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This study was designed to investigate the amino acid profile, vitamin B complex, and bioactive properties present in recently cultivated rye variants in Pakistan. The four rye variants, named as Gp 1, Gp-2, Gp-3, and Gp-4, were procured from the Forage and Pulses section of AARI Faisalabad. The rye samples were ground into flour using a hammer-type 120-ton laboratory mill. For the analysis of amino acids, vitamin B complex, phenolic constituents, alkylresorcinols, and lignin, standard HPLC and GC-MS methods were employed following the extraction with appropriate reagents. The results revealed that among the rye variants, Gp-2 showed the highest content of vitamin B complex, with thiamin at 252.33 μg/100 g, niacin at 397 μg/100 g, and pyridoxine at 99 μg/100 g. Pantothenic acid (246.70 μg/100 g) and ascorbic acid (470 μg/100 g) were found in the highest concentrations in Gp-3. The riboflavin content of Gp-1 was 84.40 g/100 g, while the folate content of Gp-4 was 24.40 g/100 g. In terms of phenolic compounds, the range of chlorogenic acid content ranged from 86.70 to 92.43 mg/kg, p-coumaric acid from 2.70 to 5.40 mg/kg, gallic acid from 64.70 to 97.10 mg/kg, caffeic acid from 16.90 to 25.90 mg/kg, and coumaric acid from 218.10 to 228.40 mg/kg. In conclusion, Gp-2 observed as the most nutritionally rich and bioactive variant, distinguished by its high essential amino acids, vitamins, and other bioactive components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent trends in medical education demand practicing physicians to be competent in playing multiple roles. Life-long learning skills underpinned by research & scholarly activity will enable them to play these roles adequately. Therefore, the introduction of structured training in research during early undergraduate years is pivotal. This would enable trainee physicians to develop essential skills; the institutions will grow in terms of visibility & ranking; the trainers and supervisors will be satisfied in terms of research productivity and, most importantly the patients will benefit in terms of improved clinical outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A good chunk of factors affect the economic growth and distribution of income of the economy. Inflow of foreign remittance to developing economies is of prime importance. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the trend in redistributive impact of foreign remittances and compare the pre distribution of income of the households with that of post distribution over time in Pakistan. The study tested the hypotheses that the effect of foreign remittances on the distribution of income has been in favor of high income groups by comparing the HIESs 2001-02, 2005-06 and 2010-11. In order to quantify and compare the impacts, this study employed various techniques in line with the Gini coefficient, Lorenz curve, Ordinary Least Square and formal statistical Chow test. The estimated results of the study tend to support the hypothesis that foreign remittances deteriorated the distribution of income in overall Pakistan. For improving the distribution of income, policy makers may take a systematic approach to equip the lower and lowest income groups in order to enhance migration opportunities for them. Moreover, to reduce the migrants cost and risk, the government may establish migrants' network in the host countries by providing financial assistance and guiding support to lower and lower income groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]