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Summarizes session papers concerning reproduction and embryonic development in the blue crab which were presented at the Blue Crab Symposium 2000 held in North Carolina. Intricate interactions between males and females; Competition among males for pre-pubertal females; Influence of environmental conditions on the timing of molting and the spatial and temporal distribution of crabs.

Presents several abstracts of research on specimen mineralogy that were presented at the 30th Rochester Mineralogical Symposium. "Mineralogy of the Kimberlites From New York State," by M. Lupulescu; "Mineralogy of the Hiddenite and Emerald Vein Assemblage, Hiddenite, North Carolina," M. A. Wise, A. J. Anderson and R. L. Isaac; "Diopside From the Atwater Quarry Area, Westfield, Massachusetts," by W. Shelton, G. W. Robinson, D. Burgess and D. Levine.

Aim: This study aims to present a general bibliometric overview of the development status of global nursing research from 2000 to 2019. Design: A longitudinal bibliometric analysis of nursing research was conducted. Methods: Nursing research publications (N = 88,665) were obtained from Web of Science. Bibliometric method was used to map the output and citation impact trends of countries/regions, institutions, disciplines, and journals and analyse the research collaboration among countries/regions and institutions. Results: The global paper output in nursing research increased steadily over the past two decades and it varied in different countries/regions with the USA being far ahead of the others. The paper output and cross‐border collaboration are mainly distributed in several developed countries like the USA, the UK, Australia, and Canada. The University of Pennsylvania, Harvard University, University of Toronto, and University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill have high academic influence in the field of nursing. Increasing attention from academic fields has been paid to research on nursing. Journal of Advanced Nursing is the most prolific and most cited journal in nursing field. Conclusion: Nursing research has developed steadily over the last two decades. Both the scientific output and research collaboration are disproportionally distributed between high‐income countries/regions and low‐ and middle‐income countries/regions. Most research and collaboration have taken place in a few developed countries across North America, Europe, and Oceania. Impact: The study highlighted the need for policy makers and funding agencies, especially those from low‐ and middle‐income countries/regions, to allocate research funding that supports the nursing higher education and international cooperation so as to promote the development of high‐quality nursing research in those countries/regions. At the same time, researchers from non‐English‐speaking countries/regions should attach more importance to publishing papers in English, strengthening the academic exchanges with international nursing colleagues and better integrating into the international academic community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims and objectives: To understand Black women's perspectives on a pre‐exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) education intervention in a salon setting. Background: Black women have a significant lifetime risk of acquiring HIV. Pre‐exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is an effective prevention approach in reducing that risk. Despite this, Black women are least likely to use PrEP. Design: This was a qualitative study to identify Black women's perspectives on acceptability of a PrEP education intervention in a salon setting using hair stylists. The paper adhered to the COREQ checklist in reporting. Methods: Seven focus groups among Black women (n = 44) living in north‐central North Carolina were conducted. Ethical approval was obtained. The interview guide included questions on knowledge of PrEP and barriers and facilitators to a PrEP promotion programme in a salon setting. Results: Conventional content analysis considered content in relation to themes of facilitators, barriers and women's preferences for intervention delivery. Facilitators included the salon characteristics, social culture and relationship with the stylist. Women noted concerns of accuracy of content from stylists and privacy as barriers. Conclusions: Participants' trust with their stylists make a PrEP education salon‐based intervention feasible. Salon‐based interventions are not one‐size‐fits‐all and researchers interested in this setting should tailor interventions to the individual salon. Interventions for PrEP in a salon setting should be culturally appropriate, confidential and consider the potential reach to the social networks of Black women in the salon. Relevance to clinical practice: The insights shared by Black women can contribute to developing a PrEP uptake intervention as a way of reducing new cases of HIV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reports the efforts of Earthculture, an activist group in Greensboro, North Carolina, to minimize dumping of unsolicited mails. Identification of junk mails as serious environmental problems; Average number of unsolicited mails received by the United States residents every year; Encouragement for companies on the use of recycled paper.

Are public officials more responsive to requests from affluent or poor constituents? A growing body of evidence suggests that lawmakers are more responsive to the rich when they craft policy. However, some scholars theorize that officials also exhibit a corresponding bias in favor of the poor when they handle casework, essentially giving policy to the rich and services to the poor. In this paper, we test this casework prediction using four experiments in which confederates sent simple requests to state or local officials. In each, our confederates’ reported social classes were randomly assigned and signaled with a brief introductory statement mentioning the sender’s occupation or economic situation. Across our samples, we find precisely-estimated null effects of social class biases: the officials we studied were equally likely to respond regardless of the constituent’s class. These findings raise doubts about whether casework is really a class-biased process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Innovation in local economic development strategy is necessary to support struggling regions and foster growth across municipalities with varying resources and needs. This paper presents a case of innovation in local economic development strategy to illustrate how institutional entrepreneurship can be used as a tool to help local governments innovatively approach economic development strategy. Through the creation of the Wireless Research Center of North Carolina, institutional entrepreneurs transformed the institutionalized role for local government in economic development, while simultaneously creating a new institutional form that would support local development goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents abstracts of the Proffered Papers Meeting held at the Institute of Education, University of London, in London, England on September 20, 2002, on study of human biology. Historical population structure of Ocracoke Island, Outer Banks, North Carolina; Comparison of anthropometric and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry estimates of body fat in African children; Growth of South African urban children during the 1990s.

While instructional time is viewed as crucial to learning, little is known about the effectiveness of reducing absences relative to increasing the number of school days. Using administrative data from North Carolina public schools, this paper jointly estimates the effect of absences and length of the school calendar on test score performance. We exploit a state policy that provides variation in the number of school days prior to standardized testing and find substantial differences between these two effects. Extending the school calendar by ten days increases math and reading test scores by only 1.7% and 0.8% of a standard deviation, respectively. A similar reduction in absences would lead to gains of 5.5% in math and 2.9% in reading. We perform a number of robustness checks including utilizing flu data to instrument for absences, family-year fixed effects, distinguishing between excused and unexcused absences, and controlling for a contemporaneous measure of student disengagement. Our results are robust to these alternative specifications. In addition, our findings indicate considerable heterogeneity across student ability, suggesting that targeting absenteeism among low performing students could aid in narrowing current gaps in performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper utilizes the 2009 and 2010 American Community Survey (ACS) to examine spatial patterns of older adult in-migration. This focus area is timely given the Baby Boom generation entering retirement and the emergence of North Carolina as a select destination for older adults (see Vincent & Velkoff, 2010; and He & Schachter, 2003). Results from this paper reveal interesting trends, which can help shape policy relating to aging, health services, housing, and transportation. For example, the 65 and older population in North Carolina has increased from 10 to over 13 percent during the past, few decades (see Census Historical Decennial Reports, U.S. Census, 2002; and NC Office of State Budget and Management, 2010). If this trend holds, North Carolina may become demographically similar to Florida. More specifically, areas outside Asheville, Charlotte, and Greeneville have experienced large inflows and may become prime retirement communities. As Wilmoth (2010) succinctly states, “geographic areas that receive these types of older migrants [i.e., comfort] should expect more demand on programs and services that promote engaged, active lifestyles” (page 878). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The global spread of English has increased opportunities for native English speakers in the US to interact with other speakers of world Englishes (WE). However, these native speakers are rarely encouraged to develop the knowledge and skills necessary for intercultural communication, often resulting in a one-way communicative burden imposed on the WE speakers. To explore ways to redress this problem, a pilot project was conducted in an English IV class at a public high school. The purposes were to raise students' awareness of the global spread of English and its implications and to have them explore ways to communicate effectively with WE speakers. This paper describes the instructional unit developed for the project and its effect on students' views on various issues related to communicating with WE speakers, and on their perceptions and comprehension of WE speech samples. The instructional effect was investigated by pre- and post-questionnaires and dictation tests, classroom observations, and post-study interviews. A total of 17 students participated. Results of t-tests for the questionnaires and dictation showed no significant effect except on beliefs about second language acquisition and perceived comprehension of the speech samples. Classroom observations and interviews revealed individual differences in the instructional effect. The paper offers implications and future directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers the problem of estimating the magnitude of a treatment effect in a randomized experiment where the outcome is missing for some cases. The primary concern in such situations is that the distribution of the outcome variable may vary in important ways between individuals whose outcomes are observed and individuals whose outcomes are missing. Since the data cannot be used to resolve this concern, it is necessary to take the uncertainty that is created by the missing data into account when developing inferences about the magnitude of the treatment effect. This paper considers a modeling framework that accomplishes this objective. Then, the proposed framework is applied to a study of the effectiveness of different types of police responses to spouse assault incidents in Charlotte, North Carolina. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Craft or “boutique” breweries are increasing in numbers in the USA, and in other parts of the developed world. Many are located in rural areas, and have become new rural tourism visitor experiences, related to wine tourism and linked to the growth in culinary tourism. This study offers a clearer understanding of what factors most influence brand loyalty to craft beer, and craft breweries, and sheds light on methodologies for assessing loyalty to other rural tourism, and culinary tourism, experiences. It is based on a survey of patrons visiting and purchasing from two micro-breweries in rural North Carolina, USA, examining concepts used in brand loyalty research including access, environmental consumption, connections with the community, satisfaction, and desire for unique consumer products. Results show thatconnection with the community,desire for unique consumer products, andsatisfactionare the three factors that most align themselves with brand loyalty to rural brewery visits.Connection with the communitywas the most important factor in influencing brand loyalty especially among those born in the study region, and/or resident there, as well as among tourists. The paper notes implications for rural breweries, for destination management organizations and for marketing and development strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper focuses on policy outcomes attained by the North Carolina General Assembly in its 1985 revision of the state's Administrative Procedure Acts (APA). Why did some state legislators' efforts to assume stricter oversight over administrative rulemaking fall far short of the kind of control and accountability they aimed for? The paper explores three types of obstacles to APA reform encountered in North Carolina. Each is relevant to other states. First, direct surveillance or "police-patrol" techniques of legislative oversight impose undesirable political costs on legislators. Second, there is an absence of the adoption of such techniques. Third, executive-legislative branch conflict and complex separation of powers issues arise when state legislatures attempt to curtail administrative rule-making in significantly new and restrictive ways.

Presents an abstract of the study `Possible Pre-Columbian treponematoses from coastal populations in the Caribbean and North Carolina,' by M.K. Sandford, G. Bogdan, L. Sappelsa and D.S. Weaver. Analyses of human skeletal material from Pre-Columbian North Carolina; Evidence for treponematosis; Development of different strains of treponematosis.

An evidence-based e-health program, e Care We Care, was developed to disseminate information on diabetes management through web-based interactive tutorials. This study examined the effect of the e Care We Care program on diabetes knowledge development in African American adults with low diabetes literacy. Forty-six African American adults with type 1 or type 2 diabetes and low diabetes literacy were recruited from two health-care centres in eastern Winston Salem, North Carolina. The e Care We Care program included four weekly sessions: introduction to diabetes; eye complications; foot care; and meal planning. Significant differences in scores on the diabetes knowledge survey were demonstrated between the e Care We Care program participants and the comparison group. Study findings indicate the e Care We Care program is more effective in improving diabetes knowledge of African American adults with low diabetes literacy than paper-based, text-only tutorials. The e Care We Care program can be an effective educational strategy for improving diabetes knowledge and decreasing diabetes disparities among African American adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On 1 December 2008, the United States Environmental Protection Agency added new hazardous waste determination and accumulation provisions to RCRA to provide an alternative compliance scenario for academic generators. This rulemaking established a new Subpart K to 40 CFR 262. The Agency''s intent was to help academic laboratories better manage their hazardous waste, in part by providing greater flexibility regarding: (1) the timing of hazardous waste determinations, (2) on-site waste consolidation, (3) lab clean-outs, and (4) record-keeping. Since its passage, relatively few large research-oriented universities have opted into the Subpart K system. This paper focuses on the approach taken by The University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill to evaluate the pros and cons of Subpart K, assess the impacts on its established Part B hazardous waste management process, and explain the decision reached by the University''s Department of Environmental Health and Safety to not opt into Subpart K at this time. Because Subpart K is favorable for certain academic hazardous waste generators, this decision may be reconsidered in the event the rulemaking is revised in the future. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper presents a case study of an EF3 tornado that adversely impacted Greene and Pitt Counties in eastern North Carolina on 16 April 2011. This was one of the most damaging and longest-lived of the multiple tornados that occurred across central and eastern North Carolina that day, the most extensive outbreak in North Carolina since 1984. This event occurred during the month (April 2011) with the largest number of tornadoes on record in the United States. The focus of this case study was to examine the relationship between the mesocyclone evolution and the location and intensity of surface damage associated with the EF3 tornado. Results indicated that the initial contraction and spin up of the mesocyclone circulation preceded EF3 damage by about 20 minutes. At the time of mesocyclone intensification, the damage swath and tornado were situated much closer to the mesocyclone center than in the formative and dissipating stages. The weakened mesocyclone passed directly over a meteorological station at East Carolina University's West Research Campus, providing a rare opportunity for surface measurements associated with a weakening tornadic mesocyclone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accommodating general patterns of confounding in sample size/power calculations for observational studies is extremely challenging, both technically and scientifically. While employing previously implemented sample size/power tools is appealing, they typically ignore important aspects of the design/data structure. In this paper, we show that sample size/power calculations that ignore confounding can be much more unreliable than is conventionally thought; using real data from the US state of North Carolina, naive calculations yield sample size estimates that are half those obtained when confounding is appropriately acknowledged. Unfortunately, eliciting realistic design parameters for confounding mechanisms is difficult. To overcome this, we propose a novel two-stage strategy for observational study design that can accommodate arbitrary patterns of confounding. At the first stage, researchers establish bounds for power that facilitate the decision of whether or not to initiate the study. At the second stage, internal pilot data are used to estimate key scientific inputs that can be used to obtain realistic sample size/power. Our results indicate that the strategy is effective at replicating gold standard calculations based on knowing the true confounding mechanism. Finally, we show that consideration of the nature of confounding is a crucial aspect of the elicitation process; depending on whether the confounder is positively or negatively associated with the exposure of interest and outcome, naive power calculations can either under or overestimate the required sample size. Throughout, simulation is advocated as the only general means to obtain realistic estimates of statistical power; we describe, and provide in an R package, a simple algorithm for estimating power for a case–control study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A recent article from Associated Press (12/17/2010) "Scientist Alleges Religious Discrimination in KY'' highlights the increasing tensions and conversations concerning Academic Freedom on University and College campuses across the United States. These questions include; what is meant by academic freedom, and who defines it. Recent articles have broken down these and other questions into an interrelated set of connections that make the answer to any and all of the above questions complex and worthy of much conversation. This paper provides a review of the current literature from the foundations of Academic Freedom to the current controversies that are occurring, to addressing the possible risks of involvement of the court/legal system in addressing them within the U.S. College and University system. A survey was developed to explore how faculty in various departments understand academic freedom and the associated ethical responsibilities. The survey was voluntary and limited to North Carolina A&T State University. Overall, confusion existed around the concept of academic freedom and around a lack of clarity of the boundaries of protection and faculty responsibility. The results from this survey found that differences in understanding the concept of academic freedom, its impact on faculty teaching and research, and the limits of its protection where influenced by the length of time that the faculty member had worked within the system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper re-examines the impact of Florida's disfranchisement law on the 2000 Presidential election. The analysis simulates outcomes in Florida under scenarios consistent with the turnout rates of Georgia and North Carolina ex-felons in 2000 and Florida ex-felons in 2008. Survey evidence on candidate preferences as well as data on ex-felon party registration in Florida and North Carolina are used to produce estimates of support for Bush and Gore among ex-felons. Based on the simulations, the ex-felon population in Florida would have favored Bush in 2000. Assuming that ex-felons supported Gore at rates similar to GSS respondents with at most a high school diploma, Bush would have defeated Gore by 4,925 and 7,048 votes, assuming turnout of 10 and 15%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Formative research can serve as a means of obtaining important information for designing an epidemiologic study, but descriptions of this approach in the epidemiologic literature are lacking. The objective of this paper is to describe the use of three formative research techniques in designing a survey of home care and hospice nurses.Methods: We conducted two focus groups, seven key informant interviews, and approximately fifteen hours of direct observation among home care and hospice nurses recruited by word of mouth in North Carolina in 2006.Results: We used information obtained from the formative research to decide which survey design would likely be most successful with this population (mail survey, as opposed to Internet survey or in-person interviews), which measure to use for the denominator of the blood exposure incidence rates (number of visits, as opposed to patient-time), and which items and response options to include in the questionnaire, as well as to identify specific survey techniques that would likely increase the response rate (emphasizing the regional focus of the study; sending the questionnaire to the home address).Conclusion: When particular information for planning a study is unavailable from the literature or the investigator's experience, formative research can be an effective means of obtaining that information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the reporting of Nazi antisemitism and antisemitic violence by newspapers and journalists in North Carolina, focusing specifically on press coverage of Kristallnacht, a Nazi-led attack on Jewish-owned businesses and property throughout Germany. The author is also more generally interested in U.S. public opinion concerning German antisemitism and the Holocaust. While North Carolina periodicals are the focus of the article, the author also engages with reports in New York, California, and Wisconsin newspapers. Papers discussed include the "Greensboro Daily News," the "Charlotte Observer," and the "Wilmington Morning Star."

Summary: Technological aspects of producing, delivering and updating of flood hazard maps in the US have has gone through a revolutionary change through Federal Emergency Management Agency’s Map Modernization program. In addition, the use of topographic information derived from Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) is enabling creation of relatively more accurate flood inundation maps. However, LIDAR is not available for the entire United States. Even for areas, where LIDAR data are available, the effect of other factors such as cross-section configuration in one-dimensional (1D) models, mesh resolution in two-dimensional models (2D), representation of river bathymetry, and modeling approach is not well studied or documented. The objective of this paper is to address some of these issues by comparing newly developed flood inundation maps from LIDAR data to maps that are developed using different topography, geometric description and modeling approach. The methodology involves use of six topographic datasets with different horizontal resolutions, vertical accuracies and bathymetry details. Each topographic dataset is used to create a flood inundation map for twelve different cross-section configurations using 1D HEC-RAS model, and two mesh resolutions using 2D FESWMS model. Comparison of resulting maps for two study areas (Strouds Creek in North Carolina and Brazos River in Texas) show that the flood inundation area reduces with improved horizontal resolution and vertical accuracy in the topographic data. This reduction is further enhanced by incorporating river bathymetry in topography data. Overall, the inundation extent predicted by FESWMS is smaller compared to prediction from HEC-RAS for the study areas, and that the variations in the flood inundation maps arising from different factors are smaller in FESWMS compared to HEC-RAS. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

For centuries, the transportation provided by the Roanoke River, North Carolina, has played a vital role in the economic and military history of the area. The Civil War illustrated the importance of the waterway as a military consideration, when both the Union and the Confederacy strove to control the river. The conflict inflicted grievous harm upon the region's maritime transportation. Taken as a whole, the shipwrecks and abandoned vessels of the river provide an exceptional vantage point regarding questions of technology and economy, both in times of peace and when these tranquil periods are juxtaposed against warfare and upheaval. This research uses statistical and geo-spatial analyses of the shipwrecks and abandoned vessels of the Roanoke River in an attempt to discern anthropological patterns. Both historical and archaeological data are the subject of investigation. Three major themes: manner of loss, trade, and technology, are explored primarily to interpret how cultural change is reflected in the assemblage of shipwrecked and abandoned vessels of the waterway. The trends that emerge are often interwoven among these themes, and through them, this paper attempts to explain such diverse phenomena as shifting trade patterns, wreck clustering, vessel dimensions, and the dichotomy of behavior between times of war and times of peace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates a controversy between the U.S. Navy and rural North Carolinians in which Navy officials tried to procure local property for a Navy training facility or outlying landing field (“OLF”). Analysis suggests that locals who defined themselves as patriotic, common sense agents, and the scene as heritage, built a more credible connection to a patriotic American ethos than did the rhetoric of the Navy, which defined the OLF debate primarily as part of the war on terrorism. The locals' ultimate success reveals the rhetorical possibilities and limitations of war on terrorism and local heritage arguments, which both constrain local advocates and widen their access to oppositional voices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starting a newspaper in the nineteenth century was a risky business, and this was especially true in the Civil War South where invading armies, spiraling inflation, and conscription laws were constant threats to physical facilities, financial success, and manpower Despite this, North Carolina Governor Zebulon B. Vance and the state's Conservative political party found the money and the will to establish a new daily to support the his re-election bid in 1864. Campaign papers were common in the 1800s, but while most shut down following an election, the Conservative continued to publish after Vance won. Records and archives document how it was financed, equipped, and staffed, providing an unprecedented glimpse into what it took to start a newspaper not only in the nineteenth century but during America's bloodiest war. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the following questions: What makes the community of practice concept an intriguing framework for developing library services for bioinformatics? What is the campus context and setting? What has been the Health Sciences Library's role in bioinformatics at the University of North Carolina (UNC) Chapel Hill? What are the Health Sciences Library's goals? What services are currently offered? How will these services be evaluated and developed? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

North Carolina was the first United States jurisdiction to implement a statewide program (called Click It or Ticket) coupling concentrated enforcement with massive publicity to increase seat belt use. After a successful pilot program in three very different North Carolina communities, the statewide program was launched in October 1993, and has been most active and productive as well as imitated by many other states over the past decade. This paper explores the combination of ingredients that have been employed and sustained over that period of time. These include: (a) a basic coalition of critical public-private agencies (central to the planning, execution, and publicity of the many Click It or Ticket programs); (b) critical top-down commitments (starting with the governor); (c) pervasive and innovative media events/press releases/ PSAs/ web site information; (d) vigorous and well-publicized law enforcement; (e) feedback on results with solid, updated data; (f) related statewide and local programs/activities; and last but not least (g) continuous funding. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Adoptions subsidies represent a growing portion of federal, state, and local expenditures for child welfare services. Almost no previous analysis has been done with state level adoption subsidy data. This paper reports on analyses of subsidy data from North Carolina and California. These analyses indicate the significantly different way that subsidies are used in each state. In California, subsidies change markedly because they are used to purchase post-adoption services. In North Carolina, most post-adoption services are paid for through vendor payments. In California, the likelihood of subsidy increases are associated with family income, in unexpected ways. Common findings across states are that few families that begin to receive a subsidy will generally continue to receiving them until the child ages out of the program. Implications for policy and research are forwarded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the development of a new parameter to characterize dune vulnerability to storm-induced erosion. Existing indicators of dune erosion vulnerability are examined, including expected cross-sectional erosion values calculated using storm characteristics. We extract a series of 110 pre- and poststorm profiles at cross-shore transects, spaced at approximately 300 m alongshore on digital terrain models of a North Carolina barrier island. Dune failure and survival are designated based on a percentage of the cross-sectional area eroded—50% or greater erosion indicates failure, less than 50% erosion, survival. Crest height does not prove to be an effective predictor of dune vulnerability. Existing cross-sectional area based parameters show some success in predicting erosion vulnerability. We improve the dune failure and survival prediction success rate using a new parameter, a surrogate moment of inertia, the erosion resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The North Carolina Division of Water Quality developed a total maximum daily load (TMDL) to reduce nitrogen inputs into the Neuse River Estuary to address the problem of repeated violations of the ambient chlorophyll a criterion. Three distinct water quality models were applied to support the TMDL: a two-dimensional laterally averaged model, a three-dimensional model, and a probability (Bayesian network) model. In this paper, we compare the salient features of all three models and present the results of a verification exercise in which each calibrated model was used to predict estuarine chlorophyll a concentrations for the year 2000. We present six summary statistics to relate the model predictions to the observed chlorophyll values: (1) the correlation coefficient; (2) the average error; (3) the average absolute error; (4) the root mean squared error; (5) the reliability index; and (6) the modeling efficiency. Additionally, we examined each model’s ability to predict how frequently the 40 μg/L chlorophyll a criterion was exceeded. The results indicate that none of the models predicted chlorophyll concentrations particularly well. Predictive accuracy was no better in the more process-oriented, spatially detailed models than in the aggregate probabilistic model. Our relative inability to predict accurately, even in well-studied, data-rich systems underscores the need for adaptive management, in which management actions are recognized as whole-ecosystem experiments providing additional data and information to better understand and predict system behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nonpoint source management using wet detention ponds to reduce pollutant loading into receiving water bodies is a common practice. Design of these ponds is typically carried out individually to meet a target total suspended solids (TSS) removal level. An improvement to this approach is to generate cost-effective pond configurations that meet system-wide targets for removal of pollutant loadings, including TSS, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus, corresponding to a specific build-out land use plan. The amount of pollutant loading can be managed better through appropriate land use allocation planning conducted simultaneously with the design of detention pond configurations. This paper presents a modeling approach to address this problem and its solution via a genetic algorithm-based search procedure. Application of this approach is demonstrated using an illustrative case study involving the City Lake watershed in North Carolina. The results show cost improvements when considering land management simultaneously with the decisions for pond locations and sizes. Through iterative application of this method, the tradeoff between cost and removal level of each pollutant is also generated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the early research that lead to graduated driver licensing, some of the educational principals on which it is based, obstacles to its acceptance, and some of the early efforts in the U.S. and elsewhere. Early research: The research underlying the concept of graduated driver licensing was a 1971 North Carolina study that identified the overrepresentation of young drivers in crashes at night and when another young person was the right front passenger. Educational principals: Efforts to reduce the risk to young novice drivers applied what was known about learning. The concepts included distributed learning (i.e., over time) and progressing from simple to complex skills. A proposal: The proposed graduated licensing system based on learning principals included (a) initial experience under low risk conditions, (b) extended supervised practice, (c) gradual move to more complex conditions, and (d) harsher penalties for deliberate risk-taking. Obstacles: There were several most common objections raised against graduated licensing. Raising the licensing age decreased mobility. Some young drivers were “good” drivers. Enforcement is difficult. Fear of parental objections. Parents are not driver educators and some young people do not have an available parent. Administrative costs are too high. Acceptance: Driver educators were the first to see the benefits of a graduated system in the 1970s and 1980s. Toronto nearly adopted a graduated system in 1976. New Zealand was the first to adopt a graduated licensing system in 1984. Michigan in 1997 was the first state to require parental certification of extended supervised driving practice. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper examines housing accessibility to public–community facilities (PCFs) using geographical information systems (GIS) for four county–wide metropolitan areas in North Carolina with population ranging from 90,000 to 700,000. An optimization–based assignment model is developed and implemented in ArcView GIS. Rather than using the conventional and less accurate traffic analysis zone (TAZ) or census geography, this research uses detailed county–wide building and parcel databases to estimate direct distances, hence accessibility, from homes (i.e., apartment, manufactured home, and single–family house) to PCF (i.e., office, shopping center, school). The results indicate that distinct housing accessibility patterns exist. In general, multi–family housing such as apartment and townhouse enjoys higher accessibility to positive (desirable) PCFs, followed by single–family detached housing. Manufactured housing has been placed further away from most positive PCFs, but closer to some negative (undesirable) ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the place and contributions of women at the Institute for Research in Social Science from 1925 to 1945. Founded by Howard Odum at the Unviersity of North Carolina in 1924, the Institute provided an environment in which women could pursue social scientific work free from the gender discrimination found at most universities during the period. Research and publications by the women made important contributions to sociology and related fields while fulfilling the Institute's primary mission of promoting regional understanding and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses the history of the counterfeiting of money in colonial North Carolina. Treatise on counterfeiting in colonial U.S.; Creation of the paper currency; Details of the extension of the Currency Act of 1751 by the British Parliament in 1764.

Focuses on teaching the legal history seminar at Davidson College in North Carolina. Cases from North Carolina's legal history which were taken up in the seminar; Discussion on the writing efforts for the group paper of the students; Information on the research component of the seminar.

Conventional wisdom holds that American teenagers do not read or write – that they are a media-driven group who prefer movies, television and playing video games. Ethnographic data gathered in the High School Literacy Project, a study of four North Carolina high schools, showed a far different picture of teenage literacy. This paper reports on partial findings of the larger study and argues that students use their literacy practices to form their identities within, and sometimes in opposition to, the figured worlds of school, work and family. Many students look to school to provide formal literacy experiences, but find their reading and writing passions at odds with the demands of the school curriculum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vertical measurements of ozone were made on a 610-m-tall tower located about 15 km southeast of Raleigh, NC, as part of an effort by the state of North Carolina to develop a state implementation plan (SIP) for ozone control in the Raleigh Metropolitan Statistical Area. During summer 1993, 1994, and 1995, ozone was monitored at ground level, 250 m, and 433 m. Boundary layer wind, temperature, and other meteorological variable profiles were determined from balloon soundings. During summer 1996 and 1997, ozone was monitored at ground level, 76 m, 128 m, and 433 m. This paper presents the analysis and discussion of the five-year data. The evolutions of the convective boundary layer during daytime and the stable nocturnal boundary layer (NBL) were found to have marked impacts on ozone concentrations. A strong diurnal pattern, with an afternoon maximum and an early morning minimum, was dominant at ground level, but it was much weaker at elevated levels and insignificant above the NBL at night. Ozone deposition velocities at night during the measurement periods were estimated to range from 0.09 to 0.64 cm/sec. We found evidence of regional transport of ozone and/or its precursors from northwest and north of the site, which may play a role in high ozone events in the Raleigh-Durham area. Ozone concentrations between the various elevated levels were well correlated, while correlations between the ground and upper levels were much weaker. However, a strong correlation was found between the nighttime and early morning ozone concentrations (C[subR]) in the residual layer above the NBL and the maximum ground level concentration (C[subo] max) the following afternoon. Based on this correlation, the latter may be predicted by an observational model C[subo max] = 27.76e[sup0.016 C[subR]]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses a case study of a Southern textile community to show how a distinct form of social capital is embedded in local net- works of power and domination. Textile firms and communities in the South have undergone restructuring: technology and Labor processes have modernized, finns have merged, consolidated, or closed, and the number of workers has declined. An analysis of Cannon Mills and its associated mill community of Kannapolis identifies the sources of the paternalist form of social capital that dominated work and community social relations. Corporate mergers, downsizing, technological change. shifts in the labor market, municipal incorporation, and labor organizing contributed to the transformation and decline of paternalistic social capital. The case study reminds social scientists that social capital is a context dependent form of power that can be created, accumulated, or destroyed. White many current analyses treat social capital as an unquestioned positive force. the case study reveals the dark side of social capital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]