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From 1996 to 2007 we sampled depositional point bars that were scalped for gravel harvesting and unharvested control sites in the Neosho River, Kansas to determine if scalping effected the abundance of the Neosho madtom (Noturus placidus) and other obligate benthic fishes. Mean relative abundance of the Neosho madtoms did not differ between scalped gravel scalped bars and control bars, but was greater in riffles and runs compared to deeper, low velocity point bars (P<0.001). Species diversity and richness of obligate benthic fishes tended to be similar between gravel scalped and control bars; however, some obligate benthic fishes [channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), freckled madtom (Noturus nocturnus), stonecat (Noturus flavus), orangethroat darter (Etheostoma spectabile), and suckermouth minnow (Phenocobius mirabilis)] were more likely to be present when the Neosho madtom was present (P<0.001). When combining additional data from other long-term monitoring from 1991 to 2007, Neosho madtom relative abundance in the Neosho River was positively related to mean annual flow (r0.61, P=0.01). Scalping of gravel bars appeared to have less of an impact on Neosho madtom and other benthic obligate fishes than annual flow. However, other geomorphic metrics such as bedload transport were not measured in this study and, if affected by gravel scalping, may ultimately affect the fishes in the Neosho River. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The authors assessed relocated Hurricane Katrina survivors' emotional and biological stress measures 20 months postdisaster to understand effects of both hurricane exposure and forced relocation on emotional and physical health., Design: Psychiatric diagnoses, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depressive symptoms, and biological stress measures were compared for total survivor and control groups and subgroups by PTSD diagnoses and lifetime trauma., Setting: Outpatient university psychiatry clinics in Oklahoma City and Tulsa., Participants: Thirty-four healthy adult Katrina survivors relocated to Oklahoma, and 34 healthy, demographically matched Oklahoma comparison participants., Main Outcome Measures: Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, assessed Axis I psychiatric disorders. Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale and Beck Depression Inventory quantified PTSD and depression symptoms. Biological stress measures were physiologic reactivity (heart rate and blood pressure responses to a trauma interview), interleukin-2 (IL-2; cell-mediated immunity), and interleukin-6 (IL-6; proinflammatory cytokine)., Results: Both groups had high lifetime trauma exposure. Among survivors, current hurricane-related and predisaster PTSD were diagnosed in 35.3 and 11.8 percent. Controls had current (11.8 percent) and lifetime (14.7 percent) PTSD. Survivors' PTSD and depression symptom levels were higher than controls and within illness ranges. The survivors had higher IL-6 than nontraumatized controls, higher IL-6 in the presence of PTSD, and higher baseline heart rates and mean arterial blood pressure reactivity than controls., Conclusions: Higher IL-6 and autonomic measures for several Katrina survivor subgroups than control subgroups may confer future cardiovascular risks. The results are discussed relative to increased myocardial infarct rates in New Orleans after Katrina. Even healthy survivors should be assessed for cardiovascular risks and mental health sequelae.