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Objective: To evaluate the role of artificial tear treatment on central corneal thickness in patients with dry eyes coming to a tertiary care eye hospital. Study Design: Quasi-experimental study. Place and Duration of Study: Tertiary Care Eye Center, Armed Forces Institute of Ophthalmology, Rawalpindi Pakistan, from May to Nov 2022. Methodology: The study included central corneal thickness of 210 eyes (n=210) of 110 patients with dry eye disease measured before and after treatment with continuous use of artificial tear drops one month apart, patients were diagnosed on the presence of symptoms such as burning, dryness, pain, irritation, grittiness followed by slit lamp examination for marginal tear meniscus(<0.25mm) or absent, tear film BUT of <10 seconds, Schrimer test 2 of <6mm after 5 minutes and ocular surface staining score of >1 with fluorescein. Central corneal thickness was measured using corneal topography (Galleli G6 Ziemer). Results: A total of two hundred and twenty eyes of 110 individuals having dry eyes were included in our study. Median CCT before treatment with artificial tears was 522(75)pm while median CCT after 1 month treatment with artificial tears was 547(22.25)pm this showed a percentage increase of 3.79% in central corneal thickness after one month treatment with artificial tears (p-value <0.001) therefore treatment with artificial tears was significantly associated with an increase in central corneal thickness in dry eye disease. Conclusion: Central corneal thickness is substantially related to dry eyes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the relationship of serum Vitamin B12 and serum Homocysteine levels with Pseudo Exfoliation Syndrome. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Ophthalmology, Armed Forces Institute of Ophthalmology, Rawalpindi Pakistan, from Jun to Nov 2022. Methodology: We included 55 individuals with unilateral Pseudo Exfoliation Syndrome without glaucoma and 50 healthy individuals as controls. All participants were subjected to the assessment of serum Homocysteine levels by high-performance liquid chromatography and Vitamin B12 levels by chemi-luminescent enzyme immunoassay. Results: Thirty-two (58.18%) individuals out of 55 with unilateral Pseudo Exfoliation Syndrome had increased serum Homocysteine levels (>5umol/L). Of these 32, 25(78.12%) individuals had moderately high serum Homocysteine levels, while 7(21.87%) had severely high serum Homocysteine levels. Twenty-six (47.27%) out of 55 individuals with Pseudo Exfoliation Syndrome had decreased serum Vitamin B12 levels, while the rest 29(52.72%) had normal-range serum Vitamin B12 levels. In comparison, 7(14%) had reduced serum Vitamin B12 levels, while the rest, 43(86%), had normal serum Vitamin B12 levels. Conclusion: Our study showed that raised Hcy levels were present in individuals with PXS without glaucoma and reduced serum Vitamin B12 levels. Assessment of Hcy level in individuals presenting with PXS may be undertaken as it is a known risk factor for vasuclopathies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the frequency of positive Toxoplasma, Rubella, Cytomegalovirus, Herpes Simplex virus and Syphilis serology in patients with bilateral congenital cataract and their correlation with different type of cataracts and age groups. Study Design: Cross sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, Armed Forces Institute of Ophthalmology, Rawalpindi Pakistan, from May to Dec 2022. Methodology: Data was collected by a single investigator on Microsoft Excel sheet including patient's age, gender, mode of delivery, consanguinity of parents, and type of congenital cataract, results of TORCH Screening and Presence or absence of amblyopia. TORCHS screening comprised of serum IgM and IgG levels for Toxoplasmosis, Rubella, Cytomegalovirus, Herpes Simplex virus and Syphilis. Results: A total of 134 patients reported to our institute with bilateral congenital cataract during the study period. Out of them 56 patients had positive results of TORCH screening (41.7%) Out of total 56 patients with bilateral congenital cataract testing positive for TORCH, 30(53.6%) were male while 26(46.4%) were female. Age range was from 1-17 months (9.2±4.2 months). Lamellar cataract was the most common cataract type in our study sample 16(28.6%). Conclusion: In patients with bilateral congenital cataract positive TORCHS serology was most frequent. Serum Rubella IgM followed by Rubella IgG was positive in most cases. Most common age of presentation in our study was from 4-7 months. Furthermore, lamellar cataract followed by nuclear cataract was the commonest cataract type. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]