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Advocates of globalization view it as a key to future improvement; by and large, it is viewed as a positive power for enhanced personal satisfaction, speeding up of economic development, proficient designation of assets and more noteworthy efficiency upgrades. The study investigates and surveys the effect of economic, financial, political and social globalization on poverty reduction in Pakistan. Various proxies have been used for all types of globalization and indices for them are generated through Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The motivation behind index construction is to foresee outcomes on poverty through the easily available data on globalization. Time series data on Pakistan‟s economy from 1988 – 2023 had been used to capture effects on poverty reduction in the presence of ARDL approach. Considering the revelations, the research proposes that economic, financial, political, globalization, and globalization contribute to poverty reduction. The results of social globalization show no negative impacts on poverty. This can be due to the increasing awareness and conscious regarding brands and contributes more towards relative poverty. Henceforth, policymakers ought to build the inflow of FDI, increase remittances and trade through security procurements to financial specialists, political dependability and macroeconomic steadiness. Upgradation in import substitutes, commercial ventures, and numerous different variables are required to control destitution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid economic growth has created many environmental problems. These problems include global warming and natural resource depletion. South Asian countries are rich in NAT, and these countries are moving toward ECG. Despite the availability of rich literature, very few studies have investigated the associations of NAT, ECG, and CO2 emissions in South Asian nations. Therefore, this research probes this association in the presence of urbanization and trade. For this purpose, yearly data from 1980 to 2019 are investigated with the help of second-generation methodologies like cross-sectional autoregressive distributed lag (CS-ARDL). CS-ARDL results show that ECG and economic growth are improving air quality in India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and Bangladesh. Urbanization, NAT, and trade are contaminating the environmental quality. In light of these findings, some important policy recommendations are provided to grasp sustainable development in South Asian nations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is a game changer initiative of South Asian Pacific Rim. It has great importance for almost all Asian countries. Its success is expected to dictate the economic development of the stakeholders. The aim of this study is to evaluate the essential determinants deriving the sustainability of CPEC projects. The design of the study comprises of the review of literature, data collection, and analysis. Population under study is the folk of stakeholders of CPEC. Sampling envisages on purposive sampling design, i.e., 14 experts from within the stakeholders. Primary data is collected in the field setting through a survey questionnaire appropriate for the study. ISM is used for modelling and MICMAC for analysis and classification using inductive approach. The findings of the literature survey show that there are 23 prime determinants of sustainability of CPEC projects. The results of ISM show that 13 determinants are at Level-I, nine at Level-II, and one determinant namely "economic globalization" is at Level-III being the most critical and driving determinant. The findings of MICMAC show that only one determinant is classified in independent quadrant, and all the remaining determinants are in linkage quadrant, whereas, no determinant is shown in autonomous and/or dependence quadrant. But most of the determinants have potential to be classified in dependent and independent quadrants. It is intimately evident that the results of MICMAC corroborate the results of ISM. It is useful for folk of the stakeholders by way of developing an understanding about the multitude of determinants, intra-determinant relations, prioritizing the determinants for policy decisions, and/or for building future studies. This study has some limitations, e.g., the study uses qualitative approach and answers what and how questions that do not quantify the relations or tell the cause of indicated relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In modern days, economic growth is energy‐dependent and vice versa. Earlier studies concentrated a bit to analyze the influence of globalization and politico‐administrative factors on the energy consumption‐economic growth nexus in developing economies. The motivation for the current research is to scrutinize the energy consumption‐economic growth nexus while accounting for the influence of globalization and country risk indicators—the politico‐administrative factors in a panel of 4 South Asian countries (Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka) during 1980–2018. To check the issues of heterogeneity and cross‐sectional independence, the study employs the pooled mean group estimation method. The investigated results provide a nexus between energy consumption and economic growth where globalization ‐ a long‐run force positively affects this nexus in the long run and negatively in the short run. Besides, the politico‐administrative factors have an adverse impact in the long run and an insignificant effect on this nexus in the short run. The Dumitrescu–Hurlin non‐causality test establishes the feedback hypothesis concerning energy consumption‐economic growth nexus in South Asian economies. The study results remain robust across the dynamic ordinary least square estimator. Therefore, this study suggests sustaining the energy‐growth nexus to properly handle globalization and politico‐administrative and the Covid‐19 pandemic issues through institutional quality. Moreover, the objective‐oriented policies are critical to strengthening the energy‐growth nexus without decaying environmental quality in South Asian countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To achieve sustainable development, the role of financial inclusion has been discussed in limited studies. Therefore, this work aims to investigate the impacts of financial inclusion, renewable energy, globalization, and economic growth on carbon dioxide emissions in the context of environmental Kuznets curve. The annual data of 1990–2017 is analyzed by employing second-generation methods. Westerlund test confirm the long-run association among the panel data. Cross-sectional auto-regressive distributive lag approach has been applied because this method considers the cross-sectional dependence among the panel data to provide robust results. The findings show that financial inclusion is increasing carbon dioxide emissions. This means that financial inclusion requires to integrate it with greener environmental policies. Renewable energy is helpful in mitigating the carbon dioxide emissions but globalization and economic growth are increasing carbon dioxide emissions. On the base of the findings, it is recommended that Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka need to revise their international trade policies to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While examining the effect of globalization on public purchasing, the role of research and development was neglected before. Globalization is concerned with growing inequality in most highly developed economies, but also with the gap found in the vast majority of emerging economies. In most emerging economies, technological and financial development has led to growing inequality, while its impact on developed economies has been mixed. Furthermore, our findings show that the effects of GDP, foreign direct investment and the supply of unskilled workers to the effects of technology, and the effects of globalization on the supply of skilled workers to the effects of financial growth and also acts as a transmission channel. This research also examines how much the globalization effects public purchasing when R&D plays a mediating role in Pakistan. Data was used from 2002 to 2018 by applying dynamic ARDL simulation model. The ARDL dynamic simulation model can calculate the true positive and negative corrections of independent variables and their effects on the dependent variable. The results of the ARDL dynamic simulation show that foreign direct investment, research and development, GDP and global economic indices have a positive effect on public procurement in Pakistan, while inflation and interest rates have a negative effect on public procurement in Pakistan. Based on the results of this study, policy outcomes are proposed for Pakistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last few decades, developing countries continued to increase their manufacturing industries' phenomenal growth rate. Due to the emergence of globalization, these developing countries are getting economic growth at the cost of environmental pollution. In this context, the extent of linkages between globalization and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions has been investigated over the time period of 1972–2013 in South Asian countries. The econometric and graphical analyses are found U-shape association between globalization and CO2 emissions in Nepal, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka, and an inverted U-shape relationship is observed in Pakistan and Bhutan. Moreover, results have shown that there exists a bi-directional causality between globalization and CO2 emissions in Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Nepal. This indicates that globalization is increasing CO2 emissions and CO2 emissions impact globalization by economic growth. However, after some threshold level, globalization is responsible for decreasing CO2 emissions in Pakistan and Bhutan. For the first time, globalization is incorporated in the economic analysis, showing the U-shape and inverted U-shape associations between globalization and CO2 emissions. This study suggests some strong policy recommendations to consider globalization as cost-effective tool to achieve sustainable economic growth in South Asian countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy strategy has been an essential strand in the view of economists in achieving rapid development process of any country. The recent wave of globalization exerts pressure on energy consumption via financial development which ultimately vindicates economic growth. This paper has covered a period of 1976–2016 using annual data for the empirical analysis and constructed a growth equation as the main equation and the energy consumption equation as a channel equation. The empirical study has been undertaken by performing ARDL and nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag models (NARDL). The bound test result declares a long-run association in both equations. Consequently, energy consumption and economic globalization have significantly enhanced economic growth in the long run. Whereas, financial development index has no influence on the economic growth of Pakistan. The results of channel equation suggested that due to growing the price of crude oil, the energy consumption is reduced in the long run. The increasing imports of energy products and increasing urbanization are conducive for energy consumption in Pakistan. By NARDL model, our empirical findings provide robust support for the existence of asymmetric co-integration linking among underlying variables of the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The beginning of 21st century is considered as atmosphere of economic globalization and geo-strategic partnership among countries. The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is one of such partnership that will connect these two countries with Asia, Africa and Middle East. The CPEC agreement includes projects of energy, Gwadar port, highways, railways and others having total investment of 46 billion U.S $. In this study, we have examined business articles, news articles, facts and figures under content analysis to test the potential impact of CPEC on Pakistan's trade, investment, energy, and infrastructure. We may conclude that at present CPEC has limited impact, but it will increase on completion of CPEC. We have also analyzed impact of CPEC on Pakistan Stock Market (PSX) by using idea of event study and have identified four events from start of CPEC (April 2015) to purchase of 40% share of Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX) by China (December 2016). We established theoretically and practically that CPEC has positive impact on stock market. This finding is supported by practical occurrences that Morgan Stanley Capital International (MSCI) announced to include Pakistan index in Emerging Market Index and Bloomberg ranked Pakistan index as 5th best performing stock around the world in 2016.Overall the CPEC is game changer for the Pakistan economy and will support to China as well as to achieve its targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This study is designed to calculate the newly introduced Gender Inequality Index for Pakistan according to the formula mentioned in technical notes of United Nations Development Report (2010) and then finding the impact of Social, Political and Economic Globalization on Gender Inequality Index. Time series data from 1980 to 2014 is used for Gender Inequality Index, Social, Political and Economic Globalization. Johnsons Co-integration technique is applied to investigate the impact of social, economic and political globalization on gender inequality index in Pakistan. The results of study show negative and significant relationship between economic globalization, social globalization and gender inequality index, while a negative but insignificant relationship is found between political globalization and gender inequality index. The results of the study are consistent with various theoretical and empirical studies. The policies related to globalization promotion are recommended to enrich the country with development through gender balances. To increase impact of political globalization, Pakistan needs to put more emphasis in following the spirit of treaties which target gender disparity of which she is the signatory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economic globalization has both negative and positive impact on the economy of Pakistan. In order to encourage free trade, tariffs were decreased under the framework of World Trade Organization (WTO) which had a negative impact on the tax structure of developing countries. For instance, in Pakistan, the decrease in tariff has been compensated with an increase in General Sales Tax (GST) and direct tax. Instead of compensating the decrease in tariff with GST and other taxes, Pakistan should improve its exports by enhancing the quality of its products, particularly textile. European Union has included Pakistan in the Generalized Scheme of Preferences Plus (GSP+), which may result in the betterment of the economy of Pakistan, good quality of products and increase in export and revenues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globalization has brought a variety of changes in the economic paradigm through Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). Private investment, the pivot of todays' investment portfolio, is ruining and building the economies at the same time. This study is aiming to check the impact of private investment and globalization on economic growth of Pakistan. The methodology is based on qualitative descriptive analysis in which historical figures regarding different indicators are taken to explore the aimed relationships. The results have signaled that private investment is life line for Pakistan's economy and globalization is also not harming the country's growth too. This study is significant as it has evoked many unchecked empirical relationships regarding globalization and FDI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article looks at the effects of globalization and Lyari gang was on the Dibba Colony textile units in Karachi, Pakistan. Topics covered include the trend of Pakistani loom units moving to Bangladesh through tax-free access due to rising gas and electricity shortages in Pakistan and low labour costs in Bangladesh, the selection of Baldia Town as the site for assessing developments in textile operations in the Dibba Colony, and arguments among Pakistani shopkeepers on Pakistani silk quality.

A martial state's neoliberal policies opened the nation's frontiers to new forms of globalization. This article investigates the political process that undergirded the military and global capital's sequestration of common land in Karachi and the concomitant contestation by a key civil society organization. Using Foucault's conception of sovereignty and government as an assemblage of authority and strategies of rationalization, this paper analyses the role of state and non-state actors and changing power configurations in a conflict that surrounded the enclosure of a common and its transformation into a securitized zone of consumption in Karachi's Civil Lines. The conflict highlights the nature of the politics of space and citizenship in Pakistan's primary metropolis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globalization is one of the main contemporary issues. No country can survive in isolation. Globalization has both benefits and costs and the effects depend on the host country's socioeconomic and political factors. Present study investigates the impact of globalization on employment in Pakistan. Globalization is represented by proxy variables such as trade openness, inflow of foreign direct investment and workers remittances. In addition to these proxy variables globalization index is also used. Empirical analysis is done by using time series data for the period of 1973-2009 by employing Johansen co-integration technique and ECM for short run analysis. Results show that foreign direct investment, workers remittances and economic dimension of globalization are creating employment opportunities not only in short run but also in long run in Pakistan, while trade openness and social and political dimension of globalization negatively affects the employment due to some external and internal imbalances in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT: The issue of child labor in Pakistan's export industries has become the topic of much controversy and in some ways has triggered the debate over trade and labor standards. Consumer protests and boycotts in the North have led to initiatives being taken by various national and international organizations. However, this article takes issue with the current projection of child labor as a function of children's poverty and lack of education and families' lack of awareness. The author argues that it is impossible to understand and even address the child labor problem without placing it against the backdrop of the dynamics of the current neoliberal international political economic system. She concludes by arguing that the only way in which the issue of social and labor rights can be once more given precedence in an increasingly socially disembedded world economy is through political engagement with the forces of globalization: the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, and the World Trade Organization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]