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Empagliflozin is a newer oral antidiabetic drug that treats people who have type-II Diabetes Mellitus. Empagliflozin reduces the reabsorption of filtered glucose and increases urine glucose excretion. The objective of the study is to analyze the physiochemical equivalence of different brands of Empagliflozin available in Pakistan. Three different brands of Empagliflozin were evaluated for their physicochemical properties and cost-effectiveness. These brands were analyzed for different physicochemical tests for weight variation, hardness, friability, disintegration, and dissolution. All the brands had an average hardness of ≥2kg, which was suitable for an immediate-release tablet. All three brands had shown their friability variation within ±1% range specified by United State Pharmacopoeia (USP). The standard deviation was also calculated. All three brands showed good disintegration and dissolution profile which would aid in maximizing bioavailability and satisfying patient needs. The present findings suggest that almost all three brands of Empagliflozin that are available in Karachi meet the USP specification for quality control analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water samples were collected from 43 sites of Tehsil Isa Khel areas in order to determine the physicochemical parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity, turbidity, total hardness, calcium hardness, magnesium hardness, M. alkalinity, chloride ion (Cl-), and fluoride ion (F-) concentration. The obtained results show that in Tehsil Isa Khel, only in Kala Bagh city, Kala Bagh water scheme (w/s), Tola Bangi Khel w/s, Kot Chandna, Awan Wala, Gidran Wala, and Cheena Pora water is drinkable. Overall, electrical conductivity, hardness, total alkalinity, chloride, fluoride levels in the water of Tehsil Isa Khel are very high and not fit for drinking, washing, and industrial purpose. The ultimate result of this study is helpful to address the leading cause of public health problems related to the deteriorated quality of drinking water, and an integrated approach is therefore required to provide safe drinking water to people in Tehsil Isa Khel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water samples were collected from 43 sites of Tehsil Isa Khel areas in order to determine the physicochemical parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity, turbidity, total hardness, calcium hardness, magnesium hardness, M. alkalinity, chloride ion (Cl-), and fluoride ion (F-) concentration. The obtained results show that in Tehsil Isa Khel, only in Kala Bagh city, Kala Bagh water scheme (w/s), Tola Bangi Khel w/s, Kot Chandna, Awan Wala, Gidran Wala, and Cheena Pora water is drinkable. Overall, electrical conductivity, hardness, total alkalinity, chloride, fluoride levels in the water of Tehsil Isa Khel are very high and not fit for drinking, washing, and industrial purpose. The ultimate result of this study is helpful to address the leading cause of public health problems related to the deteriorated quality of drinking water, and an integrated approach is therefore required to provide safe drinking water to people in Tehsil Isa Khel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study was conducted to explore the physicochemical characteristics, light and heavy metal concentrations in drinking water of the selected area of Lower Dir, Pakistan. In the study area, no such study about the assessment of drinking water quality has been carried out. The people of Lower Dir are unaware about the quality of water and adverse impacts of contaminated water. The research work will provide base for the awareness campaign regarding the importance of pure and safe drinking water quality.. For this purposes, the water samples (n=22) were collected and analyzed for various parameters. Among the physical parameters the pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), electrical conductivity (EC), salinity and temperature, while in - chemical parameters the alkalinity, total dissolved solids (TDS), hardness, chlorides (Cl ), and sulfates were determined. Light metals such as magnesium (Mg+2), calcium (Ca+2), sodium (Na+2), and potassium (K+) and heavy metals included lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), and zinc (Zn) were analyzed in the collected samples. The results showed that all the parameters were within the permissible limits set by World Health Organization (WHO) and Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency (Pak-EPA) except hardness (351.44 mg/L). The light metals were within the permissible limit except Mg (308.60 mg/L) that exceeded the permissible limits of WHO and Pak-EPA, while Ca (53.71 mg/L) exceeded the permissible limit of WHO. The heavy metal results showed that all the metals were within permissible limit except Cr (0.18 mg/L) and Pb (0.04 mg/L). The health risk assessment like Average Daily Dose (ADD) and Hazard Quotient (HQ) were calculated for heavy metals. All heavy metals in drinking water samples indicated no health risk (CDI and HQ<1). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study was conducted to explore the physicochemical characteristics, light and heavy metal concentrations in drinking water of the selected area of Lower Dir, Pakistan. In the study area, no such study about the assessment of drinking water quality has been carried out. The people of Lower Dir are unaware about the quality of water and adverse impacts of contaminated water. The research work will provide base for the awareness campaign regarding the importance of pure and safe drinking water quality. For this purposes, the water samples (n=22) were collected and analyzed for various parameters. Among the physical parameters the pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), electrical conductivity (EC), salinity and temperature, while in chemical parameters the alkalinity, total dissolved solids (TDS), hardness, chlorides (Cl-), and sulfates were determined. Light metals such as magnesium (Mg+2), calcium (Ca+2), sodium (Na+), and potassium (K+) and heavy metals included lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), and zinc (Zn) were analyzed in the collected samples. The results showed that all the parameters were within the permissible limits set by World Health Organization (WHO) and Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency (Pak-EPA) except hardness (351.44 mg/L). The light metals were within the permissible limit except Mg+2 (308.60 mg/L) that exceeded the permissible limits of WHO and Pak-EPA, while Ca+2 (53.71 mg/L) exceeded the permissible limit of WHO. The heavy metal results showed that all the metals were within permissible limit except Cr (0.18 mg/L) and Pb (0.04 mg/L). The health risk assessment like Average Daily Dose (ADD) and Hazard Quotient (HQ) were calculated for heavy metals. All heavy metals in drinking water samples indicated no health risk (CDI and HQ<1). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study on the contamination of ground water by industrial effluent in different areas of Kala Shah Kaku has been conducted. Kala Shah Kaku is one of the industrial areas in Punjab. The industrial effluent is one of the major causes of drinking water contamination in such areas. Grounwater samples have been analyzed for their different characteristics. Standard laboratory techniques have been employed to determine various parameters from the samples. The mean values of pH, Na+, and SO4 2- are within the permissible limits of WHO standards. Whereas conductivity, turbidity, hardness, TDS, Cl- , Alkalinity, and potassium levels were above the permissible limit of WHO standard. On the basis of that we can say that the ground water of Kala Shah Kaku is hard and not suitable for drinking and it should be monitored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]