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Seabirds are important biovectors of contaminants, like mercury, moving them from marine to terrestrial environments around breeding colonies. This transfer of materials can have marked impacts on receiving environments and biota. Less is known about biotransport of contaminants by generalist seabirds that exploit anthropogenic wastes compared to other seabird species. In this study, we measured total mercury (THg) in O-horizon soils at four herring gull (Larus smithsoniansus) breeding colonies in southern Nova Scotia, Canada. At colonies with dry substrate, THg was significantly higher in soils collected from gull colonies compared to nearby reference soils with no nesting gulls. Further, THg was distinct in soils among study colonies and was likely influenced by biotransport from other nesting seabird species, most notably Leach's storm-petrels (Hydrobates leucorhous). Our research suggests gulls that scavenge on anthropogenic wastes at local industrial sites are biovectors moving THg acquired at these sites to their colonies and may increase the spatial footprint of contaminants from these industries. [Display omitted] • Gulls feeding on anthropogenic industrial wastes may be exposed to mercury. • Gull colony soils showed elevated levels of THg. • Soil at gull colonies suggest biotransport of regional THg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diurnal patterns for dissolved gaseous mercury (DGM) concentration, mercury flux, several water variables (pH, oxidation reduction potential (ORP), water temperature), and meteorological variables (wind speed, air temperature, % relative humidity, solar radiation) were measured in two lakes with contrasting dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations in Kejimkujik Park, Nova Scotia. A continuous analysis system made it possible to measure quick changes in DGM over time. Consistently higher DGM concentrations were found in the high DOC lake as compared to the low DOC lake. An examination of current mercury flux models using this quantitative data indicated some good correlations between the data and predicted flux (r ranging from 0.27 to 0.83) but generally poor fit (standard deviation of residuals ranging from 0.97 to 3.38). Crosscorrelation analysis indicated that DGM dynamics changed in response to solar radiation with lag-times of 65 and 90 min. This relationship with solar radiation was used to develop new predictive models of DGM and mercury flux dynamics for each lake. We suggest that a generalized approach using time-shifted solar radiation data to predict DGM can be incorporated into existing mercury flux models. It is clear from the work presented that DOC and wind speed may also play important roles in DGM and mercury flux dynamics, and these roles have not been adequately accounted for in current predictive models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exposure to solar radiation and tidal inundation are important factors for a wide variety of chemical and ecological processes in coastal ecosystems. Accurate quantification of these factors is often difficult on a local scale. To address this research gap, a remote-sensing approach was developed to model inundation and radiation characteristics within an intertidal zone located in the Minas Basin (Bay of Fundy, Nova Scotia, Canada). A light detection and ranging (LIDAR)-derived elevation model was subjected to tidal modelling based on hourly sea level predictions and solar modelling based on sunrise and sunset times for 2009. Model results indicated an intertidal zone of 145.8 km2 with an elevation between -6.9 m and 6.8 m. The intertidal zone was determined to contain three unique wetland classes: (1) 4.4 km2 of high salt marsh, dominated by Spartina patens; (2) 5.0 km2 of low salt marsh, dominated by Spartina alterniflora; and (3) 63.1 km2 of nonvegetated marine flat (73.3 km2 unclassified intertidal). Detailed exposure characteristics were calculated for each of the classes within the intertidal zone at 10-cm vertical intervals. Exposure calculations for 2009 showed that an average of 4.2 km2 of salt marsh were exposed to solar radiation and 8.4 km2 were exposed to the atmosphere each hour. Similarly, 11.7 km2 of marine flat were exposed to solar radiation and 22.9 km2 were exposed to the atmosphere each hour. The developed remote-sensing techniques successfully established intertidal zones, uniquely identified wetland classes, and modelled inundation and solar exposure characteristics within the study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantifying methylmercury (MeHg) concentrations and uptake at the base of the food web is useful for assessing mercury exposure risk to higher trophic level organisms. Higher MeHg concentrations near the base of the food web may result in more MeHg exposure and accumulation in higher trophic organisms. Here, we analyze MeHg in caddisflies, mayflies, lake water, and sediment collected from two temperate lakes and one brook in Kejimkujik National Park, Nova Scotia, Canada. Overall, caddisfly larvae MeHg (15.38–276.96 ng/g; n = 29) was not significantly correlated with water chemistry. Whereas mayfly naiads MeHg (14.28–166.82 ng/g; n = 31) was positively correlated with water MeHg (r s = 0.43), negatively correlated with pH (r s = −0.49), and positively correlated with dissolved organic carbon (DOC; r s = 0.48). Of the mercury in insect tissues, the %MeHg ranged from 56 to 75 % in caddisfly larvae and 38–47 % in mayfly naiads. MeHg bioaccumulation factors (BAF) varied greatly (water to tissue BAFs = 0.145 × 106–1.054 × 106; sediment to tissue BAFs = 0.017 × 106–0.541 × 106). This study highlights the importance of quantifying variations in MeHg bioaccumulation and BAFs of common aquatic insect bioindicators at the base of complex food webs. [Display omitted] • Mayfly MeHg was more influenced by water than sediment. • Caddisfly larvae MeHg may be more influenced by sediment than water. • Each invertebrate type had wide %MeHg ranges likely due to feeding ecology. • Caddisflies and mayflies are good indicators of methylmercury loading to food webs. • Adult caddisflies and mayflies efficiently transfer MeHg to terrestrial food webs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of naturally occurring epiphytic lichens can be an effective tool for regional monitoring of mercury (Hg) and other potentially toxic elements (PTEs). Nova Scotia, Canada is a hotspot for mercury and other trace metal accumulation in ecosystems; partially attributed to long-range transport of air pollution. The relative contribution of local and international sources of Hg to local air in Nova Scotia is unknown. This study assessed the potential of epiphytic lichens (Usnea spp.) as passive samplers for PTE air pollution in Nova Scotia. Lichens (n = 190) collected across mainland Nova Scotia were analyzed for PTEs. Results indicate that there are 3 distinct clusters of PTEs which suggest patterns and sources for each elemental cluster. Hg was correlated with longitude and prevailing wind direction, and Hg was not significantly different in site-specific hotspot sampling nor year of sampling. Our data support the hypothesis that Hg in lichens is from historical and ongoing long-range transport and diffuse emission patterns rather than localized pollution sources. PTE concentrations were shown to have median values that are similar to other remote regions (such as the Antarctic) however the maximum values were observed to be substantially higher for some elements (e.g. lead, cadmium). This research supports the use of lichens as biomonitors and provides a baseline for future monitoring efforts to identify changes in PTE distribution in Nova Scotia with ongoing industrial activity and a changing climate. Image 10804 • Epiphytic lichens were used as passive samplers for air pollution. • Data support the hypothesis that lichen Hg is from historical long-range transport. • Potentially toxic elements had concentrations similar to other remote regions. • Element clustering indicated both long-range atmospheric and mineral sources. • Provides baseline data for identifying changes in trace metal distribution. Spatial variability of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) can be monitored using epiphytic lichens to make inferences on source, be it long range transport, nearby pollution, or local mineralogy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]