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Objective: To compare the effect of Dexmedetomidine and Nalbuphine premedication on changes in hemodynamics and neuroendocrine stress response under general anaesthesia by analyzing the variation of perioperative serial blood glucose levels. Study Design: Prospective comparative study. Place and Duration of Study: Services Hospital, Lahore Pakistan, from Oct to Dec 2020. Methodology: Total 90 patients aged between 30-and 65 years were allocated randomly into three groups. Group-D patients (n=30) were administered Dexmedetomidine 0.5 µg/kg in 100 ml normal saline, group-N (n=30) were given Nalbuphine 0.1 mg/kg in 100ml saline, and group-S received saline (100ml) throughout 15 minutes before induction of anaesthesia for laparoscopic cholecystectomy. General Anaesthesia was administered. Intra-abdominal pressure was maintained after abdominal insufflation with carbon dioxide between 12-15 mmHg. Blood glucose levels were analyzed preoperatively, 30 minutes after the beginning of surgery, at extubation and 2.5 hours postoperatively. Hemodynamic changes were recorded after premedication, 15 and 30 minutes after pneumoperitoneum and extubation. Results: Random mean blood sugar levels were 135.23 mg/dl with Dexmedetomidine and 123.33 mg/dl with Nalbuphine and 122.53 mg/dl in saline group (p<0.05). There was a greater decrease in hemodynamic parameters with group-D than with groups N and S (p<0.01). Conclusion: During laparoscopic cholecystectomy, intravenous Dexmedetomidine premedication attenuates the hemodynamic stress response better than Nalbuphine but does not suppress the neuroendocrine response as estimated by a rise in random blood glucose level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a genetic and endocrine system disease that creates injurious health effects not in Pakistan but throughout the world. Several functional compounds are present in buckwheat which has distinct biological properties of cholesterollowering, anti-hypertension, improving constipation and obesity. The recent research was directed to study the nutritional and hypoglycemic effect of buckwheat in Type 2 diabetic rats induced by alloxan. Methods: Two varieties of buckwheat were examined for their nutritional composition and mineral content according to the methods of AACC (2000) while antioxidant activity was measured by using DPPH and a spectrophotometer. Alloxan induced diabetic mice were applied to investigate the blood-glucose-lowering effect of common buckwheat extract (CBE) and Tartary buckwheat extract (TBE). After type 2 diabetic induced rats were separated randomly into three groups. Results: The results revealed that Common buckwheat flour (CBF) contains12. 93% crude protein, 2.39% crude fat, 9.42% crude fiber and 2.90% ash content, while Tartary buckwheat flour (TBF) contains14.88% crude protein, 3.47% crude fat, 12.03% crude fiber, and 2.86% ash content. TBF contains significantly higher minerals as compared to CBF and also exhibited higher antioxidant activity. The results for diabetes-induced mice showed a significant difference for fasting blood glucose level, glucose tolerance test and body weight among control diabetic mice (group I) and diabetic mice given the CBE (group II) and TBE (group III). The fasting blood glucose level of group I increased while it decreased in group II and group III over time. Group II and group III had more glucose tolerance as compared to group I. Conclusion: The present study demonstrated that TBF contains higher nutritional contact as compared to CBF. Furthermore, it was indicated that the oral administration of CBE and TBE could lower the blood glucose level and can increase glucose tolerance effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]