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The objective of this study was to provide a comprehensive analysis of the spatial distribution and temporal trends in the age-standardized incidence rates (ASIRs) of depression in adolescents aged 10–24 worldwide. Data from the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2019 were analyzed, adopting Sawyer's broad definition of adolescence encompassing ages 10 to 24. Estimated annual percentage changes (EAPCs) were used to assess temporal trends. Globally, from 1990 to 2019, there was a decrease in the ASIR of depression in adolescents (EAPC = −0.23). Notably, this decrease was more pronounced in female adolescents compared to their male counterparts (EAPC = −0.12 and − 0.29, respectively). Conversely, high Sociodemographic Index (SDI) regions experienced a significant increase in the ASIR of depression among adolescents (EAPC = 0.87). Furthermore, it is worth mentioning that individuals aged 20–24 exhibited the highest incidence rate for depression followed by those aged 15–19 and then those aged 10–14. The largest increases in the ASIRs of depression occurred in High-income North America (EAPC = 1.19) and Malaysia (EAPC = 2.4), respectively. Mathematical models were used to reconstruct and adjust data of different qualities, which might have introduced bias. The global burden of disease for depression among adolescents aged 10–24 years declined from 1990 to 2019. Special attention must be paid to older adolescents and areas with higher SDIs. • On a global scale, there was an increase in the incidence of depression but a decrease in the ASIR of depression. • The decrease in the ASIR of depression was lower in male adolescents than in female adolescents. • The ASIR of depression was highest in adolescents aged 20–24 and in those in high-SDI areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]