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Specimens of the largescale dwarf flounder, Engyprosopon macrolepis (Regan, 1908) (Pleuronectiformes: Bothidae), were collected from the fishery landing of Chi-kan, Peng-hu Islands, western Taiwan. Although this species has been recorded from western Pacific Ocean including the Philippines and Japan, it has never been recorded from Taiwanese waters. Therefore, our specimens represent the first record for Taiwanese waters and fill a gap in the distribution of this species between the two countries. A detailed description of the specimens, including coloration of the fresh condition is provided and compared to the data of specimens collected in other regions. With the addition of E. macrolepis, a total of 11 species of Engyprosopon are recorded from Taiwanese waters, and we suggest that more species are expected to occur off Taiwan.

A new pineapple fish is described based on 26 type and 80 non-type specimens collected from Taiwan, Vanuatu, the Solomon Islands, and Queensland, Australia. This new species is sympatric with and similar to Monocentris japonica but can be distinguished from the latter in having only 6 or 7 scales on the third scale row below the lateral line; excisura notched and a small pseudo-excisura present on the sagittal otolith; consistently greater head depth, body depth, postorbital length, dorsal-fin-pelvic-fin length, and dorsal-fin-pectoral-fin length in proportion to standard length. A detailed description and designation of neotype are provided for M. japonica. DNA barcoding analysis supports the distinction of the new species with an estimated average COI gene divergence of 3.6 % from M. japonica.