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The European Respiratory Society (ERS) Research Seminar entitled "Pulmonary vascular endothelium: orchestra conductor in respiratory diseases - highlights from basic research to therapy" brought together international experts in dysfunctional pulmonary endothelium, from basic science to translational medicine, to discuss several important aspects in acute and chronic lung diseases. This review will briefly sum up the different topics of discussion from this meeting which was held in Paris, France on October 27-28, 2016. It is important to consider that this paper does not address all aspects of endothelial dysfunction but focuses on specific themes such as: 1) the complex role of the pulmonary endothelium in orchestrating the host response in both health and disease (acute lung injury, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, high-altitude pulmonary oedema and pulmonary hypertension); and 2) the potential value of dysfunctional pulmonary endothelium as a target for innovative therapies., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest: J.A. Barberà has received personal fees (for acting on advisory boards, consulting and speaking) from Bayer, Actelion and GlaxoSmithKline, and institutional grants from Bayer, Actelion, GlaxoSmithKline and Pfizer, outside the submitted work. P. Bärtsch has received personal fees for lectures from Novartis, Permamed AG, MSD and Mundi Pharma, and personal fees for consultancy from Bayer AG, outside the submitted work. P. Dorfmüller has received personal fees from MSD and Actelion, outside the submitted work. M.T. Gladwin has a nitrite-related patent broadly relevant to pulmonary hypertension with royalties paid. M. Humbert has relationships with drug companies including Actelion, Bayer, GlaxoSmithKline, Novartis and Pfizer. In addition to being an investigator in trials involving these companies, relationships include consultancy service and membership of scientific advisory boards. O. Sanchez has received personal fees from BMS, grants, personal fees and nonfinancial support from MSD, Actelion and Bayer, grants from Portola and Daiichi Sankyo, and personal fees and nonfinancial support from Chiesi, outside the submitted work. L. Savale has received grants, personal fees and nonfinancial support from Actelion, MSD and Bayer, and grants and nonfinancial support from GlaxoSmithKline, outside the submitted work. M.R. Wilkins has a patent ZIP12 as a therapeutic target pending., (Copyright ©ERS 2018.)