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To be understood, visually, often depends on how skilled one is in catching form and translating it into a two-dimensional surface. This is a challenge we are confronted with early in life. Children's learning strategies in drawing are not always understood or encouraged. This article presents a socio-cultural analysis from Norway of a pedagogical practice that attempts to shed light on the question, How does the preschool teacher support 3-5 year old children when they are drawing something they see, and how do children in this age group respond to this support? (Contains 3 figures.)

During the last decade, Piscine orthoreovirus was identified as the main causative agent of heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI) in Atlantic Salmon, Norway. A recent study showed that PRV‐1 sequences from salmonid collected in North Atlantic Pacific Coast (NAPC) grouped separately from the Norwegian sequences found in Atlantic Salmon diagnosed with HSMI. Currently, the routine assay used to screen for PRV‐1 in NAPC water and worldwide cannot differentiate between the two groups of PRV‐1. Therefore, this study aimed at developing a real‐time polymerase chain reaction (RT‐qPCR) assay to target the PRV‐1 genome segments specific for variants associated with HSMI. The assay was optimized and tested against 71 tissue samples collected from different regions including Norway, Chile and both coast of Canada and different hosts farmed Atlantic Salmon, wild Coho Salmon and escaped Atlantic Salmon collected in British Columbia, West Coast of Canada. This assay has the potential to be used for screening salmonids and non‐salmonids that may carry PRV‐1 potentially causing HSMI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have studied the highly oceanic genus Coniocarpon in Norway. Our aim has been to delimit species of Coniocarpon in Norway based on an integrative taxonomic approach. The material studied comprises 120 specimens of Coniocarpon, obtained through recent collecting efforts (2017 and 2018) or received from major fungaria in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden, as well as from private collectors. We have assessed (1) species delimitations and relationships based on Bayesian and maximum likelihood phylogenetic analyses of three genetic markers (mtSSU, nucITS and RPB2), (2) morphology and anatomy using standard light microscopy, and (3) secondary lichen chemistry using high-performance thin-layer chromatography. The results show three genetically distinct lineages of Coniocarpon, representing C. cinnabarinum, C. fallax and C. cuspidans comb. nov. The latter was originally described as Arthonia cinnabarina f. cuspidans and is herein raised to species level. All three species are supported by morphological, anatomical and chemical data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Opegrapha multipuncta and Schismatomma quercicola are two sterile European lichens reproducing only vegetatively by means of soredia. RAxML and Bayesian analyses of newly generated sequence data from the mitochondrial ribosomal RNA small subunit provide clear evidence that these two species do not belong to the Arthoniomycetes, but to the Lecanoromycetes. In our phylogenetic analyses, O. multipuncta is nested in the genus Porina (Porinaceae) as sister to P. austroatlantica , while S. quercicola is nested in the genus Schizotrema (Graphidaceae) as sister to S. zebrinum. The following new combinations are introduced: Porina multipuncta (Coppins & P. James) Ertz, Coppins & Frisch and Schizotrema quercicola (Coppins & P. James) Ertz, Frisch & Sanderson. Schizotrema quercicola represents the first record of the genus Schizotrema for Europe and the first sorediate member in this genus. The species is newly recorded from Norway. The lichenicolous habit of Arthonia invadens is confirmed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of cleaner fish as biological controls of salmon lice ( Lepeophtheirus salmonis ) has increased exponentially in the last decade in Norwegian Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ) production. This alternative to chemical treatments has resulted in the emergence of lumpsucker ( Cyclopterus lumpus ) hatcheries and culture facilities in Norway. It has been shown that the use of lumpsuckers can be an effective, biological approach for the removal of salmon lice, but it has also been shown that there are a number of biological challenges (i.e. parasites and bacteria) with the production and use of these fish. This study describes the first case of isolation of Tenacibaculum maritimum , a significant fish pathogen worldwide, in cultured juvenile lumpsuckers in Norway. The fish were lethargic and showed skin lesions characterised by increased mucus production and presence of whitish necrotic tissue especially in the head region. Skin scrapings revealed large amounts of bacteria dominated by rod-shaped Tenacibaculum -like bacteria, which were shown to be closely related to T. maritimum type strain through genetic and phenotypic characterisation. Histopathological analysis showed that the bacteria was closely associated with the pathology and therefore could be contributing to the disease and/or mortality. Statement of relevance This is the first isolation of Tenacibaculum maritimum in Norway and in lumpsuckers, a major aquaculture pathogen worldwide. There is a need for increased knowledge of the biological challenges facing cultured lumpsuckers, as this species is being used in increasing number by the Norwegian salmon industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]