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Study established that best method to propagate Jatropha curcus plant is via sapling rather than seed germination in agroclimatic conditions of Lahore, Pakistan having suitable temperature range. Moreover efficiency of drain water (DW) was compared with canal water (CW) and ground water (GW) on physical growth parameters, seed contents and seed oil quality of J.curcus. Impact of water quality was also assessed on the soil quality in terms of electrical conductivity (EC in dSm-1), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP). A significant increase in Plant height, stem diameter, number of branches, number of fruit balls, 100 seed weight, fresh seed weight per plant and %age oil yield was observed where DW was applied followed by CW and GW. Proximate analysis indicated the statistically high protein and carbohydrate contents of seed from plants irrigated with DW. However, there was no conspicuous variation in ash contents (%age) and moisture contents (%age) of seed. Similarly positive effects of DW were came out for peroxide value (PV),free fatty acids (FFA), conjugated dienes and conjugated trienes of seed oil. However, water quality did not depict any noteworthy impact on iodine value of seed oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We checked the validity of Ricardian Equivalence Hypothesis in Pakistan by using structural consumption and saving function. By using ordinary least square method we checked the restrictions of Ricardian equivalence hypothesis that has been rejected by the vale of Wald test. The Engel-Granger causality approach explored uni-directional causality between Government Debt & Private Consumption and Government Debt & Private Saving whereas Bidirectional Causality exists between Government Budget Deficit & Private Saving. Hence, we concluded that fiscal policy is effective in case of Pakistan because Ricardian Equivalence does not hold in Pakistan that indicated the policy makers to use fiscal policy as a stabilizing policy of the economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]