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Human health risk was determined by assessing risk due to dermal contact with the sediment and Benzo [a] pyrene -equivalent concentrations (BaP-TEQ- carcinogenic equivalents and BaP-MEQ- mutagenic equivalents). Ecological risk of PAHs in the sediment was determined by comparing PAHs concentrations to effect range low (ERL) and effect range median (ERM); to estimate the risk associated with the combined effects of PAHs, mean ERM quotient (mERMq) was calculated. Results revealed that hazard index (HI) due to dermal contact of the sediment for adults are 596 and 73.84 for children. Similarly, cancer risk for adults was all >10 -1 and was within 10 -3  ≤ 10 -1 for children, for every compound; the sum of cancer risk for adults and children were 8.26 and 1.022 respectively., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The human health risk assessment associated with accumulation of nickel (Ni), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb) and copper (Cu) in the tissues (gills, livers and muscles) of grey mullet (Mugil cephalus) collected from the creek in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria was investigated. Surface water, sediment and fish samples were collected and analysed from June to September 2019; estimated daily intake (EDI), target hazard quotient (THQ) and hazard index (HI) were determined. The mean concentration (mg/kg ww) of the tested metals followed the sequence: Cu (33.48 ± 15.54) > Cd (24.62 ± 12.11) > Pb (10.59 ± 9.12) > Cr (0.43 ± 0.66); while Ni was not detected in the sampled tissues. The HI for male and female (adults) are 7.612 and 7.840 respectively, while male and female (children) are 9.567 and 10.842 respectively., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: Metastatic carcinoma of the breast may display varied clinicopathological patterns. Lymphatic spread to the inguinal lymph nodes is, however, very rare., Objective: To report two cases of advanced breast carcinoma with metastases to the inguinal lymph nodes in two Nigerian women., Setting: The University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, Port Harcourt, Nigeria., Case Report: Two Nigerian women, one aged 40 years with an invasive lobular carcinoma of the right breast, and the other aged 48 years with an infiltrating ductal carcinoma of the left breast, presented with metastases to their corresponding inguinal lymph nodes diagnosed by open biopsy., Results: The first had a right simple mastectomy done and was lost to follow up before any adjuvant therapy could be administered. The second died before any definitive treatment could be offered., Conclusion: Metastasis to the inguinal nodes is rare and signifies an advanced disease. The pathogenesis is speculative, probably from retrograde embolisation.

Objective: Non-recognition of alcohol problems in medical and surgical patients may have adverse consequences. This may be minimised by having a high index of suspicion and the use of screening instruments., Patients and Methods: Items from two alcohol abuse screening instruments (CAGE and Patient Health Questionnaire) were administered on medical and surgical in-patients in a general hospital during a one-year period, to determine the prevalence of alcohol use and abuse., Results: The prevalence of alcohol use was 49.8% and for alcohol abuse 14.8%. Paternal alcohol use and cigarette smoking were found to be good indicators of alcohol abuse., Conclusion: Detailed inquiry about alcohol use, looking for indices of cigarette smoking and routine use of screening instruments should assist in discovering many patients with alcohol abuse who probably would have denied having the problem.