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The year 2022 has served as a recall for the impact that climate change has in the South Asian region, which is one of the most vulnerable regions to climate shock. With a paucity of climate-based and geospatial observational studies in South Asia, this paper (i) links power sectors and carbon dioxide emissions, (ii) maps nitrogen dioxide density across three countries (Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh), (iii) understands electricity generation trends and projects weather changes through 2100. We monitored data monitored between 1995 and 2021. The following databases were used: the International Energy Agency, the World Bank, the UN Food and Agricultural Organization. Raw data was obtained for climate indicators, which were entered into Microsoft Excel. Geospatial trends were generated in the ArcGIS geostatistical tool by adopting the ordinary kriging method to interpolate and create continuous surfaces depicting the concentration of nitrogen dioxide in the three countries. We found increased usage of coal and fossil fuels in three countries (Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh). Both were significant contributors to carbon dioxide emissions. The geographic localities in South Asia were densely clouded with nitrogen dioxide as reported with the tropospheric column mapping. There are expected to be increased days with a heat index >35 °C, and consecutive dry days from 2020 and 2100. We also found increased chances of flooding in certain regions across the three countries. This study monitored climate change indicators and projects between 1995 and 2100. Lastly, we make recommendations to improve the relationship of the environment and living beings.

Introduction: Worsening air quality and pollution lead to numerous environmental health and sustainability issues in the South Asia region. This study analyzes India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and Nepal for air quality data trends and sustainability indicators., Methodology: By using a population-based study design, six South Asian countries were analyzed using a step-wise approach. Data were obtained from government websites and publicly available repositories for region dynamics and key variables., Results: Between 1990 and 2020, air quality data indicated the highest rise in CO 2 emissions in India (578.5 to 2441.8 million tons) (MT), Bangladesh, Nepal, and Pakistan. Greenhouse gas emissions, from 1990 to 2018, nearly tripled in India (1990.4 to 3346.6 MT of CO 2 -equivalents), Nepal (20.6 to 54.6 MT of CO 2 -equivalents), and Pakistan, and doubled in Bangladesh. Methane emissions rose the highest in Pakistan (70.4 to 151 MT of CO 2 -equivalents), followed by Nepal (17 to 31 MT of CO 2 -equivalents) and India (524.8 to 669.3 MT of CO 2 -equivalents). Nitrous oxide nearly doubled in Bangladesh (16.5 to 29.3 MT of CO 2 -equivalents), India (141.6 to 256.9 MT of CO 2 -equivalents), Nepal (17 to 31 MT of CO 2 -equivalents), and more than doubled in Pakistan (27 to 61 MT of CO 2 -equivalents). On noting particulate matter 2,5 annual exposure, India saw the highest rise from 81.3 µg/m 3 (in 1990) to 90.9 µg/m 3 (2017), whereas trends were steady in Pakistan (60.34 to 58.3 µg/m 3 ). The highest rise was noted in Nepal (87.6 to 99.7 µg/m 3 ) until 2017. During the coronavirus disease 19 pandemic, the pre-and post-pandemic changes between 2018 and 2021 indicated the highest PM 2.5 concentration in Bangladesh (76.9 µg/m 3 ), followed by Pakistan (66.8 µg/m 3 ), India (58.1 µg/m 3 ), Nepal (46 µg/m 3 ) and Sri Lanka (17.4 µg/m 3 ). Overall, South Asian countries contribute to the worst air quality and sustainability trends regions worldwide., Conclusions: Air pollution is prevalent across a majority of South Asia countries. Owing to unsustainable industrial practices, pollution trends have risen to hazardous levels. Economic, environmental, and human health impacts have manifested and require urgent, concerted efforts by governing bodies in the region.