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The current research work is an attempt to apply the basic geological procedures, methods of geological mapping, surface and subsurface interpretation and restoration of balanced and retrodeformed cross sections from the Nizampur basin, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The work also includes the documentation of several surface structural features, i.e., anticlines, synclines and different types of folds and faults exposed in the vicinity of study area. Four central thrust faults were recognized named as Kahi Thrusts along the cross sections. These thrust faults carried the older sequences of rocks over the younger sequences in different portion along the measured cross section. The folded and faulted rocks in the area show that stratigraphic framework comprises of Eocene, Paleocene, Cretaceous and Jurassic succession of rocks. There are Eocene rocks existing in the extreme South of the mapped area with addition of older Cretaceous and Jurassic succession and contains simple and large-scale folds, faults and back thrust. Two structural transect were mapped which encounter different folds and faults, i.e., X-sections AB oriented NS and CD oriented NE-SW. Restoration of the structural transects was calculated and assumed that at the formation of Main Boundary Thrust, the study area was exposed to the tectonic forces which prognosticated 19.5% shortening in rock sequences from Jurassic to Eocene succession along the measured cross section A_B. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The novel Coronavirus (Covid‐19) crisis has dealt a severe blow to the global manufacturing industry. Simultaneously, it has paved the way for organizational learning and revision of its plans. It is, therefore, important to investigate organizational learning based on individual learning, as organizations only learn through individual learners. Based on the theories of action and dynamic theory of organizational knowledge creation (KC), this study proposes a serial mediation model where KC underlying mechanisms through organizational learning culture (OLC) such as acquisition of information (AOI), interpretation of information (IOI), behavioral and cognitive changes (BCC) have facilitated organizational performance (OP) during Covid‐19. Data have been collected from 610 randomly selected employees in the manufacturing firms of Pakistan. To test the study hypotheses, we used SPSS macro PROCESS (Model‐6 with three mediators). The study results suggest the serial mediation effect of IOI, BCC, and KC on the AOI–OP relationships under single‐, double‐, and triple‐loop learning viewpoints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To compare the frequency of patients with successful trial of voiding without catheter after acute urinary retention secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia in patients taking ketoconazole and tamsulosin vs tamsulosin alone. Study Design: A quasi-experimental study. Place and Duration of Study: Urology Ward, Liaquat National Hospital, Pakistan, from Jul 2016 to Jan 2017. Methodology: A total of 162 patients presenting with acute urinary retention were divided into two groups. Group A received tamsulosin 0.4mg OD and ketoconazole 200mg while group B received tamsulosin and placebo. Trial of voiding without a catheter was induced after one week of medication. Results: In group-A, 69 (85.2%) of patients were able to void as compared to group B, where only 60 (74.1%) of patients were able to void (p=0.05). Successful trial of voiding without catheter was observed in 64 (79%) and 49 (60.5%) in patients of group-A and group-B respectively. The association of successful trial of voiding without catheter with the two study groups was found significant (p=0.010). Conclusion: Trial of voiding without catheter in men catheterized for acute urinary retention due to benign prostatic hyperplasia was significantly more successful if treated in combination of ketoconazole and tamsulosin as compared to tamsulosin only. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines whether ownership structure improve the financial reporting quality. We built on two different econometric techniques including Feasible Generalized Least Square (FGLS) and Panel Corrected Standard error Model (PCSE) by using a sample of 150 non-financial firms listed on Pakistan Stock exchange for the period of 2008- 2017. The results propose that institutional ownership and as well as managerial ownership are negatively related to real earnings manipulation, which implies that both these types of ownership structure act as a best monitoring mechanism in reducing real earnings manipulation and thus enhancing the financial reporting quality. Whereas, state ownership and family ownership are positively associated to real earnings manipulation, which suggest that family and state ownerships engage in real earnings manipulation and thus reducing the financial reporting quality. Overall results supports the alignment hypothesis, entrenchment effect and efficient monitoring hypothesis of the agency theory. The results of the study provide practical implication for investors and policymakers in understanding the role of ownership on financial reporting quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates and highlights the factors differentiating professional investors from retail investors, causing overall deficiency in overall investors' knowledge about Exchange Traded Funds at Karachi Stock Exchange. Participants to the study are Authorized Participants, including brokers listed under the regulations of Karachi Stock Exchange Guarantee Ltd. Currently, out of 200 listed brokers 50% were conveniently selected as participants to this study. Likert scaled questionnaires were floated to have their responses. Mean response to all examined variables was more than 3 which lead us to the understanding that all participants were somehow agreed that there exist knowledge deficiency in Pakistan's ETFs market. Among all factors ranging from SECP Regulations, KSE Regulations to Trading Strategies, on average the factor, Trading Strategies with highest mean response of 3.34 indicated that respondents were more confident about deficiency of knowledge in Trading Strategies at KSE and Authorized Participants or investors at KSE has to consistently develop and improve the existing level of knowledge. Participants' consistency levels about knowledge deficiencies in all variables (i.e. overall investors' knowledge, SECP Regulations, KSE Regulations and Trading Strategies) have 10.53%, 10.37%, 13.21% and 15.56% coefficients of variations respectively. This shows that participants' responses were more consistent about the deficiency in understanding SECP regulations followed by investors' overall knowledge. Spearman's Correlation coefficient for all independent variables at 5% significance level with P-value < 0.5 were (knowledge deficiency in SECP Regulations r =0.547, deficiency in KSE Regulation r =0.533, knowledge deficiency in understanding ETFs Trading Strategies with r =0.536) found statistically significant. Hypotheses for significance influence of independent variable on dependent variable were also tested to support the findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Osteoarthritis is the most common form of arthritis worldwide and progression of arthritis may lead to secondary complications. Osteoarthritis is the degradation of joint tissues from the effects of injury, grinding sensation and inflammation. There are three main systems of medicine including allopathic, homeopathic and herbal system for the treatment of osteoarthritis. Plants are the basis for traditional medicine which is still widely practiced today. The objective of the present study is to find out the complaints and secondary complications in patients of osteoarthritis on allopathic, homeopathic and herbal system of medicine. This study was conducted in Karachi from January 2019 to January 2020. Allopathic, Homeopathic and Herbal practitioners were consulted in the study (n=600, with= 200 in each study group). Data was analyzed by SPSS 22 version. Finding of the study suggest that after the treatment with allopathic medicines orthopaedician, family physician or rheumatologist / internal medicine specialist, there was no significant difference in complaints (Chi-square =0.598, p=0.742). Moreover, there was no significant difference in complications (Chi-square = 0.039, p=0.981). While treatment with homeopathic medicines either by orthologist or family physician significant difference in complaints were observed (Chi-square =4.86, p=0.027). The patient visiting family physicians have higher number of complications than orthologists. While treatment with herbal medicines either by orthologists or family physician there was significant difference in complaints. (Chi-square =5.404, p=0.020). The study reveals that there is no significant difference of complaints and complications in allopathic systems of medicine when treating osteoarthritis, while it is significant for homeopathic and herbal medicine.

Background: Acute renal failure (ARF) is a syndrome characterised by rapid decline in glomerular filtration rate and retention of nitrogenous waste products such as urea and creatinine. The objective of this study was to study the prevalence, risk and outcome of women with obstetrical renal failure., Methods: This observational study was conducted in Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Liaquat University Hospital, Hyderabad, Pakistan from October 2009 to September 2010. Thirty-five patients with obstetrical acute renal failure were included in the study, patients with chronic renal diseases, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and renal stones were excluded from the study. A detailed history was followed by thorough examination and investigation. Their clinical history, physical examination and intake/urine output was recorded. Routine laboratory investigations were done related to each case and specialised investigations like renal scan, renal ultrasonography and renal biopsies were performed in selected cases where recovery was delayed for more than 3 weeks., Results: Total numbers of admissions in obstetric ward were 3,285. Pregnancy related acute renal failure was found in 35 (1.065%) women. Age ranged from 18-40 years. Most of the women belonged to age group 30-35. Out of 35 women 31.42% had postpartum haemorrhage. Ante partum haemorrhage was found in 25.71%, Eclampsia in 17.14%, DIC in 14.28%, and sepsis in 11.42%. Anuria was observed in 25 patients, remaining presented with oliguria (28.57%). Haemodialysis was done in 75% of patients, others were managed conservatively. Complete recovery was observed in 53% cases. Maternal mortality was 25.71% and foetal mortality was 22.85%., Conclusion: Pregnancy related ARF is one of the most common causes of ARF, it is a dangerous complication of pregnancy which carries very high mortality and morbidity.

Objective: To determine the frequency of Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma in different age groups. Early diagnosis of Primary Open Angle Glaucoma can prevent irreversible damage to vision., Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted at the Abbasi Shaheed Hospital, Karachi from 2005 to 2006. A total of 149 glaucoma patients between the age groups of 30 to 70 years were included. Primary Open Angle Glaucoma was diagnosed on the basis of glaucomatous optic nerve damage, abnormal visual fields and optic disc cupping with or without elevated intra ocular pressure with open-angle on gonioscopy SPSSv.8 was used for data entry and descriptive analysis., Results: The total patients in less than 40 years of age group were 2 (1.34%), in 41-50 years age group were 29 (19.46%), in 51-60 years of age group were 47 (31.54%), and in 61-70 years age group were 71 (47.65%)., Conclusion: The results show that there is a high frequency of primary open angle glaucoma among people over age of fifty years. Therefore this population in particular, should be monitored carefully for open angle glaucoma, as early diagnosis and therapy may decrease visual morbidity.

Objective: To determine the frequency, predisposing factors and maternal and foetal outcome of uterine rupture., Methods: This descriptive case series was conduced at the Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Liaquat University of Medical & Health Sciences, Jamshoro from January 2008 to December 2008. All cases of ruptured uterus, who were either admitted with this complication or who developed it in the hospital, were included in the study. Patients having ruptured uterus due to congenital abnormality were excluded from the study. Demographic data, details of predisposing factors, type of rupture, the management, maternal and foetal outcome were taken into consideration for analysis. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 10.0., Results: The total number of deliveries during the year January to December 2008 was 2010. There were 15 cases (0.74%) of uterine rupture. Out of these only three (20%) were booked. Most of the patients (60%) presented between the ages 26-30. Majority of uterine rupture occurred in para 2-4, (53.33%). Common cause of uterine rupture was prolonged neglected obstructed labour. Previous caesarean section scar was found in 41.66%. Anterior uterine wall was involved in 60% of cases. Rupture was complete in 73.33% of cases. Hysterectomy was performed in 53.33%. There were three maternal (20%) and 11 intrauterine deaths (73.33%). Live birth rate was 26.66%., Conclusion: This study showed that prolonged neglected obstructed labour is the main cause of uterine rupture followed by scarred uterus. Proper antenatal care and updated training programmes for health care providers is the need of time to prevent this catastrophic but avoidable complication.

Background: Infections with hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) can lead to chronic liver disease and hepato-cellular carcinoma (HCC). This cross-sectional study estimated the prevalence and identified risk factors associated with Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and HCV antibody (anti-HCV) sero-positivity among children 1 to 15 years of age., Methods: The study targeted the low to middle socioeconomic population that comprises 80% to 85% of the population. Consent was obtained from parents of the eligible children before administering questionnaire and collected a blood sample for anti-HCV and HBsAg serology., Results: 3533 children were screened for HBsAg and anti-HCV. 1826 (52 %) were males. 65 (1.8 %) were positive for HBsAg, male to female ratio 38:27; mean age 10 +/- 4 years. 55 (1.6 %) were positive for anti-HCV with a mean age 9 +/- 4 years. 3 (0.11%) boys were positive for both HBsAg and anti-HCV. The overall infection rate was 3.3 % in the studied population. Hepatitis BsAg was more prevalent in subjects who received therapeutic injections 45 (69.2%) positive [Odd Ratio OR = 2.2; 95% Confidence interval CI: 1.3-3.6] inspite of using new needle and syringe 44 (67.7%) positive [OR = 2.2; 95% CI: 1.3-3.7] and vaccination in the government healthcare facilities 46 (70.7 %) positive with [OR = 3.0; 95% CI: 1.4-6.4]. These factors were not significant in anti-HCV positive cases., Conclusion: There is a need to educate general population regarding HBV and HCV infection and risks associated with inappropriate therapeutic injections. Hepatitis B vaccine should be administered to all newborns regardless of maternal HBsAg status.