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The current study reports on findings of using self-narrations by three teacher-researchers (two of whom are the authors and the narrative inquirers of this study) to reflect on an English as a Foreign Language-based research experience in a newly established Research Committee (RC) in their work place. A narrative frame tool in the form of sentence starters has been utilized to guide the narration and generate data from the three teachers' previously lived research experiences in the Committee. It is worth noting here that these three teachers had been working and actively engaging in research work before they had their memberships in the RC. The findings of this study are hoped to be significant and useful in learning about and highlighting the expectations of these three teacher-researchers of the research committee work, their learning experiences about research, and their challenges and how they defeated them, as well as their future inspirations. Further, reflecting on these findings can also help the trio with their professional development and growth as well as that of their colleagues at the Centre for Preparatory Studies (CPS), which was formerly known as the Language Centre (LC) at the time of their memberships. The study concludes with some pedagogical and practical implications regarding the experience of reflection, narration, and learning research.

Objective: This study investigates the key factors contributing to the dengue outbreak in Oman. Methods: Data on climate (e.g., temperature, humidity, wind pace), population traits (e.g., populace density), and vector dynamics (e.g., mosquito density) within the Seeb district of Oman from 2022 to 2023 were gathered. The partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) was performed to study which variables affect dengue outbreaks. Results: The results indicate that climatic factors significantly affect the dengue vector (β = -0.361, p < 0.001) but do not directly impact the dengue outbreak. Population characteristics, however, have a more substantial impact on dengue transmission, with a total effect (β = 0.231, p = 0.002) being relatively higher than that of the vector itself (total effect: β = 0.116, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Even with ongoing vector intervention efforts, the study underscores the need to include innovative public health interventions when considering environmental and demographic factors. More advantageous surveillance and focused interventions in excessive-threat regions are essential to mitigate the effect of dengue in Oman. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: Hospital-acquired pressure ulcer (HAPU) is a significant problem in healthcare settings and is associated with negative impacts on patient health. Although monitoring of pressure ulcers (PUs) among hospitalised patients was started more than a decade ago in Oman, no previous studies have been completed to estimate the prevalence and risk factors of HAPUs among patients in the intensive care unit (ICU). The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence and identify risk factors for HAPUs among adult ICU patients in selected tertiary hospitals in Oman. Method: A retrospective, cross-sectional, nested, case–control design was used to identify the prevalence rate of HAPUs and risk factors for a cohort of adult ICU patients over one calendar year (1 January–31 December 2019) in two tertiary hospitals in Oman. Results: The prevalence rate for HAPU among ICU patients in Oman was 36.4%. However, when excluding cases of stage 1 ulcer, the rate was 30.37%. The most prevalent location was the sacrum (64.1%), and the most common stage was stage 2 (73.1%). The risk factors for HAPU included male sex (odds ratio (OR): 0.37; p=0.023), organ failure (OR: 3.2; p=0.033), cancer (OR: 3.41; p=0.049), cerebrovascular accident (OR: 12.33; p=0.001), mechanical ventilator (OR: 9.64; p=0.025) and ICU length of stay (OR: 1.24; p<0.001). Conclusion: HAPUs among ICU patients constitute a significant problem associated with severe clinical consequences and result in substantial adverse healthcare outcomes worldwide, including in Oman. Identifying the risk factors and the impact on the healthcare system is the foundation for preventing and managing HAPUs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Eating disorders are complex illnesses with serious long-term consequences. They are linked to negative outcomes such as miscarriage, low birth weight, and other obstetric and postpartum difficulties. Our study in Muscat, Oman, examines the eating habits of pregnant women who consult primary care physicians. In this study, our aim is to identify key sociodemographic factors linked with eating disorders in Oman. Method: We used the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire to assess the potential for the presence of eating disorders. Chi-Square and Fisher's Exact tests were used to analyze relationships between improper eating behavior and independent variables. Results: The study showed that 1.6% of participants had a potential diagnosis of an eating disorder, with the most common inappropriate behavior being binge eating at a prevalence of 18.8%. A pre-gestational low Body Mass Index (BMI) was associated with a higher prevalence of binge eating during pregnancy. Additionally, we found that pregnant women who were working were more prone to self-induced vomiting. High BMI before pregnancy was significantly associated with various inappropriate eating behaviors, such as restraint behavior (p = 0.000), shape concern (p = 0.000), weight concern (p = 0.040), eating (p = 0.045), laxative use (p = 0.020), and excessive exercise (p = 0.043). Conclusion: The study reveals a high prevalence of eating disorders in pregnancy. Less educated women exhibit higher laxative use, while working women show more instances of binge eating and self-induced vomiting. These findings emphasize the critical need to prioritize targeted interventions and support for vulnerable pregnant women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Existing initiatives purporting to promote teacher research are often found to be inadequate to encourage EFL teachers to engage in research due to the fact that they impose a top down, expert model approach to research engagement. This study reports on a pioneering programme at Sultan Qaboos University Language Centre in the Sultanate of Oman which has adopted a bottom up, practitioner-based approach to research. Drawing on questionnaire and interview data, the article examines the teachers' perceptions of their experiences in initiating and carrying out teacher research using this programme. The findings indicate that whilst contextual constraints similar to those cited in the literature remain unyielding, the research support programme has been effective in supporting teachers to initiate and lead their own research studies. This success is discussed in relation to the programme's basis in a practitioner practice to theory model versus expert theory to practice models of teacher research engagement. As EFL teacher research is increasingly gaining popularity and acceptance worldwide, the study has implications for EFL institutions looking for effective ways to promote teacher research engagement in a collegial way.

This paper reports a research study of Omani EFL learners' motivation to engage in social technologies through the medium of English, adopting Dörnyei's L2 Motivational Self System as the main theoretical framework, whilst exploring other emergent context-sensitive motivational driving forces. The purpose of the research study was to explore identities and self-perceptions of Omani nationals using social media to learn English, an under-researched context. Reflective focused group discussions were conducted with 14 university-age students, along with individually composed language learning histories. The data of the research lend substantial support to the relevance of the L2 Motivational Self System in the Omani context, highlighting, in particular, the emerging collective national and religious identities of young Omani nationals. The paper argues for the need to deepen and broaden our understanding of the association of English social technologies and the national and religious affiliations of learners.

Economic growth has a potential impact on waste generation worldwide. Growing recognition for resources recovery from waste including production of a clean energy has led to the development of standards for, and the generation of, Solid Recovered Fuel (SRF). SRF, according to BS EN ISO 21640 is a fuel prepared from nonhazardous/treated waste to be utilized for energy recovery in incineration or co-incineration plants which meets the classification and specification. The amount of combustible fractions (i.e., plastic, textile and paper) that are present in Healthcare Waste (HCW) and Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) provides an opportunity for SRF production. HCW is defined as clinical waste generated from healthcare facilities. Limited efforts in utilizing treated HCW in production of SRF were noted, despite the fact that high content of combustible fractions, hence the novelty of this research. This research addresses the opportunities of utilizing autoclaved HCW as an alternate fuel; through a detailed chemical and physical analysis of autoclaved HCW collected from the Sultanate of Oman hospital and healthcare facilities. Furthermore, this study examines the possible uses of such materials instead of landfilling. The utilization of treated HCW as an alternative fuel is not only saving the land space, but also reduces the carbon emissions originating from landfilling. This in fact would also support the government in achieving its aspiring goal of the net zero carbon emissions by 2050 through better utilization of these materials in production of SRF as an alternative to fossil fuel combustion. The study revealed that autoclaved HCW appears to have a high quality SRF and is classified as (NCV 4, Cl 3); which complies with the potential end users' specifications. It is estimated that the combined energy output from MSW and HCW combustible fractions could cover about 12.75% of the energy requirements for Oman cement factories. Implications: The results confirm the viability of using autoclave (HCW) as an alternative fuel due to its high thermal energy content. Based on mean Net Calorific Value (NCV) of analyzed HCW that is found around 14 (MJ/Kg (ar)), and the mean Cl level (i.e., 0.814 ± 0.213% (d)); the SRF is classified as (NCV4, Cl 3). This grade is found to be well within the end users accepted range. This opens up the opportunity for creating a market demand for HCW that not only it could boost its recovery, but it could also unlock the value that can generates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study aimed to determine the risk factors associated with the failure of arteriovenous fistulae (AVF) maturation. Methods: This retrospective cohort study was conducted from January 2014 to December 2018 in Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman. Patients were followed-up 3 months after surgery, and their electronic medical records were accessed for demographic and clinical data. Univariate analysis was used to determine the risk factors associated with early AVF maturation and multivariant analysis was used to determine the predictive factors for AVF failure. Results: A total of 269 patients were included. Female gender was a significant factor affecting AVF maturity (P = 0.049), while age (P = 0.626), diabetes (P = 0.954), hypertension (P = 0.378), dyslipidaemia (P = 0.907), coronary artery disease (P = 0.576), cerebrovascular accident (P = 0.864), congestive heart failure (P = 0.685), previous central venous catheterisation (P = 0.05), fistula type (P = 0.863) and fistula site (P = 0.861) did not affect AVF maturation. Binary logistic regression showed that all the risk factors were insignificant. Failure of early AVF maturation affected 11.5% in the cohort. Conclusion: This study found that the proportion of early AVF maturation at our hospital is at par with that in the international literature. Failure of AVF maturation was significantly associated with the female gender. These findings can help nephrologists and vascular surgeons prognosticate AVF maturation rates. However, a larger study is needed for definitive conclusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Oman, the Arabian Gazelle Gazella arabica is known to be distributed in the Hajar mountains of the north, desert plains in central of Oman, and Jabal Samhan foothills & Nejd area in the south. We report the first confirmed record of the Arabian Gazelle on Masirah island, 15 km off the mainland of eastern Oman. This finding was part of a national survey of biodiversity in Oman in which 29 camera traps were set to survey the majority of the island which covers about 400 km2. Only two camera traps detected Arabian Gazelle, in an area covering only 22 km2. The survey on the island suggests that the population is small and isolated. Future research studies are required both in the field of ecology and genetics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Severe acute respiratory illness (SARI) is a potentially lethal condition, necessitating thorough medical care. COVID‐19 underscored the SARI threat, but other high‐risk pathogens require monitoring alongside SARS‐CoV‐2. Oman instituted a comprehensive testing system to gauge the prevalence of these pathogens between 2017 and 2021, aiding resource allocation and public health responses to potential respiratory pathogen outbreaks. Methods: Samples from SARI cases admitted to ICU were tested for pathogens using the Fast‐Track Diagnostic (FTD) molecular assay, a respiratory virus panel (RVP) that tests for 21 pathogens, including 20 viruses, by qPCR. Results: Between 2017 and 2022, ~30 000 samples were analysed using the RVP panel. Among SARI patients, 8%–42% tested positive for respiratory pathogens, with 4% showing multiple infectious agents, especially in children under 10. A drop in positivity during 2020–2021 can be attributed to SARS‐CoV‐2 control measures, followed by a rebound in infections in early 2022. Discussion: The COVID‐19 pandemic heightened awareness of respiratory pathogens' spread without adequate control measures. Influenza A/B, human rhinoviruses and respiratory syncytial virus constituted over 50% of severe acute respiratory illness cases in Oman over the past 5 years. During the pandemic, the incidence of these infections significantly declined, demonstrating the efficacy of COVID‐19 prevention measures in reducing spread of other pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To assess the quality of life (QoL) of medical residents enrolled in the various postgraduate programs of the Oman Medical Specialty Board (OMSB). Methods: The data for this cross-sectional study was collected from January to June 2022. All postgraduate residents who were enrolled in all 19 OMSB training programs were targeted. An online English version of the validated 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) was used to assess the participants' self-reported QoL. Results: The participants were 425 OMSB residents (mean age = 29.6±2.2 years), of whom 289 (68.0%) were female, 259 (60.9%) were married, and 295 (69.4%) were enrolled in medical specialties. Overall, female residents reported significantly poorer QoL than male residents in all subscales of SF-36 (p = 0.001). Married residents reported lower bodily pain scores than unmarried residents (p = 0.005), although the latter endorsed better physical functioning, general health, and mental health. Residents in laboratory specialties had higher scores than those in medical and surgical specialties in most QoL dimensions including physical health, role functioning, energy/fatigue, emotional well-being, bodily pain, and general health (p ≤ 0.003). Psychiatry residents reported the lowest overall QoL. Conclusions: Postgraduate medical residents in Oman reported significant variations in QoL based on specialization, gender, and marital status. These findings underscore the need for targeted interventions to tackle health inequalities and improve the QoL of this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study improves the understanding of the basal part of the Eocene Seeb Formation of Oman, informally known as "Unit 1", in terms of microfacies, lithostratigraphy and shale migration within the context of regional tectonics. We logged four sections bed-by-bed over a distance of 8.3 km, collected samples and analyzed thin-sections as well as XRD samples. For the first time, the microfacies and stratigraphic correlation of the lowermost part of the limestone-dominated Seeb Formation were studied in detail. In the analyzed area, Unit 1 is ~20 to 40 m thick, with the thickness increasing to the SE. In the upper part of Unit 1 is a laterally continuous shale horizon. The limestones of Unit 1 contain mostly packstones and grainstones. The dominant standard microfacies types are SMF 18-FOR and SMF 16. The former is dominated by benthic foraminifera, and the latter by peloids. Both SMFs indicate restricted lagoonal conditions. Foraminifera are common in Unit 1 and indicate a middle Eocene age. Considering the abundance of encountered foraminiferal bioclasts, it appears probable that the lagoon barrier was mainly composed of foraminiferal tests. Gutter casts, slumps and debrites indicate an active, partly unstable syndepositional slope, which was likely initially created by uplift of the Saih Hatat Dome and Jabal Nakhl Subdome. Differential regional uplift due to a more pronounced overall doming in the NW (Jabal Nakhl Subdome) than in the SE (Saih Hatat Dome) explains more accommodation space and greater thickness towards the SE. For the first time, we report visco-plastic shale migration/intrusion within the Seeb Formation, related to a shale horizon of Unit 1. This shale locally migrated as indicated by (1) local thickness variations, (2) detached limestone boulders floating in the shale, (3) limestone beds that have been cut-off by the shale and (4) dragged by the shale (5) an upward shale intrusion/injection which then spread parallelly to bedding similar to a salt tongue and (6) tilting overlying limestones. We suggest that shale migration is related to post-"mid"-Eocene E-W convergence between Arabia and India and to faulting or to the second, late Paleogene/early Neogene, faulting interval of the Frontal Range Fault. The shale horizon in the upper part of Unit 1 is a marker bed, which can be correlated across the study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rise of social media platforms has changed human communication once and forever and consequently, has triggered an array of emotions such as fear of missing out (FoMO). In two different studies, this paper investigated individual differences, psychological and social media motivational variables as predictors of FoMO. The paper also sought to test whether FoMO will have a negative impact on academic performance above and beyond social media engagement and social media addiction. Using a structural equation modelling (SEM) along with multiple mediation analysis, the results indicated that perceived excessive social media content generation, attention seeking, and personality variables significantly predicted FoMO controlling for individual differences and social media activity such as Instagram followers, Twitter followers, as well as WhatsApp engagement level. Furthermore, the biological sex of the individual was found to moderate the relationship between attention seeking and FoMO. Findings also indicated that FoMO had a positive impact on both social media engagement and social media addiction. Parallel mediation analysis revealed that FoMO had a negative effect on academic performance above and beyond social media addiction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In spite of the prominence of research on social responsibility teaching as a skill for today, managing social responsibility in foreign language teaching settings is still not a very well explored territory, and the ESP classroom is not an exception. The purpose of this paper is to report on a study that examined the ways social responsibility is integrated into ESP classrooms as perceived by the teachers, with a particular focus on their considerations of socially responsible pedagogy that can potentially contribute to students’ linguistic and sociocultural advancement. The study used qualitative interviews with 43 English language teachers from Oman’s higher education institutions who shared their understanding of social responsibility and how it is incorporated and addressed in their credit and foundation ESP courses. Data analysis was conducted using a method of rhizo-textual analysis (Honan, 2007). Findings reveal that teachers place social responsibility high in terms of its ethical value and importance for students' future employability. They also indicate that despite the perceived importance, administrative support, ESP curriculum content development, and implementation, social responsibility is on average moderately managed in the ESP classrooms due to a lack of social responsibility perspective in some pre-service teaching courses and in-service professional development, perceived issues with time, design and implementation of in-class and extra-curricular activities. The findings of this research contribute to the literature about the importance of social responsibility and direct further developments, leading to effective social responsibility teaching and learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The crude oil reserves in Oman mainly consist of heavy oil. Microbial enhanced heavy oil recovery (MEOR) has been proved to be an efficient technique in the tertiary heavy oil recovery. Five Bacillus species potential for enhanced heavy oil recovery (EHOR) were isolated and the biodegradation ability of these isolates was studied. As heavy crude oil comprises of aromatic hydrocarbons rather than aliphatic ones, the aromatic catabolism gene, catechol 2,3-dioxygenase (C23O) and catechol 1,2-dioxygenase (C12O) were the genes of interest in this study along with the reference gene, 16S rDNA. The copy number variation of these genes was determined using droplet digital PCR (ddPCR). The primers and probes for ddPCR assay were designed targeting these genes. It was observed that the heavy crude oil biodegradation potential of the isolates correlated with the copy number of C23O gene in the microbial genomes. The isolate, Paenibacillus ehimensis BS1 had the highest C23O gene copy number (1.057) followed by Bacillus firmus BG4 (0.895) and Bacillus halodurans BG5 (0.031) as demonstrated by their biodegradation potential. This is one of the few studies deploying ddPCR in the field of heavy crude oil biodegradation by spore forming bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We used routinely collected programme data on people living with HIV in Oman who started ART in 2014–2018 to assess retention on ART, viral suppression, attrition (mortality or loss to follow-up [LTFU]) and treatment failure (attrition or HIV viral load of > 1000 copies/mL) 12 months after antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation. We identified 726 patients; 72% were male. Overall, 12 months retention on ART and viral suppression (intention-to-treat [ITT] analysis) were 85.7% and 74.5%, respectively. Attrition occurred in 14.3% (mortality of 7% and LTFU of 7.3%). Retention increased from 78.8% (93/118) to 90.6% (144/159) among patients who started ART in 2014 and 2018, respectively. Similarly, ITT and on-treatment analyses revealed that viral suppression 12 months after ART initiation increased from 57.6% (68/118) and 73.1% (68/93) among patients who initiated therapy in 2014–80.5% (128/159) and 88.8% (128/144) among patients started treatment in 2018, respectively. On multivariate analysis, older age, having "Other" as an HIV risk factor (compared to heterosexual) and receiving HIV care outside the capital Muscat independently predicted both attrition and treatment failure. Our findings have been useful in identifying factors at the individual and programme level that influenced the risk of attrition and treatment failure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Affordable and clean energy for any rural community is crucial for the sustainable development of the community and the nation at large. The utilization of diesel-based power generation is one of the barriers to the sustainable development of these communities. Such generations require fuel that has a volatile market price and emits massive greenhouse gas emissions. This paper presents the design, modeling, and simulation of a hybrid power system for a rural area in the Sultanate of Oman that aims to reduce daily consumption of diesel fuel and greenhouse gas emissions. Hybrid Optimization of Multiple Energy Resources (HOMER) is utilized to model multiple energy mix hybrid systems and to propose the best optimal energy mix system for a selected community. In addition, Electrical Transient Analyzer Program (ETAP) software is employed to assess hybrid system operational performances, such as bus voltage profiles and active and reactive power losses. This study revealed that the PV–wind–diesel system is the optimal energy mix hybrid microgrid for the Al-Dhafrat rural area in Oman, with a net present cost of USD 14.09 million. Compared to the currently operating diesel-based system, the deployment of this microgrid can reduce the levelized cost of energy, diesel fuel consumption, and greenhouse gas emissions per year by 54.56%, 70.44%, and 70.40%, respectively. This study confirms that the Sultanate of Oman has a substantial opportunity to install a hybrid microgrid system for rural diesel-based communities to achieve sustainable development in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The left hepatic artery (yellow arrow) and right hepatic artery (blue arrow), gastro-duodenal artery (red arrow) is seen originating from the left hepatic artery. Patterns of arterial blood supply to the liver vary and awareness of anatomical variations of the hepatic artery plays an important role in the planning of surgical and endovascular procedures.[1] Lack of familiarity with variants has been shown to result in insufficient management and predispose patients to inadvertent injury during intervention.[2] We describe two cases of aberrant common hepatic artery (ACHA) found incidentally, one in a patient with a replaced common hepatic artery (RCHA) aneurysm and another in a patient with aberrant superior mesenteric artery (SMA) dissection. 3 Ishigami K, Zhang Y, Rayhill S, Katz D, Stolpen A. Does variant hepatic artery anatomy in a liver transplant recipient increase the risk of hepatic artery complications after transplantation?. [Extracted from the article]

Objectives: Stroke is the second leading cause of death worldwide, resulting in 5.5 million deaths in 2016. Vascular interventions, including carotid endarterectomy (CEA) and carotid artery stenting, play a major role in stroke prevention, especially when performed early after onset of symptoms. This study aimed to define the role of vascular surgeons in ischaemic stroke management and hence improve referral patterns by creating an algorithm for the referral process. This could reduce time to intervention and optimise patient benefit from intervention. Methods: This retrospective study reviewed symptomatic and asymptomatic patients with atherosclerotic disease of the carotid artery who were referred to the Vascular Surgery Unit of Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman, from April 2018 to March 2020 to examine factors influencing recognition of suitable candidates for intervention. Following analysis of the data, algorithms/protocols were created to simplify the referral process of symptomatic and asymptomatic carotid artery disease for surgical intervention. Results: A total of 38 patients with ischaemic stroke were recognised as having carotid artery stenosis and were referred to the vascular surgery service during the study period. Only six met the criteria for CEA, four of which underwent the procedure. Conclusion: Choice of patients for CEA involves multiple steps, with potential for missed opportunities. By involving a multidisciplinary team approach, the recommended protocol aims to lead to early and appropriate referral to a vascular surgeon or an interventional radiologist, resulting in increased and optimised intervention in stroke prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study aimed to report the authors' experience with the anatomical subunit technique for unilateral cleft lip repair, which has gained popularity worldwide. Methods: From July 2015 to April 2020, 114 consecutive cases of cleft lip underwent primary cleft lip repair with closed rhinoplasty by a single surgeon. The demographic data, severity and type of the cleft lip, surgical outcomes, including vermillion notching, were assessed by an independent senior surgeon. The rate of revision surgery was collected from the Al-Shifa® - 3Plus healthcare information system (Ministry of Health, Oman). Parents' satisfaction regarding scar quality and lip and nose appearance was collected and all data were statistically analysed. Results: A total of 82 cases satisfied the inclusion criteria. The mean age at surgery for cleft lip was 32 weeks. Among these, 35 cases (43%) were complete cleft lips and 47 cases (57%) were incomplete. Additionally, 43 children (52%) were born of consanguineous marriage. Six patients (7%) needed revision surgery. The digital survey was completed by 40 subjects (response rate: 48.8%) which showed 85% satisfaction rate with the postoperative scar and 77.5% satisfaction with the aesthetic appearance of the nose. Conclusion: The anatomical subunit technique resulted in a predictable outcome indicating a high rate of patient satisfaction with scar quality and nasal and lip symmetry in children with varying severity of cleft lip. The high percentage of consanguinity (52%) in this study highlights the need for more targeted national campaigns involving premarital counselling in the Omani population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Duqm is located in the Al Wasta Governorate in Oman and is currently fed by 10 diesel generators with a total capacity of around 76 MW and other rental power sources with a size of 18 MW. To make the electric power supply come completely from renewables, one novel solution is to replace the diesel with hydrogen. The extra energy coming from the PV-wind system can be utilized to produce green hydrogen that will be utilized by the fuel cell. Measured data of solar insolation, hourly wind speeds, and hourly load consumption are used in the proposed system. Finding an ideal configuration that can match the load demand and be suitable from an economic and environmental point of view was the main objective of this research. The Hybrid Optimization Model for Multiple Energy Resources (HOMER Pro) microgrid software was used to evaluate the technical and financial performance. The findings demonstrated that the suggested hybrid system (PV-wind-fuel cell) will remove CO2 emissions at a cost of energy (COE) of USD 0.436/kWh and will reduce noise. With a total CO2 emission of 205,676,830 kg/year, the levelized cost of energy for the current system is USD 0.196/kWh. The levelized cost for the diesel system will rise to USD 0.243/kWh when taking 100 US dollars per ton of CO2 into account. Due to system advantages, the results showed that using solar, wind, and fuel cells is the most practical and cost-effective technique. The results of this research illustrated the feasibility and effectiveness of utilizing wind and solar resources for both hydrogen and energy production and also suggested that hydrogen is a more cost-effective long-term energy storage option than batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluates the irrigation water volumes' effect on the date palm productivity and water use efficiency under several conventional and improved irrigation systems (surface, subsurface, bubbler, subsurface drip irrigation). The study is focusing on Oman and Saudi Arabia. Data on the water requirement, temperature, and evapotranspiration has been collected from the experimental study conducted at Al-Kamil and Al-Wafi Agricultural Research Station, Oman and Farm Al Briga - research station, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The socioeconomics data used was collected from several national and international sources. The partial budgeting method is used for economic comparison between different irrigation systems. In Oman, the performance of bubbler irrigation systems (BI) and subsurface drip irrigation systems (SDI) was studied in terms of water use efficiency, economic performance, and yield of date palms (Cv. Khalas). Three intervention levels on SDI have been used: at the rate of 60%, 40%, and 20% of water requirement. This experimental study showed that SDI under the three intervention uses water more efficiently than the BI system. The water use efficiency (WUE) of the SDI 20%, 40%, and 60% of water requirements were 2.0, 2.7, and 4.7 kg/m3, respectively. Meanwhile, the BI water use efficiency was 1.3 kg/m3. Economic findings confirmed using the SDI method vs. the BI method increased the cost of establishment but is economical in the long term. Therefore, measures can be taken to reduce the cost of equipment by promoting the production and supply of low-cost SDI systems. In Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, surface drip (SD) irrigation and SDI performance were evaluated in terms of water use efficiency, economic viability, and date palms yield (Cv. Khalas). The results showed that SDI was more efficient in comparison to the drip irrigation (DI) technology. The SDI could save about 27% of irrigation water compared to SD. The results also confirmed that the SDI system produced the same date palm yield while saving the irrigation water. Findings indicate that the SDI compared to the DI could save between 125 and 205 $/ha. This result suggests water economic profitability by using the SDI system in date palm farming. These findings indicate a significant difference in net profit. Overall, the adoption of modern irrigation techniques such as drip and subsurface drip irrigation is essential today for this very arid region. This is mainly to increase WUE and Yield. In a short time, the capital cost associated with installing such a system limits adopting this technology. Thus, to accelerate the adoption process of these technologies, it is imperative to create favourable conditions so that a more significant number of farmers can benefit from the benefits of such technologies. The creation of strong networking among different institutions related to applying this modern irrigation technology and public and private financial institutions and support services could be an example of mechanisms to enhance adoption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We conducted a cross-sectional analysis to determine the rate of retention in HIV care and the factors associated with loss to follow-up (LTFU) among Omani adults living with HIV who were linked to care as of 31 December 2019. Patients (n = 1610) were identified from a central national HIV surveillance dataset. The majority (68.3%) of patients were male, and the median age was 39 years (IQR, 31–48 years). A total of 1480 patient (91.9%) were retained in care. On multivariate analysis, compared to those who received antiretroviral therapy (ART), patients who had never been on ART were 6.8 (95% CI: 3.05–15.16) times more likely to be lost to follow-up. Patients who had a latest HIV viral load (VL) of 200–999 copies/ml (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 4.92, 95% CI: 2.27–10.69) and ≥ 1000 copies/ml (aOR: 15.03, 95% CI: 8.31–27.19) compared to those who had a latest HIV VL of <200 copies/ml had higher odds of loss to follow-up. Moreover, patients who were divorced or widowed were 2.64 (95% CI: 1.14–6.07) times more likely to disengage from HIV services, compared to those who were married. These findings will be invaluable in developing targeted interventions that further improve patients' retention in HIV care in Oman. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report a 32-year-old female patient who was referred to a tertiary care hospital in Muscat, Oman, in 2021 with an iatrogenic arteriovenous fistula (AVF) that presented as a neck swelling which developed few weeks after an attempt of central venous catheterisation through the right internal jugular vein. The fistula was corrected surgically with a successful outcome. AVF is an abnormal communication between an artery and vein which can occur as a congenital anomaly, after trauma or iatrogenic following central venous catheter or endovenous thermal ablation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although crude oil is a difficult environment to live in, because of its high toxicity and hydrophobicity, microbial communities in oil contaminated-extremely arid environments, such as deserts were able to persist in such conditions. In order to find microbes that could be used for bioremediation or biotransformation objectives, diversity analyses from soil samples randomly collected from four oil sludge pits of a sour heavy oil field in Sultanate of Oman were conducted. DNA from the soil samples was extracted and V3-V4 region of 16S rRNA gene was amplified and sequenced using Illumina MiSeq sequencer. Operational taxonomic units (OTU) identification and Greengenes based taxonomic assignment were performed. Bacteria of the phylum Firmicutes dominated across the samples ranging from 30.5% to 35.7% of OTU relative abundance, except in sample S43, where Proteobacteria phylum had the highest abundance (55%), followed by the Firmicutes phylum (24.3%). At genus level, Halanaerobium dominated across all the samples followed by Deferribacter and Desulfovermiculus. As expected, sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) were abundant. The findings support the use of contaminated soil with heavy crude oil as a source for bacteria, which are able to survive the harsh conditions, and possibly degrade crude oil for the bioremediation and enhanced oil recovery purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The aim of this study was to determine the proportions and predictors of late presentation (LP) and advanced HIV disease (AD) in Oman. LP and AD were defined as presenting with a baseline CD4 count of < 350 and < 200 cells/mm3, respectively.Methods: We conducted a retrospective database analysis of the National HIV Surveillance System to identify Omani people (≥ 13 years old) who were diagnosed with HIV in the period between January 2000 and December 2019 and had a documented baseline CD4 cell count. We calculated the rates and trend over time of LP and AD. A logistic regression was carried out to determine the predictors of LP and AD.Results: A total of 1418 patients, who were diagnosed with HIV in the period from January 2000 to December 2019, were included; 71% were male and 66% were heterosexuals. The median (IQR) age at diagnosis was 33 (25-39) years. Overall, 71% (95% CI: 68-73) and 46% (95% CI: 44-49) of patients had LP and AD at presentation, respectively. The LP percentage decreased from 76% in 2000-2004 to 69% in 2015-2019; AD percentage decreased from 57 to 46% over the same period. The proportions of men with LP and AD were higher than women (74% vs. 62 and 50% vs. 36%, respectively). The percentages of persons with LP among people aged 13-24, 25-49, and ≥ 50 years were 65, 71, and 84%, respectively. The proportions of persons with AD among people aged 13-24, 25-49, and ≥ 50 years were 39, 46, and 65%, respectively. Logistic regression showed that male sex, older age, having an "unknown" HIV risk factor, and living outside Muscat were independent predictors of AD. Male sex also independently predicted LP.Conclusions: This analysis indicates that a significant proportion of new HIV cases in Oman continue to present late. This study identified patient subgroups at greatest risk of late HIV diagnosis such as men and older people. Targeted interventions and greater efforts to scale up HIV testing services in Oman are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The seroprevalence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) in Oman has increased from 5.5% to 22%. • A difference in seroprevalence was found between genders. • The risk of getting COVID-19 was 96% higher in close contacts of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). • SARS-CoV-2 dissemination varied by governorate in Oman. • COVID-19 was higher in non-Omanis compared with Omanis prior to the introduction of health measures. To assess the seroprevalence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) in Oman and longitudinal changes in antibody levels over time within the first 11 months of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. This nationwide cross-sectional study was conducted as a four-cycle serosurvey using a multi-stage stratified sampling method from July to November 2020. A questionnaire was used and included demographics, history of acute respiratory infection and list of symptoms, COVID-19 contact, previous diagnosis or admission, travel history and risk factors. In total, 17,457 participants were surveyed. Thirty percent were female and 66.3% were Omani. There was a significant increase in seroprevalence throughout the study cycles, from 5.5% (4.8–6.2%) in Cycle 1 to 22% (19.6–24.6%) in Cycle 4. There was no difference in seroprevalence between genders, but significant differences were found between age groups. There was a transition of seroprevalence from being higher in non-Omanis than Omanis in Cycle 1 [9.1% (7.6–10.9%) vs 3.2% (2.6–3.9%)] to being higher in Omanis than non-Omanis in Cycle 4 [24.3% (21.0–27.9%) vs 16.8% (14.9–18.9%)]. There was remarkable variation in the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 according to governorate. Close contacts of people with COVID-19 had a 96% higher risk of having the disease [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 1.96, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 1.64–2.34]. Labourers had 58% higher risk of infection compared with office workers (AOR 1.58, 95% CI 1.04–2.35). This study showed a wide variation in the spread of SARS-CoV-2 across governorates in Oman, with higher estimated seroprevalence in migrants in the first two cycles. Prevalence estimates remain low and are insufficient to provide herd immunity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a S. aureus strain characterized by resistance to cloxacillin. Healthcare workers (HCWs), are recognized for their heightened risk for MRSA acquisition and possibly for MRSA nosocomial transmission. This crosssectional study aimed to determine the prevalence and the associated risk factors of MRSA colonization among healthcare workers at Sultan Qaboos University Hospital (SQUH) in Oman. Methodology: A total of 200 nasal swab samples were collected from the healthcare workers at SQUH during the period October 2nd 2018 to January 7th 2019. All nasal swab samples were examined microbiologically for the presence of MRSA using the standard method and the results were confirmed by detection of the mecA product (PBP2a). Data on associated risk factors for MRSA colonization was collected and analyzed. Results: Forty-one of the 200 screened healthcare workers (20.5%) were found to have nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus of which 63.4% were Methicillin Sensitive and 36.6% were Methicillin-Resistant (MRSA). Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)was isolated from fifteen of the 200 screened healthcare workers giving a prevalence rate of nasal colonization with MRSA of 7.5%. We found no statistical association between healthcare worker MRSA nasal colonization and age, gender, HCWs specialty, hand hygiene practices, skin condition, previous MRSA infection, and previous exposure to antibiotics. Conclusions: Identification of the prevalence and the associated risk factors of MRSA colonization in healthcare workers mandates continuous surveillance and the implementation of all possible preventive measures to reduce re-occurrences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The HIV cascade of care is a framework for monitoring HIV care, identifying gaps and informing appropriate interventions. This study aimed to describe the cascade of care in Oman in 2019 and highlight disparities at the sub-population level. Methods: We used the UNAIDS Spectrum modelling software to estimate the number of people living with HIV. A national HIV surveillance database was used to identify Omani people (≥13 years old) diagnosed with HIV from 1984 through December 2019. We calculated the cascade indicators as of 31 December 2019 stratified by sex, age, HIV risk factor, residence, and region of HIV care. We also performed multivariate logistic regression to determine the predictors of attrition at linkage, retention, on ART, and viral suppression. Results: As of December 2019, the estimated number of people living with HIV in Oman was 2440. Out of the estimated number of people living with HIV, 69% were diagnosed, 66% were linked to care, 61% were retained in care, 60% were on ART, and 55% were virally suppressed. Of the 1673 diagnosed individuals, 96% were linked to care, 88% were retained in care, 87% were on ART, and 81% were virally suppressed. People who received HIV care outside Muscat had the largest attrition (11% loss) in the transition from linkage (97%) to retention (86%). Similarly, people aged 13–24 years had the largest attrition (13% loss) from "on ART" (88%) to viral suppression (75%). Logistic regression showed that both not reporting a specific HIV risk factor and receipt of HIV care outside Muscat independently predicted attrition at each cascade stage from linkage to care through viral suppression. Conclusions: Our findings identified substantial disparities across various subpopulations along the cascade of care in Oman. This analysis will be invaluable in informing future interventions targeting patient subgroups who are at the highest risk of attrition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper strives to present voices of Omani female professionals with the purpose of gaining deeper understanding of their aspirations, fears, and drives through a decomposition and further exploration of the construct of working females. The content obtained from one WhatsApp group discussion (9 participants) and two focus group discussions (13 participants) has been analyzed and categorized into three types of images - self-image of female professionals; image of female professionals through the eyes of males as inferred and interpreted by females themselves; image of female professionals through the eyes of another female. The emerged themes accompanied by communicative strategies confirm an on-going gender struggle in the country's professional context. It also captures the inconsistencies and conflicting narratives embedded in the construct of Omani female professionals. The findings challenge traditional gender hierarchies and add to the discussion on the engagement of traditionally disadvantaged groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in HCWs 8 months into the pandemic was 21%. • HCWs were stratified by risk of exposure; seropositivity was higher in the low-risk category. • The rate of previously undetected SARS-CoV-2 infection in HCWs was 25–58%. • Healthcare SARS-CoV-2 epidemiology is greatly driven by community prevalence. To determine the seroprevalence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in healthcare workers (HCWs) based on risk of exposure to COVID-19 patients. This was a SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence cross-sectional study in risk-stratified HCWs randomly selected from three main district hospitals in Oman. 1078 HCWs were included, with an overall SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence of 21%. The seropositivity rates in low-, variable-, and high-risk groups were 29%, 18%, and 17%, respectively (p -value < 0.001). The study found higher positivity in males (crude odds ratio [COR] 1.71, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.28–2.3), and workers residing in high-prevalence areas (COR 2.09, 95% CI 1.42–3.07). Compared with doctors, workers from supporting services, administration staff, and nurses were more likely to test positive for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies (COR 9.81, 95% CI 5.26–18.27; 2.37, 95% CI 1.23–4.58; 2.08 95% CI 1.14–3.81). The overall rate of previously undetected infection was 12%, with higher values in low-risk HCWs. High district prevalence was a driving factor for seropositivity in the low-risk group (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 2.36, 95% CI 1.0–5.59). Low-risk supporting services workers can drive SARS-CoV-2 transmission in hospitals. More attention and innovation within this area will enhance the safety of health care during epidemics/pandemics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The aim of the current study was to describe COVID-19’s epidemiological characteristics in Oman during the initial stages of the outbreak and compare findings with other countries’ reports. Methods: Data were drawn from a descriptive, records-based review of reported cases of COVID-19 collected through the national COVID-19 Surveillance System from February to April 2020. Results: A total of 2,443 confirmed cases were reported during the study period. The overall first-time testing rate for this period was 851.7 per 100,000, the positivity rate was 53.1 (confidence intervals [CI]: 51.0–55.2) and the death rate was 0.32 (CI: 0.20–0.54) per 100,000 population, respectively. The overall national positive ratio was 5.7% and ranged from 2.2–7.1% across various governorates. Muscat Governorate had the highest positive ratio (12.5%). People in the 51–60 year old age group (RR = 1.97), males (RR = 1.24), non-Omanis (RR = 2.33) and those living in Muscat (RR = 2.14) emerged as categories with significant demographic risk for COVID-19 cases when compared to the national average. The mean age was 35.6 ± 13.4. Asymptomatic cases accounted for nearly 16%. Conclusion: The overall rate of COVID-19 cases and deaths were low in Oman compared to the rest of the world during the study period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• P323L (94.7%) is the most common mutation, followed by D614G (92.6%) Spike protein mutation. • A unique mutation, I280V, was first reported in Oman and was associated with a rare lineage, B.1.113 (10.6%). • The study revealed a good agreement between genetic and epidemiological data. • Oman's robust surveillance system was very efficient to guide the outbreak investigation processes in the country, • The study illustrates the future importance of molecular epidemiology to lead the national response to outbreaks and pandemics. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been proven to be lethal to human health, which affects almost every corner of the world. The objectives of this study were to add context to the global data and international genomic consortiums, and to give insight into the efficiency of the contact tracing system in Oman. We combined epidemiological data and whole-genome sequence data from 94 samples of SARS-CoV-2 in Oman to understand the origins, genetic variation, and transmissibility. The whole-genome size of sequence data was obtained through a customized SARS-COV-2 research panel. Amplifier methods ranged from 26 Kbp to 30 Kbp and were submitted to GISAID. The study found that P323L (94.7%) is the most common mutation, followed by D614G (92.6%) Spike protein mutation. A unique mutation, I280V, was first reported in Oman and was associated with a rare lineage, B.1.113 (10.6%). In addition, the study revealed a good agreement between genetic and epidemiological data. Oman's robust surveillance system was very efficient in guiding the outbreak investigation processes in the country, the study illustrates the future importance of molecular epidemiology in leading the national response to outbreaks and pandemics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• There is 15 % excess mortality in 'all-cause mortality' in Oman during the study period, mainly in the >60-year-old age group. • 66 % of the excess death during the study period was attributed to COVID-19. • Excess mortality was found in the respiratory, infectious and unclassified diseases. • This excess mortality re-enforces the importance of a holistic approach in managing the syndemic effects of COVID-19. Mortality surveillance provides a crucial method for monitoring disease activity. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) can cause excess mortality both directly and indirectly by increasing deaths from other diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of COVID-19 on mortality in Oman. A cross-sectional retrospective analysis of mortality data from 1 January 2015 to 16 August 2020 was undertaken. Baseline mortality estimated using the Farrington flexible model and excess mortality were calculated for the pandemic period (16 March–16 August 2020) according to cause of death, place of death and age group. During the pandemic period, there was a 15% [95% confidence interval (CI) 14–17] increase in all-cause mortality from baseline. When classifying by cause, there was a 9% (95% CI 5–12) increase in deaths due to respiratory diseases, a 2% (95% CI 1–4) increase in deaths due to infectious diseases and a 9% (95% CI 8–11) increase in unclassified deaths. In terms of place of death, 12% (95% CI 11–14) of excess mortality occurred in hospitals and 7% (95% CI 5–8) occurred in homes during the pandemic period. Patients aged >60 years recorded a 15% (95% CI 13–16) increase in all-cause mortality during this period. The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in a 15% increase in all-cause mortality in Oman, mainly as a result of deaths from COVID-19. However, unclassified deaths, deaths due to respiratory diseases and deaths due to infectious diseases have also increased, enforcing the need for a holistic approach and appropriate coordination of health services during such health crises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We conducted a cross-sectional analysis to determine HIV virologic failure and its associated factors among Omani people living with HIV who are on ART for > 6 months. Patients (n = 1427) were identified from a central national HIV surveillance dataset. Two-thirds (67%) of patients were male, and the median age was 39 years (IQR, 32-48 years). Out of 1427 patients, 14.4% had virologic failure (HIV viral load [VL] ≥ 200 copies/ml). The multivariate analysis showed that patients aged 25-49 years (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 1.76, 95% CI: 1.01-3.08) were significantly more likely to fail treatment, compared to those aged ≥ 50 years. Besides, having "Other" HIV risk factor (compared to heterosexuals, aOR: 1.82, 95% CI: 1.02-3.24) and receiving HIV care outside the capital Muscat (compared to those cared for in Muscat, aOR: 1.73, 95% CI: 1.11-2.7) were independently associated with virologic failure. HIV viral suppression (85.6%) in Oman is encouraging; however, further strategies, mainly targeting patients who are young (<50 years), those not disclosing their HIV risk factor and those attending HIV treatment centres outside Muscat, are required to enhance HIV treatment outcome in Oman. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal is the property of Sultan Qaboos University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal is the property of Sultan Qaboos University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

• R t can be used to closely monitor the non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPI) of the COVID-19 epidemic. • Activity of the epidemic in Oman is examined. • Other factors, like the return of overseas students, have increased the epidemic activity. • Responses to NPI are different between migrants and natives. COVID-19's emergence carries with it many uncertainties and challenges, including strategies to manage the epidemic. Oman has implemented non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) to mitigate the impact of COVID-19. However, responses to NPIs may be different across different populations within a country with a large number of migrants, such as Oman. This study investigated the different responses to NPIs, and assessed the use of the time-varying reproduction number (R t) to monitor them. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 data for Oman, from February 24 to June 3, 2020, were used alongside demographic and epidemiological information. Data were arranged into pairs of infector–infectee, and two main libraries of R software were used to estimate reproductive number (R t). R t was calculated for both Omanis and non-Omanis. A total of 13,538 cases were included, 44.9% of which were Omanis. Among all these cases we identified 2769 infector–infectee pairs for calculating R t. There was a sharp drop in R t from 3.7 (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.8–4.6) in mid-March to 1.4 (95% CI 1.2–1.7) in late March in response to NPIs. R t then decreased further to 1.2 (95% CI 1.1–1.3) in late April after which it rose, corresponding to the easing of NPIs. Comparing the two groups, the response to major public health controls was more evident in Omanis in reducing R t to 1.09 (95% CI 0.84–1.3) by the end of March. Use of real-time estimation of R t allowed us to follow the effects of NPIs. The migrant population responded differently than the Omani population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We used population-based data on all diagnosed people living with Human Immunodeficiency (HIV) reported to the National AIDS Programme in 1984–2018 to describe the HIV epidemiology in Oman. A total of 3060 Omanis were diagnosed with HIV from 1984 to 2018. The proportions of new infections attributed to sexual contact accounted for 56.3% (376/668) in 1984–1996 compared with 80.7% (630/780) in 2013–2018. Of 1417 patients with a documented CD4 count at the entry of care, 45.3% had a baseline CD4 count of <200 cells/mm3. Compared with heterosexuals, homosexuals had higher rates of advanced HIV disease [42.7% (388/908) vs 50.4% (136/270), respectively]. Rates of advanced disease and death within a year of HIV diagnosis rose consistently with age at diagnosis. Approximately half (48.8%) of the patients diagnosed in 1984–2018 had died by December 2018. The majority (85.6%; 572/668) of people who were diagnosed in 1984–1997 had died compared with 12.7% (99/780) of those diagnosed in 2013–2018. However, people died more recently had a higher proportion of death within a year of HIV diagnosis [74.7% (74/99) in 2013–2018 compared with 13.8% (79/572) in 1984–1996]. This study shows that the HIV epidemic in Oman is a low-prevalence one. Of concern, a large proportion of new HIV diagnoses continued to present late, which has resulted in a substantial increase in short-term mortality over the past 20 years. Nevertheless, we observed a remarkable decline in overall mortality over time, which may be explained by the improvement in the quality of HIV care in Oman. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Stigma and discrimination undermine the quality of life of people with HIV and their access to health services. This study aimed to assess HIV-related knowledge, attitudes and practices among healthcare workers (HCWs) in Oman. Methods: This cross-sectional study took place between July and November 2016. A questionnaire was distributed to 1,400 government HCWs to determine HIV-related knowledge, attitudes and practices. Results: A total of 1,281 HCWs participated (response rate = 92%). Routine tasks, such as dressing wounds, drawing blood and touching clothes, were a cause of concern for 24–52% of HCWs. Only 69% correctly answered questions regarding the transmission of HIV via eating/drinking and mosquito bites. Compared to other HCWs, doctors had significantly higher knowledge (mean = 0.46, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.19 to 0.73; P <0.001), attitude (mean = 0.77, 95% CI: 0.31 to 1.24; P = 0.001) and practice (mean = 2.07, 95% CI: 1.59 to 2.55; P <0.001) scores. Expatriates also scored significantly higher in knowledge (mean = 1.08, 95% CI: 0.93 to 1.23; P <0.001), attitude (mean = 1.23, 95% CI: 0.98 to 1.48; P <0.001) and practice (mean = 1.08, 95% CI: 0.82 to 1.34; P <0.001) compared to Omani nationals. Finally, those with >15 years’ work experience scored significantly higher on knowledge (mean = −0.60, 95% CI: −1.12 to −0.08; P = 0.025) and attitude (mean = −0.99, 95% CI: −1.87 to −0.10; P = 0.029) compared to those with less experience. Conclusion: The high rate of HIV-related stigma among HCWs in Oman should be rectified in order to achieve the 90-90-90 target set by the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Candida auris has emerged in the past decade as a multi-drug resistant public health threat causing health care outbreaks. Here we report epidemiological, clinical, and microbiological investigations of a C. auris outbreak in a regional Omani hospital between April 2018 and April 2019. The outbreak started in the intensive care areas (intensive care unit (ICU), coronary care unit (CCU), and high dependency unit) but cases were subsequently diagnosed in other medical and surgical units. In addition to the patients' clinical and screening samples, environmental swabs from high touch areas and from the hands of 35 staff were collected. All the positive samples from patients and environmental screening were confirmed using MALDI-TOF, and additional ITS-rDNA sequencing was done for ten clinical and two environmental isolates. There were 32 patients positive for C. auris of which 14 (43.8%) had urinary tract infection, 11 (34.4%) had candidemia, and 7 (21.8%) had asymptomatic skin colonization. The median age was 64 years (14-88) with 17 (53.1%) male and 15 (46.9%) female patients. Prior to diagnosis, 21 (65.6%) had been admitted to the intensive care unit, and 11 (34.4%) had been nursed in medical or surgical wards. The crude mortality rate in our patient's cohort was 53.1. Two swabs collected from a ventilator in two different beds in the ICU were positive for C. auris. None of the health care worker samples were positive. Molecular typing showed that clinical and environmental isolates were genetically similar and all belonged to the South Asian C. auris clade I. Most isolates had non-susceptible fluconazole (100%) and amphotericin B (33%) minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs), but had low echinocandin and voriconazole MICs. Despite multimodal infection prevention and control measures, new cases continued to appear, challenging all the containment efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) is a disease with potentially serious consequences. The clinical presentation and outcomes of these patients have not been described in Oman. We sought to describe the clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with CVST. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study in two tertiary care centers in Oman, which included all Omani adults with radiologically confirmed CVST. We recorded and analyzed patients' demographic, clinical, and outcome data. Results: Fifty-four patients had radiologically confirmed CVST. The commonest presenting feature was headache (85.0%), followed by focal motor deficits (48.0%) and seizures (27.0%). In this cohort, 24.0% were pregnant or postpartum, 11.0% had an inherited thrombophilia, 11.0% were on hormonal therapy, and 11.0% had systemic lupus erythematous; 38.9% of patients had multiple sinus thrombosis while 35.2% had sigmoid and transverse sinus thrombosis. Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome and infection accounted for 7.0% and 13.0% of causes, respectively, while cancer accounted for 2.0%. No cause was identified in 33.0% of cases. Only 1.9% of patients died, while 29.6% had a residual neurological deficit at hospital discharge. Age was a predictor for residual neurological deficit (p = 0.003). Conclusions: Pregnancy and postpartum were the most common predisposing factors for CVST in our cohort. Although the mortality rate is low, the risk of residual neurological deficit remains high. We recommend a prospective study for better characterization and outcome assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aureobasidium mangrovei was isolated from plant debris in Muscat, Sultanate of Oman. The isolate was characterised and compared with related species of this genus for its growth, colony morphology, and micromorphology. Molecular analysis of the LSU and ITS rDNA supported final identification of the isolate. Our record is the second find in the world and the first in the Sultanate of Oman. DNA sequences of the isolated strain showed 99% (ITS) and 100% (LSU) similarity, respectively, with the sequences of the type isolates from Iran, as well as similar growth and colony morphology. A complete microscopic characterisation, which was not described for the Iranian strain, was made. The Iranian strains were isolated from saline habitats of the protected Hara forests, while our strain was isolated from the leaves of freshwater habitats. A comparison of growth characteristics of both strains under different conditions is provided. Aureobasidium mangrovei bylo izolováno z rostlinných zbytků v Maskatu (Omán). Izolát byl srovnán s příbuznými druhy po stránce růstu, morfologie kolonií a mikromorfologie; určení bylo potvrzeno molekulární analýzou LSU a ITS rDNA. Jde o druhý nález tohoto druhu na světě a první v Ománu. Sekvence DNA izolovaného kmene vykázaly 99% (ITS) and 100% (LSU) podobnost s typovým izolátem z Íránu, s nímž se shoduje i v charakteru růstu a morfologii kolonií. Je prezentována kompletní mikroskopická charakteristika, která doplňuje údaje z popisu kmene z Íránu. Zatímco íránské kmeny byly izolovány ze salinního prostředí v pobřežních porostech kolíkovníku, tento kmen byl izolován z listů ve sladké vodě. V práci je uvedeno srovnání růstových charakteristik obou kmenů. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a serious disease with a high fatality rate reported in many countries. The first case of CCHF in Oman was detected in 1995 and serosurveys have suggested widespread infection of humans and livestock throughout the country. Methodology: Cases of CCHF reported to the Ministry of Health (MoH) of Oman between 1995 and 2017 were retrospectively reviewed. Diagnosis was confirmed by serology and/or molecular tests in Oman. Stored RNA from recent cases was studied by sequencing the complete open reading frame (ORF) of the viral S segment at Public Health England, enabling phylogenetic comparisons to be made with other S segments of strains obtained from the region. Findings: Of 88 cases of CCHF, 4 were sporadic in 1995 and 1996, then none were detected until 2011. From 2011–2017, incidence has steadily increased and 19 (23.8%) of 80 cases clustered around Eid Al Adha. The median (range) age was 33 (15–68) years and 79 (90%) were male. The major risk for infection was contact with animals and/or butchering in 73/88 (83%) and only one case was related to tick bites alone. Severe cases were over-represented: 64 (72.7%) had a platelet count < 50 x 109/L and 32 (36.4%) died. There was no intrafamilial spread or healthcare-associated infection. The viral S segments from 11 patients presenting in 2013 and 2014 were all grouped in Asia 1 (IV) lineage. Conclusions: CCHF is well-established throughout Oman, with a single strain of virus present for at least 20 years. Most patients are men involved in animal husbandry and butchery. The high mortality suggests that there is substantial under-diagnosis of milder cases. Preventive measures have been introduced to reduce risks of transmission to animal handlers and butchers and to maintain safety in healthcare settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to describe the epidemiology of ocular trauma at Al-Nahdha Hospital in Muscat, Oman. METHODS: Medical records of all cases of ocular trauma which presented to the Emergency Department at Al-Nahdha Hospital and were seen by the ophthalmology service from January 1, 2013 to June 30, 2013 (6 months) were reviewed to collect data on ocular trauma according to the world Eye Injury Initial form which uses the Birmingham Eye Trauma Terminology System. RESULTS: There were 27,951 patients seen at the Emergency Department and 611 of which were ocular trauma cases (cumulative incidence 2.2% [confidence interval 2.0-2.4]). The mean age of the patients was 23 years and males comprised the majority of the cases (72%). Thirty-two patients had bilateral injury giving a total of 643 eyes injured. More than half of all injuries were caused by either blunt or large sharp objects. The cornea was the most frequently injured tissue (49%), but most injuries were minor in nature. More than three quarters (77%) of all eyes had a visual acuity of 0.3 (LogMAR) or better on presentation. There were 35 eyes (6%) with open globe injuries (OGI) and three-quarters of them occurring in the manual laborers. CONCLUSION: Ocular trauma is a common presentation at Al-Nahdha Hospital. Although the majority of trauma cases were minor without any resultant visual disability, OGI could have been prevented with better ocular protection in the workplace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fruit fly species in Oman were investigated via sampling of fruits from cultivated and wild plants and hanging traps. A total of 13 species of tephritids were identified using morphological and molecular techniques. Three unidentified species could be new to science. Moreover, 2-3 species of braconid parasitoids and one figitid species, mostly associated with fruit fly infested Ziziphus fruits, were collected. A new lure for female fruit flies, consisting of a combination of urea and watermelon seeds, exhibited effectiveness on par with commercial lures such as torula yeast and Ceratrap. In terms of physical barriers, row covers significantly reduced zucchini fruit damage even when applied as a wall around the planting line. An experiment, involving combining growing melon in the greenhouse with a honeybee hive for flower pollination, proved successful in producing a large number of undamaged fruits. In terms of biological control, we managed to set up a system for rearing of major pestiferous fruit fly species and their parasitoids. We currently have two active cultures of Bactrocera zonata and B. dorsalis, and one active culture of Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (DL), a braconid parasitoid imported from Kenya. We hope in the future to produce large numbers of DL wasps for augmentative release in Oman. Fruit fly cultures have served as stock for testing plant extracts as repellents against female B. zonata and B. dorsalis and for testing Beauveria bassiana formulations for control of adults and larvae of B. zonata. Studies of Fruit fly population dynamics and height of flight have shown that yellow sticky traps, set at different heights from 0.5 to 3.5 m, captured significantly more males than females. Additionally, most fruit flies were captured at 2m and lower. The population of male B. dorsalis in ME traps was highest from April to June, and lowest from November to January. Conversely, the population of male B. zonata in ME traps peaked from September to December, and dropped to its lowest levels from April to July. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Oman is heading towards heavy industrialisation with rapid establishment of new industrial parks. One of these, the Sohar Industrial Zone (SIZ) started to operate in 2006 and includes many industries that potentially affect local air quality and the health status of its surrounding residents. The study aim was to assess the health effects in a population of ≥20 years old, living in the residential area around the SIZ. Methods: Area-specific health care visits data for acute respiratory diseases (ARD), asthma, conjunctivitis and dermatitis were obtained for the period between January 1, 2006, and December 31, 2010. Exposure was defined as distance from the SIZ to determine high, intermediate, and control exposure zones (≤5, >5-10, and ≥20 km from the SIZ respectively). Generalized additive models were used to model age and gender adjusted monthly health events for the selected diseases, adjusted for age and gender-specific population smoking prevalence. The high and intermediate exposure zones were later combined in the models because of their similarity of effects. Exposure effect modification by age, gender and socio-economic status (SES) were examined. Results: Living within the high and intermediate exposure zones was associated with a greater risk ratiofor ARD (RR: 2.02; 95 % CI: 1.88-2.17), asthma (RR: 3.61; 95 % CI: 2.96-4.41), conjunctivitis (RR: 2.83; 95 % CI: 2.47-3.24), and dermatitis (RR: 2.11; 95 % CI: 1.86-2.39), compared to the control exposure zone. Greater exposure effects were observed amongst ages ≥50 years and lower SES groups. Conclusion: This is the first study carried out in Oman to assess the link between environmental exposure and health. These findings hope to contribute to building up evidence for environmental health and sustainable development policy in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aims to evaluate the knowledge and attitudes of Oman Medical Specialty Board (OMSB) residents towards Evidence-Based Medicine (EBM). Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted on all OMSB residents through a self-administered online questionnaire between October 2012 and March 2013. An electronic survey was designed to identify and determine residents' knowledge and attitudes toward the use of EBM. Results: The survey was completed by 93 (21%) OMSB residents, 76 (82%) of whom took part in continuing education courses and 50 (54%) belonged to professional practice-oriented organizations. On average, the residents were reportedly involved in patient care for approximately 70% (Standard Deviation [SD] 17%) of their time, while 14% (SD 12%) participated in research activities. The results showed that 53 respondents (57%) were competent users of medical search engines compared to 23 residents (25%) who rated their skills as neutral. Sixteen percent of the respondents strongly agreed and 46% only agreed that the facility supports the use of current research in practice. Fourteen percent strongly agreed and fifty-three percent only agreed that the foundation of EBM is part of OMSB academic preparation. On the other hand, 17% of the respondents thought that insufficient time is always a barrier against EBM, while another 27% perceived insufficient time as a usual barrier. The lack of information resources was reported to always be a barrier in 11% of the respondents while 32% thought that it usually acts as a barrier. Conclusion: Time constraints and skills in EBM were found to be the two major obstacles. This study was, however, limited by the low response rate of the survey; thus larger studies with a previously validated questionnaire should be conducted in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This study highlights the use of low-cost agro-industrial raw material – date molasses for fermentative production of biosurfactants. Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is the primary crop in Oman, which shares 82% of all fruit crops production in the country. When date molasses was used as the sole carbon and energy source for biosurfactant production using Bacillus subtilis B20, a product yield of 2.29 ± 0.38 g/l was obtained. The biosurfactant reduced surface tension and interfacial tension from 60 to 25 mN/m to 27 and 5.02 mN/m respectively. It also showed significant stability under a wide range of temperatures, pH and salt concentrations. Additional 9.7% oil was recovered through core-flood studies, accessing the potential of biosurfactant to enhance oil recovery under reservoir conditions. Current studies showed date molasses could be suitable for use in the production of biosurfactant and it has the potential for use in enhancing oil recovery. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]