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Shooting sports has been a 4-H program offering since the 1930's. Tragic events related to the use of firearms as weapons have caused public and private entities to evaluate and consider the appropriateness of youth access to and usage of firearms. 4-H educators have the primary responsibility for managing the risk associated with shooting sports programs. All 4-H educators should follow protocols for the acquisition, custody, and storage of firearms. In Oregon, 4-H educators and volunteers must follow an Oregon-centric risk management plan. This Tools of the Trade article focuses on Oregon's precautionary system used to administer its 4-H Shooting Sports Program.

We examined the effect of adding a video feedback intervention component to the assessment feedback session of the Family Check-Up (FCU) intervention (Dishion & Stormshak, 2007). We hypothesized that the addition of video feedback procedures during the FCU feedback at child age 2 would have a positive effect on caregivers' negative relational schemas of their child, which in turn would mediate reductions in observed coercive caregiver-child interactions assessed at age 5. We observed the caregiver-child interaction videotapes of 79 high-risk families with toddlers exhibiting clinically significant problem behaviors. A quasi-random sample of families was provided with direct feedback on their interactions during the feedback session of the FCU protocol. Path analysis indicated that reviewing and engaging in feedback about videotaped age 2 assessment predicted reduced caregivers' negative relational schemas of the child at age 3, which acted as an intervening variable on the reduction of observed parent-child coercive interactions recorded at age 5. Video feedback predicted improved family functioning over and above level of engagement in the FCU in subsequent years, indicating the important incremental contribution of using video feedback procedures in early family-based preventive interventions for problem behaviors. Supportive video feedback on coercive family dynamics is an important strategy for promoting caregiver motivation to reduce negative attributions toward the child, which fuel coercive interactions. Our study also contributes to the clinical and research literature concerning coercion theory and effective intervention strategies by identifying a potential mechanism of change. (Contains 2 tables and 2 figures.)

Pacific lamprey (Entosphenus tridentatus) are ecologically and culturally important anadromous animals native to the West Coast of the United States. Pacific lamprey populations are in decline, and contaminants may be a contributing factor. Between 2017 and 2021, three life stages of Pacific lamprey and collocated sediment samples were collected in Oregon (larval lamprey, sediment, and returning adult lamprey) and off the coast of Oregon and Washington (ocean juvenile lamprey). Tissue and sediment samples were analyzed for 56 organohalogenated compounds that included legacy pesticides, current use pesticides, polybrominated diphenyl ether congeners, and polychlorinated biphenyl congeners. Organohalogenated compounds were detected in all three Pacific lamprey life stages. The organohalogenated compounds detected in collocated sediment and larval lamprey samples were generally dissimilar, and compounds detected in larval lamprey indicate potential point sources along the rivers. Ocean-caught juvenile lamprey had significantly higher lipid contents than returning adult lamprey, but lipid content and concentrations of select compounds were not strongly correlated. Concentrations of select compounds detected in both ocean juvenile and returning adult lamprey were either not significantly different or were higher in returning adult lamprey. Concentrations of some compounds in returning adult lamprey—which are consumed by Indigenous peoples—exceeded state and national human health consumption thresholds. Collaboration among Tribes and public-sector agencies helped make this study successful. [Display omitted] • Organohalogenated compounds were detected in three life stages of Pacific lamprey. • Compounds in collocated sediment and larval lamprey were not well correlated. • Lipid content and concentrations of compounds were not strongly correlated. • Some concentrations in adult lamprey exceeded human consumption thresholds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The trophozoite antigens of Giardia lamblia to which host humoral and cellular immune responses are directed have not been identified. Therefore, we initiated studies to characterize these antigens in strains of G. lamblia from Afghanistan, Oregon, Ecuador, and Puerto Rico. By polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the electrophoretic mobility patterns of proteins of the four strains were similar; molecular weights of protein bands ranged between 12,000 and 140,000. The antigens which reacted with rabbit and anti-G. lamblia antisera by immunoelectrophoresis were also similar for the four strains. However, comparison by crossed immunoelectrophoresis showed the Oregon strain, which has been the longest in culture, lacked a set of anodic antigens and the single neutral antigen which were present in the other three strains. In addition, other minor antigen differences between the strains were detected by this technique. When we employed trophozoites from each strain as antigen in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay against 10 human antisera of various liters, we also detected some differences between the strains. Although polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoelectrophoresis revealed gross similarity among G. lamblia from widely differing geographic locations, subtle differences detected by crossed electrophoresis and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay suggest the existence of potentially important antigenic differences among these strains.