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Background: There has recently been considerable interest in better understanding how blood pressure should be managed after an episode of hospitalized AKI, but there are scant data regarding the associations between blood pressure measured after AKI and subsequent adverse outcomes. We hypothesized that among AKI survivors, higher blood pressure measured three months after hospital discharge would be associated with worse outcomes. We also hypothesized these associations between blood pressure and outcomes would be similar among those who survived non-AKI hospitalizations., Methods: We quantified how systolic blood pressure (SBP) observed three months after hospital discharge was associated with risks of subsequent hospitalized AKI, loss of kidney function, mortality, and heart failure events among 769 patients in the prospective ASSESS-AKI cohort study who had hospitalized AKI. We repeated this analysis among the 769 matched non-AKI ASSESS-AKI enrollees. We then formally tested for AKI interaction in the full cohort of 1538 patients to determine if these associations differed among those who did and did not experience AKI during the index hospitalization., Results: Among 769 patients with AKI, 42 % had subsequent AKI, 13 % had loss of kidney function, 27 % died, and 18 % had heart failure events. SBP 3 months post-hospitalization did not have a stepwise association with the risk of subsequent AKI, loss of kidney function, mortality, or heart failure events. Among the 769 without AKI, there was also no stepwise association with these risks. In formal interaction testing using the full cohort of 1538 patients, hospitalized AKI did not modify the association between post-discharge SBP and subsequent risks of adverse clinical outcomes., Conclusions: Contrary to our first hypothesis, we did not observe that higher stepwise blood pressure measured three months after hospital discharge with AKI was associated with worse outcomes. Our data were consistent with our second hypothesis that the association between blood pressure measured three months after hospital discharge and outcomes among AKI survivors is similar to that observed among those who survived non-AKI hospitalizations., (© 2021. The Author(s).)

Objective: The study objective was to examine the utility of using proteinuria in preoperative risk stratification for acute kidney injury. Acute kidney injury is a common and important complication for patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Proteinuria, which reflects structural damage to the glomeruli or renal tubules, may aid the prediction of acute kidney injury., Methods: The urine albumin to creatinine ratio and dipstick proteinuria concentration were prospectively measured in 1159 patients undergoing cardiac surgery. The cohort was organized into 4 clinical risk categories based on the preoperative urine albumin to creatinine ratio: 10 mg/g or less (≤ 1.1 mg/mmol), 11 to 29 mg/g (1.2-3.3 mg/mmol), 30 to 299 mg/g (3.4-33.8 mg/mmol), and 300 mg/g or greater (≥ 33.9 mg/mmol). The primary outcome was postoperative acute kidney injury, defined by the Acute Kidney Injury Network stage I criterion (serum creatinine increase ≥ 50% or ≥ 0.3 mg/dL; 26.5 μmol/L)., Results: An increase in the incidence of acute kidney injury was noted across the urine albumin to creatinine ratio categories. Adding the urine albumin to creatinine ratio to the clinical model to predict acute kidney injury improved the area under the curve from 0.67 to 0.70 (P < .001), and the continuous net reclassification improvement was 29% (P < .001). The urine albumin to creatinine ratio was also independently associated with the risk of in-hospital dialysis and intensive care unit and hospital lengths of stay. Surgery status and preoperative glomerular filtration rate were effect modifiers; the association was stronger among those undergoing elective surgery and those with an estimated glomerular filtration rate of 45 mL/min/1.73 m(2) or greater., Conclusions: Preoperative proteinuria provides graded stratification risk for acute kidney injury and is an independent predictor of other outcomes in patients undergoing cardiac surgery., (Copyright © 2012 The American Association for Thoracic Surgery. Published by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.)