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Deltas are landforms that are formed at the regions where a river meets an ocean. When the freshwater of a river joins the saline water of an ocean, a transitional state of water is obtained. This zone of transition varies on the quantity of freshwater entering the ocean and the quality of both waters. Indus River is facing severe challenges due to climate change which has resulted in reduced water flow in the river. Consequently, seawater intrusion takes place which causes coastal erosion, stunted mangrove growth, and the narrowing of the river towards the seaside. The groundwater in the deltaic regions is unfit for drinking which forces an increased reliance on surface water. Sindh Province of Pakistan, particularly the coastal regions, suffers from severe water quality problems, affecting approximately 41% of the population. The population of this region is deprived of good-quality water for their daily use. This research aims to evaluate the physiochemical parameters of water in the Indus River to identify the zone of salinity inundation and determine safe zones for accessing surface water in the Indus Delta in the Sujawal district. Water samples were collected from Khobar Creek, ending in the Arabian Sea in the areas of Shah Bandar and Kharo Chan at an approximate interval of 5 km. These samples were analyzed for various physical and chemical properties. Properties were compared spatially to develop a relationship between distance and quality of water. Results indicate that the values of dissolved solids in collected samples are between 21,450 and 900 mg/L, pH was between 6.66 and 7.63, conductivity of the samples varied from 33,000 to 1385 µS/cm, acidity values were between 921.14 and 399.84 mg/L, hardness was in the range of 3654 to 192 mg/L, and the turbidity was in between 21 and57 NTU. It was revealed from the results that seawater is having a severe influence upto 15 km from the mouth of the creek in which not a single parameter except the pH was complying with WHO recommendations. In the interval of 15 to 30 km, some properties of water were complying with WHO recommendations, while some of them were deviating from the limits. It has been concluded that turbidity was improving while going toward the ocean, while Total Dissolved Solids, hardness, and chloride concentrations were increasing as water was getting closer to the sea while pH was found almost unaffected. The findings emphasize the need for addressing environmental degradation, social hardships, and economic challenges caused by these water quality issues. Ultimately, the quality of water is crucial for various activities specifically for drinking purposes, and its suitability for specific purposes is of utmost importance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study is conducted to investigate the impact of macroeconomic variables on the export earnings of the Pakistan. The time series data were taken from WDI. Auto Regressive Distributed Lagged Model is used. The results indicate that GDP, Exports and FDI have positive and, Inflation and Imports have negative impact on dependent variable. The long and short run stability of ARDL model is analyzed with the help of CUSUM chart, shows stability of the Model. Granger Causality Test show unidirectional causality between Exports and FDI, Exports and GDP and Imports and FDI. It is concluded that determinants have strong and significant impact on dependent variable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fears appeals are widely used by marketers to change consumer attitudes and behavior across different categories. The effectiveness of fear appeals may vary across different cultures and product categories. This research undertakes how culture influences consumer response to fear appeals of high-involvement products such as an automobile between Pakistani and Finnish Consumers. Educating people on road safety and car manufacturers using fear-based messages to elicit efficacy and fear among individuals is important. This research paper examines the effects of fear-based messages on consumers’ product attitude, Ad attitude, and buying intentions in the automobile industry across Finland and Pakistan. Both countries vary significantly in cultural orientation-Feminism vs Masculinity. The study uses a 2x2-independent group’s factorial design showing two levels of fear- Low-High. A total of 120 participants were recruited from both countries, 60 from each country diving into four sub-groups. Two-way ANOVA findings reveal a significant difference between the two groups regarding their feelings/emotions towards the fear-based message. However, empirical results indicate a non-significant impact of fear-based appeals on the two groups’ brand attitude, Ad attitude, and information-seeking and purchase intentions. The study has important implications for marketing professionals using fear-based messages under different cultural orientations a significant difference between the two groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is significantly related to food companies due to its prominent impact and greater dependency on the environment, economy, and society (triple bottom line — TBL). The CSR-related threats and opportunities' scale are shifting from single companies to networks and supply chains of the food sector. In this regard, this study empirically evaluates CSR initiatives by using Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) and Matrice d'Impacts Croisés Multiplication Appliqués à un Classement (MICMAC) methodology. So to develop an ISM–MICMAC-based framework, at first, CSR initiatives were chosen from existing literature with experts' advice. Later, MICMAC analysis results showed that "employee trainings and workshops" and "employee welfare and empowerment" are significant CSR initiatives that could help CSR's integration in the food sector of Pakistan, whereas CSR initiatives "community betterment" and "contribution towards economic development" proved least significant in the model. This study recommends that food sector firms should promote employee-based strategies in the firms. Moreover, the empirical findings of this study help to better understand CSR initiatives and their role in the implementation of CSR in the food sector of developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the recent era, energy management practices (EMPs) have gained significant importance in developed countries, due to their cost efficiency and the potential to protect the environment. However, developing countries are not particularly serious about adopting and implementing sustainable construction practices, due to the different barriers that hinder them from doing so. Therefore, the complete adoption of effective EMPs is still at the initial stage. The objective of this study is to identify the barriers to EMPs adoption, in the construction sector of Pakistan. Initially, the barriers were identified from the earlier studies and screened by the fuzzy Delphi method (FDM). These screened barriers were then evaluated through the ISM. The results of the ISM show that there happens to be a "lack of communication and collaboration among project stakeholders," "attitudinal, cultural and behavioral resistance to adopt EMPs", "lack of top management support and interest in energy management issues," "no condition for implementing EMPs on construction site," and "lack of financing schemes to implement energy management technology," as the top barriers to EMPs adoption in the construction projects pertaining to Pakistan. Thus in this regard, this study empirically contributes to EMPs literature that is based on the developing countries and supports the policymakers in developing appropriate strategies to reduce energy consumption in construction projects—especially in developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is a common notion that front of pack label guide individual for the selection of healthy and right amount of packaged food. The inconsistent results found in past studies. In continuation with current study proposed a model which is underpinned with theory of planned behavior. The proposed model comprised of factors affecting individual attitude to read food label at point of purchase like traffic lights efficacy, health claim efficacy and user friendly label efficacy, whereas direct impact of subjective norm and self-efficacy was also investigated. Moreover, the personality traits were investigated as moderator. The data collected from three renowned retail outlet of Pakistan named; Al-Fatah, Hyperstar and Metro Cash and Carry. For the in depth study mixed method was used. Therefore, for quantitative date the cross-sectional data was collected with convenience sampling technique using adapted questionnaire whereas for qualitative analysis unstructured questions used for detail interview. The sample size for quantitative analysis was 1146 and for qualitative data 32 interviews were conducted. The results revealed that user friendly label efficacy and health statement efficacy insignificant effect in direct relation whereas full mediation observed with label reading attitude. In contrary to that traffic lights label efficacy has insignificant effect in both direct and indirect relation. Subjective norm and self-efficacy have significant impact on individual intention for healthy food selection. In addition to only two personality traits like; agreeableness and conscientiousness moderated between label reading attitude and intention. The current study implies that consumer education regarding nutrients is necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

DNA barcoding is very effective tool in discriminating plants. Parasitic plants are responsible for destruction of plant locality. Arceuthobium oxycedri is a major cause of decline of Juniper forest Ziarat. There was no record of molecular data regarding this species in NCBI and GENBANK. Three markers i.e. RbcL, ITS-2 and Mat-k are used globally to obtain molecular data. CTAB method is used to extract DNA of eight A.oxycedri leaves from different areas of Sasnamanna, Ziarat. RbcL PCR amplification is 100% while Mat-k and ITS-2 were not amplified. RbcL discriminated Arceuthobium oxycedri at genus level as there is no data available in GENBANK and BOLD. 11 SNPs and 3 gaps found when compare A.oxycedri with Arceuthobium azoricum. In this research we have found that RbcL is much better primer than Mat-k and ITS-2 for identification of Arceuthobium oxycedri. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

GUAR is a drought tolerant, summer annual legume, well adapted to arid and semi-arid regions of Pakistan. Guar gum is important product which is obtained from guar seed and has worldwide uses in different industries. Therefore, there is a dire need of evolution of new high yielding, short duration and early maturing varieties of guar. Keeping in view the above facts, Agricultural Research Station, Bahawalpur is conducting research to develop new varieties. The present newly developed variety BR-21 (strain name S-5823) is high yielding, short duration, non-hairy with a wider range of adaptability. Yield data (grain yield) were collected from the guar varietal performance trials conducted over eight consecutive years (2011-2020). This strain performed better when evaluated/tested in 7 different yield performance trails including commercial variety as a check from year 2013-2018. The BR-21 also performed excellent in the agronomic trials (Sowing date, fertilizer requirement, row spacing, and irrigation levels) compared to check variety in different years of study. Finally, it is concluded that BR-21 is a non-hairy and very easy to harvest than previous guar varieties. It contains high gum contents (34.9%) than check variety. It is high yielder, early maturing and requires very low inputs. It is comparatively resistant to insect pests and diseases. It is short duration variety, therefore, wheat, raya, chickpea and other Rabi crops can be sown well in time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An editorial is presented in which the editor focuses on to honor academic contributions done nationally for dental profession and promote dental education in Pakistan. Topics discussed include need to start Postgraduate Fellowship and other University based Masters Programs in Dentistry in the country; establish Dental Practice Act and form separate dental council to address dental profession needs and steps to emphasize on prevention of oral health occupational hazards.

Objective: To study the effects of timing of vitrectomy performed for open-globe injury patients on the thickness of retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL). Methods: A total of 120 patients with traumatic optic neuropathy (TON) were selected and divided into a treatment group and a control group by random draw (n=60). Vitrectomy was performed within one week upon injury for treatment group and after one week for control group. The thickness of RNFL was observed by optical coherence tomography. Results: All surgeries were conducted successfully, without severe complications. The best corrected visual acuity of treatment group surpassed that of control group one month after surgery, and treatment group had an obviously higher overall effective rate (95.0%) than control group did (81.7%). The incidence rate of postoperative complications in treatment group (6.7%) was significantly lower than that of control group (28.3%) (P<0.05). Logistic multivariate regression analysis showed that vitrectomy timing and postoperative complications were independent risk factors of prognosis (P<0.05). Both groups had significantly thinner RNFLs one week after surgery (P<0.05), and treatment group almost recovered within one month (P>0.05). Conclusion: Early vitrectomy effectively augmented the visual acuity of patients with TON, decreased complications, affected RNFL thickness reversibly, and improved prognosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pharmacistepatient association is a decisive component in improving health care system. To offer patient centred services, the pharmacists need to fully understand patients' perspectives and views to meet their needs and expectations. Purpose: To evaluate patients' perception of pharmacist and pharmacy practice in Pakistan. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted between July and September 2012 on patients attended out-patient clinic in a teaching hospital of Pakistan. By using raosoft sample size calculator, questionnaires were distributed to a sample of 376 patients. Questionnaire included different section which evaluated the demographic information, frequency and reason of interaction, perception and choice of pharmacy. Statistical analysis was done by using SPSS (v.17). Results: A total of 301, out of 376, surveys returned giving a response rate of 80%. 51.8% (n = 156) participants interacted with pharmacist on regular basis. The major reasons of interaction were drug alternative and drug availability queries (41.5%, n = 125 and 26.2%, n = 79). The finding also showed that 84.1% (n = 253) of participants agreed that pharmacists are important part of health care system. Interestingly, all the patients (n = 301) either agreed or strongly agreed that discount was the major influencing factor on their choice of pharmacy. Conclusion: The patients' perception of pharmacist in Pakistan was generally positive but their understanding is very primitive as majority of the patients are unaware of pharmaceutical care services. However, they are more devoted to witness such services being practiced in Pakistan. This transition in practice could be brought into certainty by proactive involvement of pharmacists in community setup. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Renal failure and its consequences like renal osteodystrophy is a challenge for developing countries like Pakistan. The current study was aimed to evaluate the levels of serum calcium in patients with renal failure so that renal osteodystrophies could be avoided in these patients. Methods: Total ninety subjects of both genders visiting Sheikh Zayed Hospital Lahore were selected randomly. Sixty subjects were clinically diagnosed patients of renal failure. Thirty subjects, clinically normal for kidney functions, were included in the study as control. These were classified in different age/gender based groups. Blood samples from the patients and control were analyzed in an auto-analyzer for serum calcium, serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen. Results: Serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen values were statistically significantly higher in the renal failure patients compare to normal subjects. Serum calcium levels were significantly lower in patients with renal failure as compared to normal subjects. Conclusion: It was concluded that positive correlation exists between serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen. A negative correlation exist between serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen and serum calcium levels in all group of patients with renal failure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Chronic kidney disease is a major health problem in Pakistan. Serum creatinine is the most common test used to assess renal function. This study was aimed to evaluate the levels of β2 Microglobulin and creatinine in individuals with different levels of renal function and to see the correlation between these biomarkers. Material & Methods: Total subjects included in the study were 88; 50 males and 38 females, of 30-60 years age, selected randomly from Sheikh Zayed Hospital Lahore. Creatinine clearance was calculated from serum creatinine and 24 hours urinary volume and urinary creatinine for all study subjects and they were divided into 4 groups on the basis of creatinine clearance. Results: Serum and urinary β2 Microglobulin levels were found to be raised in both male and female patients of all groups, while serum creatinine levels were in normal range in patients with creatinine clearance above 60 ml/min. Both β2 Microglobulin and serum creatinine levels were increased in parallel with the severity of renal disease. It was found that serum and urinary β2 Microglobulin had a positive correlation with serum creatinine in all groups. β2 Microglobulin showed negative correlation with creatinine clearance in all groups. Conclusion: β2 Microglobulin correlates more closely with different levels of renal functions. It shows positive correlation with serum creatinine and negative correlation with creatinine clearance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Punjab the most populous and industrialized province of Pakistan consumes greater fraction of imported and domestic chemicals. Punjab's share in production of various industrial chemicals including caustic soda, soda ash, sulfuric acid, fertilizers and papers during year 2006-07 was 95.2%, 100 %, 46%, 70% and 96.3% respectively. Condition of chemical disaster management both in industrial establishments and government sector, vis-à-vis to trained staff, emergency response equipments is not satisfactory. A top to bottom commitment to address the threats posed by chemical disaster in form of administrative infrastructure, disaster management plan, agreed roles and responsibilities under legal cover is necessary. Amongst 35 districts of Punjab, 14 districts are prone to chemical disaster. Out of these, 10 districts are densely populated and about 90 human settlements in radius of about 1.5-2 Km in close vicinity of major industrial units engaged in dealing with hazardous chemicals. Whereas remaining 4 districts have increased trend of industrialization and will require short term administrative measures for their sustainable urban and industrial development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To create virtual patients as an educational tool to determine their feasibility and effectiveness in clinical problem solving., Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of the Study: The Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, from 2018 to 2021., Methodology: Prototype virtual patients were developed at the Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, for medical trainees. Articulate Storyline 360 software was used for creating clinical encounters. Undergraduate students and postgraduate trainees were selected using purposive sampling to practice on these virtual patients (VPs). They were asked to provide feedback on the construction and usefulness of virtual patients as a learning modality., Results: Two VPs were created and used. The geriatric VP was used for the assessment of final-year students. Twenty-five students gave detailed feedback after completion. Most (90%) agreed that the VP provided realistic scenarios and improved clinical reasoning. Almost five identified the need to improve navigational instructions. The pediatric VP for postgraduate trainees was well received. Almost 90% reported that it facilitated learning and improved knowledge and clinical reasoning. There was a 30% increase in post-test scores, supporting it as an adjunct resource for clinical learning., Conclusion: Virtual patients can be easily created using local disease patterns to make learning more contextual. They enhance clinical reasoning and decision-making in a safe learning environment.   Key Words: Medical education, Virtual patients, e-learning.

This study contemplates the factors that influence consumer intention, before and during the eruption of COVID-19, for the selection of healthy packaged food in Pakistan. The extant studies have identified two distinct attitudes of consumers about food label information: one is its usefulness and the second elucidates the avoidance. Hence forth, the current study contributes to the extant literature while signifying both reasons which motivate consumers to read food labels and reasons which discourage consumers from consult food labels at the point of purchase. Moreover, the impact of subjective norms and self-efficacy for healthy packaged food intentions has also been examined for both before the emergence of COVID-19 and during the spread of COVID-19. The underpinning of the proposed model has been justified by the behavioral reasoning theory. The cross-sectional data of 14,455 students has was collected from 10 universities through Microsoft Teams and Zoom. AMOS 21 was employed for the final analysis. The results indicate that before COVID-19 the subjective norms and self-efficacy were not the stimulating factors for the selection of healthy packaged food. On the contrary, during the COVID-19 outbreak, the subjective norms and self-efficacy divulged a significant effect. Moreover, the reasons to consult food labels are positively significant whereas the reasons to avoid food labels have negatively affected the consumer, both before COVID-19 and during COVID-19 outbreak, while endorsing healthy packaged food. Conclusively, COVID-19 has been proved to be a deterrent for unhealthy packaged food lovers while being a blessing for healthy packaged food.

Objective: To highlight the prevalence and epidemiology of New Delhi metallo-ß-lactamase-1. producers in pus samples., Methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted from April to August 2018 at the Biotechnology Laboratory, Balochistan University of Information Technology Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta, Hi-tech Laboratory, Centre for Advance Studies in Vaccinology and Biotechnology, University of Balochistan, Quetta and Microbiology Laboratory, Bolan Medical Complex Hospital, Quetta, Pakistan. Biochemical and molecular approaches were used for the identification of the isolates and Modified Hodge Test for the phenotypic detection of class-A carbapenemase activity. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration was performed using E-test and broth microdilution method. Molecular basis of carbapenemase activity was ascertained by the recognition of blaNDM-1 gene in the isolates., Results: Of the 300 pus samples taken from surgical/burn units, 6(2%) blaNDM-1 harbouring isolates were found; 3(50%) each being Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Klebsiella. pneumoniae isolates were extensively drug-resistant. The Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates displayed resistance against 21 antibiotics of tetracyclines, quinolones, b-lactams, aminoglycosides, monobactams, sulphonamides, macrolides, cephalosporins, phosphonic acid and polypeptide groups, suggesting pan-drug resistance., Conclusions: The resistance pattern of the bacterial isolates poses a significant clinical threat in the region.

Objective: To assess and compare the dimensions of spiritual wellness as elements of quality care in medical students of private and public medical universities., Methods: The cross-sectional study was carried out at private and public medical universities in Karachi from November 2013 to January 2015.Students from both genders and all ethnic groups19-23 years of age were included. The responses of spiritual wellness were obtained and evaluated on a four-point Likert's scale; score ranging from 0-3. Data was analysed using Predictive Analysis Software version 18., Results: Out of 736 students, 286 (38.9%) were from public medical universities and 450 (61.1%) were from private-sector institutions. Students of both types of universities were aware of the concept of spiritual wellness but the level of awareness needed scaling up. Public-sector students had a stronger will, were more physically and mentally alert, more compassionate, empathetic and enthusiastic about their relationship with patients than their private-sector counterparts (p<0.05). They used spiritual wellness as a coping strategy to deal with difficult situations through religious activities. Though attentive listening was a predominant feature in both groups, the use of communication skills required particular attention to improve the element of compassionate care., Conclusions: Empowerment of spiritual wellness is more likely to enable medical students to be more compassionate towards their patients and strengthen doctor-patient relationship.

Introduction: Stress among medical students induced by academic pressures is on the rise among the student population in Pakistan and other parts of the world. Our study examined the relationship between two different systems employed to assess academic performance and the levels of stress among students at two different medical schools in Karachi, Pakistan., Methods: A sample consisting of 387 medical students enrolled in pre-clinical years was taken from two universities, one employing the semester examination system with grade point average (GPA) scores (a tiered system) and the other employing an annual examination system with only pass/fail grading. A pre-designed, self-administered questionnaire was distributed. Test anxiety levels were assessed by The Westside Test Anxiety Scale (WTAS). Overall stress was evaluated using the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS)., Results: There were 82 males and 301 females while four did not respond to the gender question. The mean age of the entire cohort was 19.7 ± 1.0 years. A total of 98 participants were from the pass/fail assessment system while 289 were from the GPA system. There was a higher proportion of females in the GPA system (85% vs. 59%; p < 0.01). Students in the pass/fail assessment system had a lower score on the WTAS (2.4 ± 0.8 vs. 2.8 ± 0.7; p = 0.01) and the PSS (17.0 ± 6.7 vs. 20.3 ± 6.8; p < 0.01), indicating lower levels of test anxiety and overall stress than in students enrolled in the GPA assessment system. More students in the pass/fail system were satisfied with their performance than those in the GPA system., Conclusion: Based on the present study, we suggest governing bodies to revise and employ a uniform assessment system for all the medical colleges to improve student academic performance and at the same time reduce stress levels. Our results indicate that the pass/fail assessment system accomplishes these objectives.

Background: Coronary artery bypass grafting and percutaneous coronary intervention are revascularization options for significant coronary artery disease. While international data support the use of coronary artery bypass in high-risk groups, regional data on outcomes in these groups are rare. We conducted a retrospective study to determine the outcomes of patients undergoing coronary artery bypass for left main and multivessel disease., Methods: Two thousand eight hundred and fifty-one patients undergoing coronary artery bypass at the Aga Khan University Hospital from 2006 to 2013 were included; patients undergoing redo surgery were excluded. Demographic data, comorbidities, angiography findings, in-hospital complications, one-month and one-year follow-up were analyzed., Results: Of the 2851 patients, 568 had left main disease (group 1) and 2283 (group 2) had multivessel disease (≥2 vessels excluding the left main). Group 1 had significantly more chronic lung disease, cardiogenic shock, and congestive heart failure than group 2 (p < 0.001); 50.6% of patients were diabetic and 71.8% were hypertensive. Mortality was 5.1% and 2.2% during hospital stay, 6.5% and 2.6% at 30 days, and 6.7% and 2.7% at 1 year in groups 1 and 2, respectively., Conclusion: Our comparable results and international data advocate revision of the current practice of using percutaneous coronary intervention over coronary artery bypass in the developing world. Institutional results are essential to determine the outcome of coronary artery bypass in high-risk populations with a high burden of diabetes and hypertension. We noted increased complications and mortality in patients with left main rather than multivessel disease., (© The Author(s) 2014 Reprints and permissions: sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav.)

Objective: To identify the frequency of different types of oral clefts and presence of known risk factors among patients., Methods: The retrospective review of 292 patients, presenting with oral clefts between 1992 and 2011, was conducted at the Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi. A pre-designed questionnaire was used to collect details, including demographics, type of cleft, presence of known risk factors, surgical details, and follow-up visits. SPSS 16 was used for data analysis. Chi-square test and analysis of variance was used: whenever applicable., Results: Of the total, 168 (57-53%) patients had cleft lip with or without cleft palate, and 124 (42.5%) had cleft palate alone. The most common defect was left-sided complete cleft lip and palate and midline incomplete cleft palate in the two groups respectively. Consanguinity among the parents was found to be the most common risk factor (n = 50; 17.1%). Median age of repair was 4 months for cleft lip and 10 months for cleft palate in the first group. For the other group, the median age of primary repair was 13 months. First-week follow-up after surgery was 50% (n = 84) for the lip repair, and 65% (n = 81) for palate repair., Conclusion: Our review revealed that most patients had cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P). The most common risk factor was consanguinity among parents. Delay in seeking care, low follow-up rates after surgical repair of the anomaly and lack of involvement of speech therapist and orthodontist was observed.

Background: The present study was carried out to see the levels of vitamin C, vitamin E and total antioxidant (AO) in Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) patients with and without Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). In various previous studies it has been reported that, diabetes, hypertension and smoking are risk factors for CHD and all risk factors were common in these patients., Methods: Serum was tested from 80 CHD patients and 21 healthy controls, matched for age, height, and weight., Results: No significant difference was seen between the age, height and weight of the subjects and controls. CHD patients were mostly male, smokers, over 40 year of age and belonging upper class families. The mean plasma glucose was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in CHD patients having T2DM as compare to CHD patient with out T2DM. Risk factors for CHD, like diabetes, hypertension and smoking were common in these patients. No significant difference was seen in vitamin C level of patients of CHD. Vitamin E level was significantly (p < 0.05) low among the CHD patients as compared to controls and a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in mean vitamin E level was observed among smoker CHD patients as compared to non-smoker CHD patients. But no significant difference in vitamin C and vitamin E levels of CHD patients with diabetes and hypertension were observed when compared with CHD patients having no such complaints. The CHD patients' total antioxidant level was significantly (p < 0.05) decreased as compared to controls., Conclusion: The total AO (Vit. C and E) were not significantly higher in CHD patients with hypertension and diabetes as compared to those patients of CHD having no hypertension and diabetes.