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Background: Despite recent advances in the management of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), patients still experience suboptimal disease control largely due to medication non-adherence and inappropriate use of inhaler. This study evaluates the impact of pharmacist-led intervention in medication adherence and inhaler usage on asthma and COPD control among out-patients attending the premier tertiary hospital in Nigeria. Method: A quasi-experimental study carried-out among eligible out-patients attending pulmonology clinic of University College Hospital, Ibadan. Baseline questionnaire explored medication adherence using a comprehensive-medication-adherence-assessment-scale (CMAAS-12) developed by the study co-investigators, use of pressurized-metered-dose (pMDI) and Diskus inhalers, as well as asthma/COPD control using validated asthma control test (ACT) and COPD assessment test (CAT). Subsequently, patients were allocated into control (n = 65) or intervention group (n = 65) using odd or even number. Intervention group received 2-month follow-up educational and/or cognitive-behavioural interventions to resolve identified adherence barriers, while control group continued with traditional care. Descriptive statistics, Chi-square and Wilcoxon-signed-ranked tests were used for analysis at p < 0.05. Results: Overall, patients with optimal adherence were 11(18.6%) and 16(27.1%), p = 0.132 (control), but 20(33.3%) and 38(63.3%), p < 0.001 (intervention) at baseline and post-baseline, respectively. Specifically, in the intervention group, the identified adherence barriers at baseline were summarized into knowledge (120;40.4%), practical (115;38.7%) and attitudinal (62;20.9%). Patients with correct use of pMDI were 11(21.6%) baseline and 19(36.5%) post-baseline, p = 0.011 (control), but 13(22.8%) and 46(80.7%) respectively, p < 0.001 (intervention). Correct use of Diskus inhaler were 5(50.0%) and 4(40.0%), p = 0.157 (control), but 7(35.0%) and 14(70.0%), p = 0.025 (intervention) at baseline and post-baseline, respectively. Patients with 'well-controlled asthma' were 25(44.6%) and 26 (47.3%), p = 0.025 (control), but 18(35.3%) and 32(60.4%), p < 0.001 (intervention) at baseline and post-baseline, respectively. The COPD-specific health status indicated that 0(0.0%) and 1(14.3%), p = 0.059 (control), but 0(0.0%) and 7(50.0%), p < 0.001 (intervention) at baseline and post-baseline, respectively, belonged to 'low COPD impact'. Conclusion: Pharmacist-led intervention significantly enhanced medication adherence and appropriate use of inhaler among the intervention cohort, with subsequent significant improvement in asthma control and reduced COPD impact compared with the control group. This underscores the need for active involvement of pharmacists in collaborative management of patients with chronic respiratory diseases in clinical practice. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT06417931. Retrospectively-registered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Orofacial neoplasms in children and young adults may differ significantly from those observed in adults. Our aim was to describe the epidemiological characteristics of histologically diagnosed orofacial neoplasms among children and young adults in Nigeria. Methods: This was a multicenter cross-sectional study across geopolitical zones in Nigeria. Annual reports of clinical information and surgical biopsies submitted at the Oral Pathology Laboratory, clinic day registries, surgical day case registries and operative theatre registries were retrieved from January 2008 to March 2024. The relevant demographic data were obtained for each patient. The study subjects were categorized by age into children, adolescents and young adults. Tissue involvement was classified as soft tissue involvement, bony involvement or both soft tissue and bony involvement. The site and behaviour of the lesions were subdivided according to the ICD-10 codes. Statistical analysis was performed via the R programming language. Results: A total of 1889 cases were observed during the period under review, with a mean age of 15 years. Cases were more common in females (52%) and in young adults (47%). Most cases were benign neoplasms (85%), and bony affectation (54%) was slightly predominant. Odontogenic tumours (38%) and fibro-osseous lesions (20%) were the most common category of lesions observed, whereas salivary gland tumours (2.2%) and neoplasms of epithelial origin (2.5%) were the least common. Neoplasms in children involved mostly soft tissues, whereas those in adolescents and young adults had a preference for bone (p < 0.001). In all age groups, benign lesions were mostly observed in the mouth and pharynx. For malignant lesions, in children, the bones of the skull and face were mostly involved, whereas in adolescents, the mandible was the predominant site (p < 0.001). In children, mesenchymal neoplasms were the most prevalent category of lesions, whereas in both adolescents and young adults, odontogenic tumours were more common. The proportion of malignant neoplasms in males was significantly greater than that in females (p < 0.001). Conclusion: This study revealed that although most biopsied orofacial lesions were more often benign, the proportion of malignant neoplasms in this population was greater than that previously reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assessed the climate variability adaptation strategies among the rice farmers in Niger State, Nigeria. A two-stage sampling procedure was used in the selection of 248 respondents from the list of rice farmers obtained from Rice Farmer Association of Nigeria (RIFAN), Niger State. The adjusting of planting and harvesting dates (M.S = 3.77) was the highest ranked adaption strategy to climate variability. The increase in quality of rice produced (M.S = 4.48) was the highest ranked perceived benefit of usage of climate adaptation strategies. The determinant factors of usage of climate adaptation strategies were rice farmers' educational level (t = 1.729), household size (t = -0.197) and farm size (t = 0.372, p) at 5% level of significance. The study therefore recommends that the rice farmers should adopt main adaptation strategies such as adjusting the planting and harvesting dates, application of traditional irrigation agriculture and livelihoods diversification in order to improve their rice outputs, income and food security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Teenage pregnancy remains a prevalent concern, particularly among young females facing educational and economic disadvantages. This can be attributed to factors such as illiteracy, societal practices, and poverty encouraging girls to enter into sexual relationships at an early age. In Nigeria, more than 23% of females aged between 15-19 years are bearing children. In Nigeria, as in numerous other countries, there is a noticeable increase in teenage sexual activity. The case of underage girls, usually between the ages of thirteen to nineteen years, becoming pregnant is a serious problem that has eaten deep into the fabric of our societies, inhibiting growth in this contemporary period. This study focused on the menace of this act among the teenagers in our society, using a descriptive method to identify basic factors and their effects using primary data. Some of the root causes identified are poverty, peer pressure and media influence while the effects include school drop-out, inadequate care for the child born by teenage mother, health problems and a host of other vices. The study suggested adequate parental care, eradication of street hawking, and inculcation of moral values through religious bodies as ways of reducing teenage pregnancy in Nigeria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The continued sustenance of human being is, to a large extent, dependent on the conservation and/or preservation of the biological diversity in his particular environment. The totality of living thing around human being - ecosystems, species and genetic resources - is useful for his existence and sustained development as well. But over the ages, biological diversity has been challenged by different issues like degradation, pollution, alien invasions and so forth which has led to the extinction of some biological diversity at one time or the other. In addition to these is the crucial challenge of patenting the traditional knowledge in genetic resources of traditional communities without due regard to same as their cultural heritage that need yield economic interest as well as morally deserving attribution. The international frameworks to tackle this challenge have also addressed the need to have different interests protected including the local or indigenous communities. With the aid of doctrinal method of research, this work aim at exploring the provisions of the international instruments being the Convention on Biological Diversity and the Nagoya Protocol on Access to Equitable Sharing of Benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources cum how they relate to the protection of local and indigenous communities. It concludes that the instruments are targeted towards human sustainability generally but needs domestication and enforcement in our developing environments for there to be efficacy in the protection of the traditional knowledge in the biodiversity of local communities from misuse, misappropriation and abuse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing from in-depth qualitative interviews (N = 32), this article examines the impact of indigenous tribal marks on employment chances in southwest Nigeria. It employs indigenous standpoint theory to frame the argument around what constitutes stigma and in what context. The results of our thematic analysis indicate that tribally marked job applicants and employees face significant social rejection, stigmatization and discrimination, and can suffer from severe mental illnesses and even suicidal ideation. We explain how these tribally marked individuals navigate the changing contours of tradition and modernity in Nigeria. Tribal marks, although once largely perceived as signals of beauty and high social status, are now increasingly viewed as a significant liability in the labour market. This article makes a unique and original contribution to the study of stigma and employment discrimination by eschewing the prevailing Western ethnocentrism in the extant research and instead placing the indigenous standpoint at centre stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the attitude towards pre-marital genetic screening among students of Osun State Polytechnics. Descriptive survey design was used for the study. The instrument for data collection was self developed and structured questionnaire in four-point likert scale format. Descriptive statistics of frequency count and percentages were used to describe the demographic data, while the parametric statistics of t-test and ANOVA set at 0.05 alpha level were used to test the hypotheses. A total number of one thousand, one hundred and sixty-five (1,165) Higher National Diploma (HND) students served as respondents for the study. Multistage sampling technique was used in three stages to select the respondents, namely: purposive sampling technique was used to select the schools; stratified sampling technique was used to select the Faculties and Departments, while a proportionate sample of 25% was selected from each stratum. Three hypotheses were formulated to guide the study. The following were the values obtained: Difference in Attitude towards Pre-marital Genetic Screening (Crit-t = 1.96, Cal.t = 1.310, df = 1163, P>0.05); Difference in Attitude Due to Religion (F(2,1162) = 0.689, P>0.05) and Difference in Attitude Due to Course of Study (F(5,1159) = 0.585, P>0.05). Conclusions were drawn based on the findings of the study. The study recommended, among other things, that religious organizations should serve as useful channels to disseminate health information since people always have respect for places of worship and religious leaders. Also, Health Education should be incorporated into the curriculum of Polytechnics.

In sub-Saharan Africa, urban growth has posed significant housing challenges, particularly affecting women's participation in housing ownership and the broader sector. This study examined the motivations and obstacles for women's involvement in housing provision in Nigeria, using a cross-sectional descriptive approach. Ninety-eight questionnaires were purposively administered to urban women in Ile-Ife, Osun State. Results showed a diverse age distribution, with 33% of respondents aged 41-50, reflecting active participation in housing decisions due to family and career factors. Education played a crucial role, with 34% holding B.Sc. degrees and 18.4% M.Sc. degrees, highlighting its importance in empowering women. Property ownership was the top motivator (RII=0.54), followed by economic factors such as the national economy (RII=0.53), income (RII=0.51), and employment status (RII=0.49). Religion (RII=0.31) and cultural norms (RII=0.34) had minimal impact. The study concludes that while women actively participate in certain areas, there is a need for greater gender inclusivity in the housing sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper assessed the status of climate smart agriculture (CSA) among VADI farmers in North-central Nigeria using qualitative and quantitative methods in data collection. Two hundred and forty-seven farmers were randomly selected from the study area. Also, focus group discussions were conducted. Data collected were subjected to qualitative analysis and logit regression. The study identified five broad and important practices relevant to CSA in North-central Nigeria, which include: mobility and social networks, adjusting agricultural production systems, diversification on and beyond the farm, farm financial management, and knowledge management and regulations. The determinants of CSA in north-central Nigeria include: farming experience, education, extension, livestock ownership, income, land ownership, household size, credit, land area cultivated, distance to the market and water resources, leadership position, risk orientation, gender, and mass media exposure. Government policies need to support research and development that develops and diffuses the climate-smart technologies to help farmers respond to changes in climatic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2016, the World Health Organization introduced global targets for the care and management of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection to eliminate hepatitis C as a public health threat by 2030. Despite significant improvements in testing and treatment, in 2020 only 23% of all persons infected with HCV globally were diagnosed. We explore examples from global hepatitis C programs in Georgia, Rwanda, and Nigeria that have used decentralized and integrated models to increase access to HCV testing. Georgia established the world's first national hepatitis C elimination program in 2015. In 2022, 2.6 million people (80% of the adults) have been screened for antibodies for HCV infection, and 80 000 persons with HCV RNA detected were treated. To achieve these results, Georgia implemented HCV core antigen testing, utilization of point-of-care (POC) HCV RNA testing, and simplification of HCV viremia detection by qualitative HCV RNA testing. Rwanda was the first country in sub-Saharan Africa to commit to HCV elimination in 2018, and as of 2022 it has achieved its screening target of 7 million people and initiated approximately 60 000 patients on hepatitis C treatment by rapid decentralization and integration of HCV services. In Nigeria, the integrated near-POC testing approach in Nasarawa State has been effective in expanding access to HCV viremia testing and enabling the possibility of same-day testing and treatment initiation. Examples of decentralization and integration of HCV testing and linkage to care in Georgia, Rwanda, and Nigeria could help inform effective strategies to reach 2030 hepatitis C elimination goals in other countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In Nigeria, mastectomy is the most common surgical treatment for breast cancer. Patients are often kept on admission for days until wound drains are removed. An early discharge programme was piloted in a Nigerian hospital in 2017 with very satisfactory outcomes. The impact of this evidence on clinical practice and surgical outcomes was evaluated over 5 years. Methods: From a prospectively maintained institutional database, the details of patients who underwent mastectomy between 2018 and 2022 were obtained. The duration of post-operative stay was obtained and analysed per year to determine the trend. Post-operative surgical complications such as seroma, haematoma, flap necrosis, and surgical site infection were analysed. Results: Overall, 147 patients (69%) had early discharge during the review period. Twenty-two patients (10.3%) were discharged within 24 h of surgery, 61 patients (28.6%) were discharged within 24–48 h, and 64 patients (30%) were discharged between 48 and 72 h. There was a steady increase in the adoption of the early discharge protocol over time with a 50% adoption rate in 2018 and 95% in 2022. The mean duration of hospital stay declined steadily from 3.9 days in 2018 to 2.2 days in 2022. Early discharge did not result in any compromise to post-operative outcomes. Conclusion: This study demonstrates the sustainability of early post-mastectomy discharge in a resource-limited setting with very satisfactory outcomes. It also provides a unique example of how locally generated evidence can guide local practice. We consider these findings generalisable in other Nigerian hospitals and low- and middle-income countries with similar contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The clinical benefits of laparoscopic appendicectomy are well recognized over open appendicectomy. However, laparoscopic procedures are not frequently conducted in many low-and middle-income countries (LMICs) for several reasons, including perceived higher costs. The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility and cost of laparoscopic appendicectomy compared to open appendicectomy in Nigeria. Methods: A multicenter, prospective, cohort study among patients undergoing appendicectomy was conducted at three tertiary hospitals in Nigeria. Data were collected from October 2020 to February 2022 and analyses compared the average healthcare costs at 30 days after surgery. Quantile regression was conducted to identify variables that had an impact on the costs, reported in Nigerian Naira (Naira) and US dollars ($), with standard deviations (SD). Findings: This study included 105 patients, of which 39 had laparoscopic appendicectomy and 66 had open appendicectomy. The average healthcare cost of laparoscopic appendicectomy (147,562 Naira (SD: 97,130) or $355 (SD: 234)) was higher than open appendicectomy (113,556 Naira (SD: 88,559) or $273 (SD: 213)). The average time for return to work was shorter with laparoscopic than open appendicectomy (mean: 8 days vs. 14 days). At the average daily income of $5.06, laparoscopic appendicectomy was associated with 9778 Naira or $24 cost savings in return to work. Further, 5.1% of laparoscopic appendicectomy patients had surgical site infections compared to 22.7% for open appendicectomy. Regression analysis results showed that laparoscopic appendicectomy was associated with $14 higher costs than open appendicectomy, albeit non-significant (p = 0.53). Interpretation: Despite selection bias in this real-world study, laparoscopic appendicectomy was associated with a slightly higher overall cost, a lower societal cost, a lower infection rate, and a faster return to work, compared to open appendicectomy. It is technically and financially feasible, and its provision in Nigeria should be expanded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article interrogates street traders' encounters with the bribery and extortion by task force officials in Lagos State, Nigeria, using a mixed method of social research survey, in-depth interview and observation. The study found that poverty (p = 0.000), gender (p = 0.001), location (p = 0.009), employment status (p = 0.003), family pressure (p = 0.008) and payment of remittance (p = 0.000) are significant predictors of willingness to bribe task force officials (p < 0.001). It also established that traders, who perceived the street trading law of Lagos as a deterrent law, tended to bribe task force officials in order to escape justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies frequently explored the relationship between economic performance and transport investments. However, how the performance of the economy relates to the usage of transport in Africa and Nigeria in particular is poorly explored prompting investigation on the nexus between railway passenger travel and economic development in Nigeria. The study employed the Vector Auto-Regressive (VAR) Model to analyse the 60-year annual time series data of railway passenger movement, annual GDP, and inflation. Results indicate about 72.5% of the variables entered in the model accounted for 72.5% of changes observed in railway passenger traffic with Lag 1 of passenger travel exerting the most substantial influence on the output. The result further shows Inflation and GDP (x = 0.485223; P = 0.7846.) as well as their lags are redundant in forecasting the 60-year data. The study concludes that economic performance does not influence travel by railways among passengers using railways in Nigeria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed at estimating the cost of hospitalisation associated with medication non-adherence (MNA) among hypertensive in-patients in a tertiary healthcare facility in southwestern Nigeria. It involved a cross-sectional retrospective review of 322 medical records of hypertensive in-patients at the University College Hospital between 2013 and 2015. Physician’s documentation of MNA in the patients’ medical records prior to admission determined the eligibility into the study. Direct medical costs mainly consultation, medications, laboratory costs for individual patients during hospitalisation were calculated using out-of-pocket payer’s perspective approach. Data were summarised with descriptive statistics, Pearson’s product moment correlation coefficient was used to determine relationship between length of stay in hospital, cost of management and number of comorbidities at p < 0.05 considered statistically significant. Of the 322 medical records of hypertensive in-patients evaluated within the 3-year study period, 230 (71.4%) had a documentation of MNA. The average age was 55.9 ± 15.7 years old. Artisans/self-employed (n = 82; 35.7%) and petty traders (n = 61; 26.5%) made up the majority of the patients. The total cost of hospitalisation for the period studied was USD100,461.40 for all the patients, with an average of USD52.00 ± 28.10/patient/day, more than a quarter of which was spent on pharmaceuticals. Similarly, the costs of management also increased with increase in length of hospitalisation (Pearson’s product moment correlation r = 0.539, p = 0.000). The number of comorbid diseases increased the length of hospitalisation (r = 0.133, p = 0.044). Cost associated with hospitalisation in relation to MNA is high among the studied participants. There is a need to develop strategies to enhance medication adherence among patients with hypertension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on body art as a component of aesthetic labour has predominantly focused on individuals with tattoos in the global north, but little is known about tribal marks as a key element of aesthetic labour that leads to discriminatory or prejudicial attitudes in the workplace. Tribal marks are facial inscriptions that symbolize clan, family, and ethnic affiliation, and serve to distinguish one sociocultural group from another. In this article, we examine the lived experiences of people with tribal marks in Nigeria by developing a theoretical framework based on literatures on aesthetic labour, social stigmatisation, and discrimination. Drawing on the accounts of 42 individuals with tribal marks, we demonstrate how aestheticized work environments, biased assumptions, and negative perceptions about individuals with tribal marks can lead to discriminatory or prejudicial behaviours at work. We further discuss the psychosocial consequences and explain why tribal marks are now perceived to be outdated and damaging to those individuals who have them. We offer a novel perspective on the existing knowledge about aesthetic labour and broaden our understanding of another form of 'lookism' in a non-Western context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study analyzed the perceived effects of climate variability on the rice farmers in Niger State, Nigeria. Two stage sampling procedure was used in the selection of 248 rice farmers. The data was collected with the use of a questionnaire. The findings revealed that rice farmers in the Niger State were mostly male 75.4% and their average age was 39.5 years. About 98% of the rice farmers had moderate usage levels of climate adaption strategies. The most severe perceived effect of climate variability was instability of planting calendar (M.S=2.78). The highest ranked constraint limiting the usage of climate adaptation strategies was financial constraints (M.S=3.72). This study thus recommended the provision of accurate and prompt information on weather forecasts and also there should be provision of financial incentives to the farmers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Current discourses on healthcare environments' design suggest that qualitative healthcare is directly linked with the state and quality of the environment, making reference not only to the physical but also to the ambient and social environments. These conclude that in giving qualitative care to patients, who are the primary targets of these facilities, it is advocated that the healthcare environments are consciously humanised. Background: Current discourses on healthcare environments' design suggest that qualitative healthcare is directly linked with the state and quality of the environment, making reference not only to the physical but also to the ambient and social environments. These conclude that in giving qualitative care to patients, who are the primary targets of these facilities, it is advocated that the healthcare environments are consciously humanised. Results: This review reveals that even though humanisation is crucial, as a driver for change in healthcare environments, its definition varies contextually. The paper further maintains that culture is central to whatever the definitions given to the concept of humanisation and attempts to initiate a discussion on the definition for 'Humanisation' in healthcare environments in Nigeria. It also emphasises the need for and the benefits of evidence-based designs in ensuring the design of well-humanised healthcare environments. In addition, the study finds that there is a dearth of the literature on healthcare environments' design in Nigeria. Conclusion: Currently, there are no commonly identifiable definitions for humanistic designs in healthcare environments in Nigeria. Recommendations are that more healthcare design research should be conducted to support these observations with empirical evidence and uncover how humanisation is defined in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pathologic complete response (pCR) following neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) is a marker for important clinical outcomes in the management of breast cancer. In Nigeria where the majority of patients are candidates for NAC, there is limited data on pCR following NAC. This study evaluated the pCR rate in a cohort of Nigerian patients. Methods: A retrospective review of patients who had NAC and mastectomy for breast cancer between 2017 and 2022. Relevant baseline clinicopathological and treatment data were obtained. pCR was defined as the absence of invasive cancer with or without in situ disease in the breast. The relationship between receptor status, type of chemotherapy and pCR was evaluated. Results: One hundred and sixty six of the 250 patients who had mastectomy during the period had NAC and were eligible for analysis. The mean age was 50.1±11.1, and the majority had stage 3 disease. The overall (pCR) rate was 19.9%, with the latter part of the study corresponding to the period with increased use of taxanes, having higher pCR (35.9% in 2022 vs 7.4% in 2017, p=0.024). Patients with HER 2 positive/Hormone receptor negative (HER 2+/HR-), HER 2+/HR+ and triplenegative disease had significantly higher pCR than those with HR+/HER 2 negative disease (38.9%, 30.8%, 24.5% and 6.5% respectively, p=0.03). Conclusion: NAC resulted in pCR in about one-fifth of the entire cohort, particularly those with potentially aggressive HER 2+ and triple-negative disease. The use of taxanes was associated with higher pCR rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The mpox (monkeypox) disease is a re-emerging viral zoonosis of international concern that is endemic in parts of Africa. The mpox virus (MPXV), which was hitherto largely limited to some Central and West African countries, was declared a public health emergency of international concern by the WHO on July 23, 2022 following the rapid spread of the virus to non-endemic countries. Globally, as of March 16, 2023, the WHO had reported 86,496 laboratory-confirmed cases of mpox and 111 deaths in 110 countries. Of the 1,420 cases of mpox reported in Africa as of March 16, 2023, Nigeria alone recorded 57.1% (812) of the confirmed cases and eight fatalities recorded in the continent. To help improve on the understanding of the current situation in Nigeria, the present study assessed the perception and knowledge of mpox among Nigerian healthcare workers, academics and tertiary students. The study also sought to highlight the global public health significance of the MPXV, and recommend a One Health approach to limit exporting of the virus beyond the borders of Nigeria. Methods: A web-based cross-sectional survey was conducted between 24 July 2022 and 12 August 2022 to evaluate the perception and knowledge of mpox among 1544 Nigerians, consisted of healthcare workers (n = 832), academics (n = 306) and tertiary students (n = 462). Data on the respondents' socio demographics and their information sources on mpox were also collected. Each correct response was allotted one point while an incorrect response was scored zero. The scores for perception and knowledge were dichotomized into positive (>5.5) and negative (≤5.5) and adequate (>5.8) and inadequate (≤5.8), respectively; using the average scores for perception and knowledge. The average score for perception and knowledge were summarised and presented as the mean and standard deviation (SD). Chi-square tests of association and binary logistic regression were carried out to determine factors associated with the outcome variables. Results: Of the 1452 respondents that had heard of mpox, 878 (60.5%) and 419 (28.9%) had adequate knowledge and positive perception concerning MPXV infection respectively. Average perception score was 5.5. Mean perception and knowledge scores were 4.5(SD: 2.0) and 5.8 (SD: 1.9), respectively. Factors that were significantly associated with knowledge level were age (p = 0.020) educational qualification attained (p = 0.004), occupation (p<0.001), and geopolitical zone of residency (p = 0.001). There was a positive correlation between perception and knowledge scores (r = 0.4, p<0.001). Positive perceptions were likely among respondents who had tertiary education, and residing in North-west Nigeria. Likewise, adequate knowledge scores were likely among respondents under 30 years of age, with tertiary education or reside in North-west Nigeria. Sources of information were significantly associated with perception (p = 0.004) and knowledge (p<0.001) of the respondents. Conclusion: The findings of this study show that there is disparity in the knowledge and perception of mpox in the study population, and as a result, there is a need to intensify awareness about MPXV infection to enhance positive perception among the respondents. This has potential to safeguard public health and contain the disease thus preventing it from spreading to the global community. A One Health approach involving animal and human health workers is imperative for improved knowledge and a good perception towards the disease among respondents, and enhanced active surveillance and early detection of MPXV in reservoir hosts (rodents and non-human primates); to prevent reverse zoonotic transmission of the virus at the human-animal interface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Recent gender-related research has focused on how gender affects work–life balance (WLB), particularly whether men and women have similar difficulties balancing work and family demands. However, to broaden WLB research beyond its concentration on employees to a different population, this study investigates the WLB experiences of single student-working mothers. Design/methodology/approach: This article uses a qualitative study using three focus groups to compare Nigerian and British single student-working mothers' WLB experiences and coping strategies or mechanisms adopted in these two contexts. Findings: The findings indicate that, regardless of nationality, single student-working mothers are affected by inter-role conflict, role ambiguity, role strain, role overload and external role pressures, which make achieving WLB a herculean task. Nevertheless, given the different political, economic and socio-cultural landscapes of the two countries, the extent to which the aforementioned factors impact single student-working mothers varies and influences the range of coping mechanisms adopted in the two contexts. Practical implications: The insights gleaned from this study suggest that there are huge challenges for single student-working mothers in terms of achieving WLB due to their status as students, workers and mothers. Combining these roles negatively affect their WLB and level of productivity and effectiveness, at home, at work and at university. This poses significant implications for human resource structures, policies and practices. The authors suggest that single student-mothers should learn from their counterparts' experiences and coping mechanisms, and that organisations and government should also provide adequate support to help them combine their challenging roles. This would ease the tension associated with combining multiple roles and enhance their well-being and WLB. Originality/value: The study calls for a re-examination of WLB policies and practices at organisational and national levels to ensure that single student-working mothers are well supported to enhance their productivity and WLB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) is the first and the most common group of haemoglobinopathies in the world. It affects virtually all body systems including the eyes. Proliferative Sickle cell Retinopathy (PSR) is a cause of visual loss in the working age group which has an impact on the economy and quality of life. This study aimed to describe the pattern of presentation of Sickle Cell Retinopathy (SCR)to improve understanding of the disease presentation. Methodology: The ophthalmic surgical records of patients diagnosed with sickle cell disease at the retinal unit, department of Ophthalmology at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital between the year 2011-2020 were reviewed retrospectively. Results: A total of 64 patients (108 eyes) records were reviewed in this study. The Prevalenceof sickle cell retinopathy was 5.4% of all retina cases within the study period. Age ranged from 10-70 years; the mean age was 36.28 years ± 13.66. There were 25 females and 39 males (F:M= 1:1.6). SCR was most common in patients with HbSC 40 (62.5%). Common presenting symptoms were loss of vision34 (53.1%) and floaters 34 (53.1%). Goldberg stage III 26 (20.3%) and stage IV 27 (21.1%) were the most common stages of proliferative disease at presentation. A significant association was seen between Haemoglobin genotype SC and the occurrence of sickle cell retinopathy with 90% of the patients with Haemoglobin genotype SC having had PSR. The majority of the patients25 (39.1%) had no treatment, and 13 (20.3%) had laser photocoagulation only. Conclusion: Sickle cell retinopathy is not uncommon in Nigeria and many patients only present in tertiary health facilities when they have severe symptoms such as loss of vision. This may be attributed to the late diagnosis and referral. Routine screening is recommended to ensure early detection and treatment to prevent avoidable blindness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Work-family border theory casts individuals as protagonists who are enactive rather than reactive in shaping borders between work and personal life domains. To what extent is this the case in strongly patriarchal contexts that constrain women's personal agency? This qualitative study conducted with 32 female lawyers, magistrates and justices in Nigeria shows how participants engage in new border management tactics in response to context-specific institutional and social factors. Faced with public harassment and physical assault in a country where violence against women is normalised, female legal professionals restructure family borders to extend no further than their homes and retain police attachés as border-keepers. When their families are reconfigured via nonconsensual polygamous marriages, women's work borders are strengthened by co-wives performing domestic labour and family borders are strengthened by co-wives' assistance with job tasks, thereby reducing participants' work-family conflict. Rather than strategically enacting work-life borders within known situational constraints, Nigerian female legal professionals react to involuntary events that limit their agency to negotiate desired work and personal lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The attractiveness of social networking sites (SNSs) has extended to almost all professionals in numerous human organizations including the library. Librarians as a result of this development are now making use of these sites to connect to other libraries and librarians both within and outside their environment. However, it is observed that the use and benefits derived from social networking sites by Nigerian librarians, generally, and those in academic libraries, particularly, has not been well documented. It is against this backdrop that this study examined the use of social networking sites to both the libraries and the librarians in selected academic libraries in six Nigerian States. A survey research design approach was adopted. The simple random study drew upon 200 academic librarians from academic libraries across six selected States in Nigeria. Five research questions were raised and answered by the study. The results demonstrate that Facebook and Twitter are mostly use by academic librarians. Academic librarians are making use of SNSs on a weekly basis and partially on a daily basis. Many potential benefits of SNSs were indicated both to the librarians and their libraries such as creating opportunity to connect with people across the globe, which includes those that have never been seen and those that one is not sure of coming in contact with. It was also found that SNSs give opportunity for academic libraries to incorporate SNSs as a means of creating more interactive user centered library and information services. Examples of the defects identified associated with SNSs include sexual harassment, cybercrime, fraud, and spreading of spam. It is expected that the outcomes of this study will serve as pioneer data upon which future related studies will be anchored.

Background: Breast cancer outcomes are poor in Nigeria, partly due to late-stage diagnosis. To assess the impact of past and present interventions, a review of an institutional data base was performed to determine the trend with respect to stage at diagnosis over a decade., Methods: A retrospective analysis of an institutional data base was performed over a decade. The review period was divided into segments (2013-2015, 2016-2018 and 2019-2022). The latter period (2019-2022), corresponds to a time of more intense community interventions aimed at promoting early diagnosis and treatment around the locality of the teaching hospital. The stage at diagnosis within these periods were compared. The relationship between stage and sociodemographic variables (age, religion, marital status, menopausal status, and level of education) was assessed., Results: There were 910 patients, 144 within the first period (2013-2015), 318 in the second (2016-2018) and 454 in the third period (2019-2022). The majority presented with stage 3 disease (73.8%). There was a significant decline in the proportion of metastatic cases and a concomitant increase in early cases in the latter part of the review. The proportion of metastatic cases reduced from 23.6% (2013-2015), to 15.7% (2016-2018) and 9.3% (2019-2022) (p=0.001). Level of education was significantly associated with stage (p=0.001)., Conclusion: This study shows a trend towards downstaging of breast cancer in our locality. This trend corresponds to the period of more intense community interventions, justifying the need to further interrogate the direct impact of each of the interventions. This will provide a firm basis for sustaining or improving on current efforts to achieve more robust gains., Competing Interests: The Authors declare that no competing interest exists, (Copyright © 2023 by West African Journal of Medicine.)

On March 22, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) pro- claimed the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS- CoV-2 or Covid-19), and the virus has had global impact, with significant mortality rates observed in high-income countries (HICs) in Europe and the United States (USA). Numerous low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) have significant unmet healthcare demands, and citizens frequently experience the negative repercussions of their inadequate health care systems. Nigeria, the most populous nation in Africa with an estimated 200 million inhabitants, is not an exception. With the lessons from the 2014 Ebola pandemic in West African states still vivid, procedures such as temperature checks at international airports and medical and travel history questionnaires were swiftly implemented beginning in early February 2020. Keywords: Covid-19, Nigeria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Expansive soils are one of those kinds of soils whose volume change takes place while it comes in contact with water. Therefore, prior to construction of a road on such sub-grade, it is important either to remove the existing soil and replace it with a non-expansive soil or to improve the engineering properties of the existing soil by stabilization using additives which are sourced locally. The black cotton (expansive) soil was obtained from a borrow pit on the basement complex at Igbo-Ora in Oyo State, South-Western Nigeria. The borrow site lies within the coordinates Longitude 7⁰24'45" and latitude 3⁰18'34". The black cotton soils used in the study were collected from depths between 0.3-1.0m below ground level. The eggshell wastes were taken from Obasanjo Farms, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria. The eggshells were milled into powder and then substituted for black cotton soil from 0% to 30% at 10% intervals while 0% eggshell powder substitution served as control experiment. In line with BS 1377 (1990) and other relevant codes, consistency tests were conducted on the composite materials of black cotton (on basement complex) mixed with varying degrees of eggshell powder for the determination of liquid limit, plastic limit, shrinkage limit, etc. It is evidently clear from the results that the percentage shrinkage limit became constant at 30% eggshell powder substitution in black cotton soil on basement complex which is an indication of constancy of volume. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study identified the fisherfolks’ perception of artisanal fishing enterprises in North-Central, Nigeria. Information were collected with the use of questionnaire and analysed using frequency count, percentage, mean score and Pearson Product Moment Correlation (PPMC). The result revealed that 68.4 % of the respondents preferred fishing grounds, about 59.4 % of the respondents preferred group discussion and visit by extension agents and about 61.5 % of the respondents preferred radio. About 38.9 % of the respondents indicated the evening as the preferred time to acquire training. The result showed that 92.8 % of the respondents had knowledge of the basic safety and precaution measure. Fish products should be free of any chemical (x ̅=4.47) was the highest-ranked perception statement. The result revealed that there is a significant relationship between the respondents’ perception of fishing enterprise and knowledge of sustainable fishery practices (r= 0.119; p= 0.001) at 1 percent level of significance. The study recommended that there should be the provision of training in the low knowledge areas on sustainable fishery practices and extension service delivery should be timely. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper described and contextualized participatory development of demand-driven curriculum for career-ready e-extension services in Nigeria as introduced by the Sasakawa Africa Fund for Extension Education. The stages of participatory development were participatory need assessment, participatory stakeholders' workshop and validation among 124 stakeholders selected as key informants in relation to agricultural extension training, delivery, end users and policy makers. The stakeholders were grouped as follows: community leaders and policy makers; extension agencies / organisations / institutions / employers; farmers; input suppliers / marketers / agro-based traders / other value actors; and potential candidate groups. Stakeholder meetings were held separately with different groups three times, and then a combined meeting took place. The aggregated major decisions/consensus were subjected to content analysis using ATLAS.ti. The validation process included reading of each agreed decision to all participants, then participants indicated their agreement or otherwise, which led to either rejection or acceptance of the decision. This paper concludes that participatory curriculum development has enhanced the stakeholders to identify areas of demand-driven training in response to community needs. The stakeholders preferred more online than face-to-face training. The major perceived advantages of e-extension were reduced risk, time and cost effectiveness while infrastructural and human challenges were the perceived challenges that could possibly hinder the smooth running of e-extension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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There is conflicting evidence on the role of lipid biomarkers in breast cancer (BC), and no study to our knowledge has examined this association among African women. We estimated odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for the association of lipid biomarkers—total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and triglycerides—with odds of BC overall and by subtype (Luminal A, Luminal B, HER2-enriched and triple-negative or TNBC) for 296 newly diagnosed BC cases and 116 healthy controls in Nigeria. Each unit standard deviation (SD) increase in triglycerides was associated with 39% increased odds of BC in fully adjusted models (aOR: 1.39; 95% CI: 1.03, 1.86). Among post-menopausal women, higher total cholesterol (aOR: 1.65; 95% CI: 1.06, 2.57), LDL cholesterol (aOR: 1.59; 95% CI: 1.04, 2.41), and triglycerides (aOR: 1.91; 95% CI: 1.21, 3.01) were associated with increased odds of BC. Additionally, each unit SD increase in LDL was associated with 64% increased odds of Luminal B BC (aOR 1.64; 95% CI: 1.06, 2.55). Clinically low HDL was associated with 2.7 times increased odds of TNBC (aOR 2.67; 95% CI: 1.10, 6.49). Among post-menopausal women, higher LDL cholesterol and triglycerides were significantly associated with increased odds of Luminal B BC and HER2 BC, respectively. In conclusion, low HDL and high LDL are associated with increased odds of TN and Luminal B BC, respectively, among African women. Future prospective studies can definitively characterize this association and inform clinical approaches targeting HDL as a BC prevention strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study examined effect of inter-organisational relationship on Community Based Organisations’ (CBOs) performance in rural areas. Data were gathered through structured interview schedule from 140 CBOs’ members and analysed using appropriate statistics. The results revealed that the mean age of CBOs’ members interviewed in the study area was 57.6 ± 15.1 years and had spent an average of 15.3 ± 9.5 years in formal school. Majority (72.1%) of the respondents was male and a lot (82.1%) of them joined CBOs because of their community development. The results also indicated that majority (84.3%) of the CBOs was registered with governmental agency; they had main focus on project execution (82.9%) with main (80.0%) source of fund from members’ contribution. There were significant association between improvement in CBOs’ performance and respondents’ main occupation (χ2= 40.45; ρ≤ 0.01); and reasons for joining CBOs (χ2= 29.04; ρ≤ 0.01), also there were positive and significant relationship between improvement in CBOs’ performance and members’ age (r=0.514; ρ≤ 0.01); and years of formal education (r=0.534; ρ≤ 0.01). As a result of the findings of the study, it was concluded that there was improvement in CBOs’ role performance due to inter-relationship among them. In order to maximize potentials inherent in inter-relationship among CBOs, it was recommended that all challenges, such as low level of government assistance, inadequate resources, differing culture and values of partnering CBOs, militating against it should be adequately addressed by the relevant stakeholders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we focus on the design calculation of a wind turbine blade based on blade element momentum theory by the means of improving the efficiency of a wind turbine performance for some cities in Nigeria. The aerodynamic aerofoils of a wind turbine blade are essential tools in influencing the aerodynamic efficiency of wind turbine generator. The Blade element momentum theory, involves the process of dividing a wind turbine blade into sectional aerofoil for the purpose of blade design. The NACA 4418 aerofoil profile is considered for the analysis of wind turbine blades. Q-blade software was used to obtain Lift and Drag Coefficient at 60 angles of attack. The blade design parameter such as twisted angle, blade setting angle, aerofoil thickness, chord length, and linearization of the chord length were all calculated and the blade was designed for each selected station. The results of this research can be used for the design and construction of wind turbine blades for the purpose of surface wind electrification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was motivated by the report of a survey of herbal remedies used by Fulani herdsmen in the management of cow diarrhoea in Plateau State, Nigeria. The report identified F. platyphylla stem bark amongst major herbs. Activity of aqueous stem extract of F. platyphylla against diarrhoea caused by physiological changes and by pathological infections was herein determined. Thirty albino rats were fasted for 18 hours. They were grouped into six and induced with diarrhoea using castor oil. The first two groups received distilled water (1 ml) and loperamide (5 mg/kg), while other groups were administered plant extract 50, 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight respectively. The severity of diarrhoea was assessed hourly for 4 hrs. Gastrointestinal motility experiment was carried out using atropine sulphate (5 mg/kg). In vitro anti-diarrhoeal test was carried out against E. coli clinical and laboratory isolates versus antibiotics. The extract inhibited defecation moderately, and regulated frequency of wet stool better than loperamide, the lowest dose (50 mg/kg b. w.) competed favourably with the loperamide. This dose produced the most remarkable activity considering the latent period, total stool frequency, purging indices and percentage inhibition of defecation. The dose showed remarkable activity in the propulsion of charcoal meal through gastrointestinal tract as displayed in the inhibition of diarrhoea. The results of in vitro anti-diarrhoeal test against E. coli showed that the plant extract was inactive on the microorganism. The results from the present study validated the anti-diarrhoeal potential of F. platyphylla via its physiological action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study focuses on some selected universities in South Western Nigeria, which include two federal universities -- Obafemi Awolowo University (OAU) and University of Lagos (UNILAG); two universities of Technology -- Federal University of Technology, Akure (FUTA) and Ladoke Akintola University of Technology (LAUTECH). It also covers two private universities -- Covenant University (CU) and Joseph Ayo-Babalola University (JABU). This study was aimed to better understand the gender composition of Nigerian school of architecture and the factors that influence a female student's choice of the course in order to encourage the girl child enrolment in the course in Nigeria universities. Through the survey approach, questionnaires were used to elicit information from students in the last two years of the B.Sc. programme and those in the two years of the M.Sc. programme. The result shows that the strongest stimulator of a young woman's decision to enrol in architectural course is the perceived future prospect in the profession this is followed by her personal interest as well as existing relationships with people who have studied the course. This research establishes that identity is often contested ground for women architectural students who, at times, uphold gendered stereotypes about women's suitability for commonly viewed 'masculine' course like architecture, yet also subscribe to an ideal that the course is accessible to all who want to study it. As a consequence, it is critical that the education system finds novel ways of challenging and addressing cultural norms and practices that facilitate gendered stereotypes in construction-related courses (such as architecture) in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study investigated factors associated with effectiveness of University-Based Rural Development Outreaches (UBRDOs) in Southwestern Nigeria. A total of 336 outreach beneficiaries were interviewed using interview schedule, in the two purposively selected UBRDOs using a multistage sampling procedure. Data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics and factor analysis. The mean age of the respondents was 52.4±15.8 years and 51.2 percent have been benefiting from UBRDOs for the past 10 years. A higher percentage (75.6%) got information about UBRDOs through their outreach's personnel. Some of the activities facilitated by the outreach were workshop on income generating activities (100%) and linkage with collaborating agencies (100%). Many (55.16%) respondents indicated that the outreach was moderately effective. Factors associated with effectiveness of UBRDOs were socio economic related (p = 1.9622), outreach personnel related (p = 1.6744), institutional (UBRDOs) related (p = 2.6458) and community related (p = 0.9274) factors. The factors identified explained 83.50 percent of the variance in effectiveness of UBRDOs in Southwestern Nigeria. It is recommended that efforts and resources should be mobilized by the outreach administrators towards addressing the factors associated with effectiveness of UBRDOs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Land use land cover change is an important contributor to the trace element content of an aquatic system. Therefore, the study of the land use pattern is important in understanding the heavy metal pollution of the sediments of the aquatic system in an area. The aim of the study is to apply LULC pattern to understanding the heavy metal pollution of the stream sediments of River Ala and its tributaries. Geologically, the area is underlain by rocks of the Precambrian Basement complex of Nigeria. The basement rocks are: granite gneiss, granite, quartzite and charnockite. High resolution Landsat imageries were utilized in determining the LULC pattern for the years 2010 to 2016. The Landsat were processed and classified using maximum likelihood algorithm for the LULC classes. Twenty stream sediment samples were systematically collected from the channels of River Ala and its tributaries. The pollution status of the stream sediment were assessed by two pollution indices viz: Enrichment factor (EF) and geo-accumulation index (Igeo). The heavy metal concentrations were also compared with United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) stream sediment quality (SQG) values as well as with other similar studies in Nigeria. Results of the geochemical analysis revealed that the mean concentration of the analyzed elements are Pb (0.47 mgkg-1), Fe (22.9 %), Co (0.395 mgkg-1), Cd (0.014 mgkg-1), Mn (5.109 mgkg-1), Zn (1.233 mgkg-1), Cu (0.549 mgkg-1), Cr (0.28 mgkg-1) and Ni (0.571 mgkg-1). The mean concentrations of all the analyzed elements are lower than both the average world shale and USEPA SQG values except for Fe. Furthermore, both the EF and Igeo indices revealed that the mean concentrations of the elements fall within background concentrations. The LULC patterns also revealed the most dominant LULC trends in 2010 was forestland which covered 28.78 km². However, the area occupied by forest had been reduced in 2016. In conclusion, the LULC changes has not had any significant effect on the heavy metal contents of the stream sediment as they are unpolluted with respect to the analyzed elements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on feminist/gender theory and the notion that women self‐allocate to occupations with which they identify, this study examines the challenges confronted by women working in male‐dominated occupations in a highly patriarchal setting. The findings reveal that women working in "male‐typed" occupations in Nigeria are "lone wolves" in a marginal revolution. They experience social ostracism, impaired spousal relationships, and a lack of support from friends and family. Furthermore, the entrenchment of patriarchal culture, the requirement of physical strength, and the lack of trust on the part of clients pose significant barriers to their success in male‐dominated professions. These problems further breed and reinforce occupational gender segregation. The prospects of reducing occupational gender segregation and the underrepresentation of women in "male‐typed" occupations appear slim due to cultural beliefs and the patriarchal orientation in the study context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The association between obesity and breast cancer (BC) has been extensively studied among US, European and Asian study populations, with often conflicting evidence. However, despite the increasing prevalence of obesity and associated conditions in Africa, the continent with the highest age-standardized BC mortality rate globally, few studies have evaluated this association, and none has examined in relation to molecular subtypes among African women. The current analysis examines the association between body composition, defined by body mass index (BMI), height, and weight, and BC by molecular subtype among African women.Methods: We estimated odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for the association between measures of body composition and BC and molecular subtypes among 419 histologically confirmed cases of BC and 286 healthy controls from the Mechanisms for Established and Novel Risk Factors for Breast Cancer in Women of Nigerian Descent (MEND) case-control study.Results: Higher BMI (aOR: 0.79; 95% CI: 0.67, 0.95) and weight (aOR: 0.83; 95% CI: 0.69, 0.98) were associated with reduced odds of BC in adjusted models, while height was associated with non-statistically significant increased odds of BC (aOR: 1.07, 95% CI: 0.90, 1.28). In pre/peri-menopausal, but not post-menopausal women, both higher BMI and weight were significantly associated with reduced odds of BC. Further, higher BMI was associated with reduced odds of Luminal A, Luminal B, and HER2-enriched BC among pre/peri-menopausal women, and reduced odds of triple-negative BC among post-menopausal women.Conclusions: Higher BMI and weight were associated with reduced odds of BC overall and by molecular subtype among West African women. Larger studies of women of African descent are needed to definitively characterize these associations and inform cancer prevention strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Non-adherence to recommended therapy remains a challenge to achieving optimal clinical outcome with resultant economic implications.Objective: To evaluate the effect of a pharmacist-led intervention on treatment non-adherence and direct costs of management among patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D).Method: A quasi-experimental study among 201-patients with T2D recruited from two-tertiary healthcare facilities in southwestern Nigeria using semi-structured interview. Patients were assigned into control (HbA1c < 7%, n = 95) and intervention (HbA1c ≥ 7%, n = 106) groups. Baseline questionnaire comprised modified 4-item Medication Adherence Questions (MAQ), Perceived Dietary Adherence Questionnaire (PDAQ) and International Physical Activity Questionnaire, to assess participants' adherence to medications, diet and physical activity, respectively. Post-baseline, participants were followed-up for 6-month with patient-specific educational intervention provided to resolve adherence discrepancies in the intervention group only, while control group continued to receive usual care. Subsequently, direct costs of management for 6-month pre-baseline and 6-month post-baseline were estimated for both groups. Data were summarized using descriptive statistics. Chi-square, McNemar and paired t-test were used to evaluate categorical and continuous variables at p < 0.05.Results: Mean age was 62.9 ± 11.6 years, and 160(79.6%) were females. Glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) was 6.1 ± 0.6% (baseline) and 6.1 ± 0.8% at 6-month post-baseline (p = 0.094) for control group, and 8.7 ± 1.5% (baseline) versus 7.8 ± 2.0% (6-month), p < 0.001, for the intervention. Post-baseline, response to MAQ items 1 (p = 0.017) and 2 (p < 0.001) improved significantly for the intervention. PDAQ score increased significantly from 51.8 ± 8.8 at baseline to 56.5 ± 3.9 at 6-month (p < 0.001) for intervention, and from 56.3 ± 4.0 to 56.5 ± 3.9 (p = 0.094) for the control group. Physical activity increased from 775.2 ± 700.5 Metabolic Equivalent Task (MET) to 829.3 ± 695.5MET(p < 0.001) and from 901.4 ± 743.5MET to 911.7 ± 752.6MET (p = 0.327) for intervention and control groups, respectively. Direct costs of management per patient increased from USD 327.3 ± 114.4 to USD 333.0 ± 118.4 (p = 0.449) for the intervention, while it decreased from USD 290.1 ± 116.97 to USD289.1 ± 120.0 (p = 0.89) for control group, at baseline and 6-month post-baseline, respectively.Conclusion: Pharmacist-led intervention enhanced adherence to recommended medications, diet and physical activity among the intervention patients, with a corresponding significant improvement in glycaemic outcome and an insignificant increase in direct costs of management. There is a need for active engagement of pharmacists in management of patients with diabetes in clinical practice.Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT04712916 . Retrospectively-registered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) is an integral component of T4 breast cancer (BCa) treatment. We compared response to NAC for T4 BCa in the U.S. and Nigeria to direct future interventions. Materials and Methods: Cross‐sectional retrospective analysis included all patients with non‐metastatic T4 BCa treated from 2010 to 2016 at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (New York, New York) and Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex (Ile Ife, Nigeria). Pathologic complete response (pCR) and survival were compared and factors contributing to disparities evaluated. Results: Three hundred and eight patients met inclusion criteria: 157 (51%) in the U.S. and 151 (49%) in Nigeria. All U.S. patients received NAC and surgery compared with 93 (62%) Nigerian patients. Fifty‐six out of ninety‐three (60%) Nigerian patients completed their prescribed course of NAC. In Nigeria, older age and higher socioeconomic status were associated with treatment receipt. Fewer patients in Nigeria had immunohistochemistry performed (100% U.S. vs. 18% Nigeria). Of those with available receptor subtype, 18% (28/157) of U.S. patients were triple negative versus 39% (9/23) of Nigerian patients. Overall pCR was seen in 27% (42/155) of U.S. patients and 5% (4/76) of Nigerian patients. Five‐year survival was significantly shorter in Nigeria versus the U.S. (61% vs. 72%). However, among the subset of patients who received multimodality therapy, including NAC and surgery with curative intent, 5‐year survival (67% vs. 72%) and 5‐year recurrence‐free survival (48% vs. 61%) did not significantly differ between countries. Conclusion: Addressing health system, socioeconomic, and psychosocial barriers is necessary for administration of complete NAC to improve BCa outcomes in Nigeria. Implications for Practice: This cross‐sectional retrospective analysis of patients with T4 breast cancer in Nigeria and the U.S. found a significant difference in pathologic complete response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (5% Nigeria vs. 27% U.S.). Five‐year survival was shorter in Nigeria, but in patients receiving multimodality treatment, including neoadjuvant chemotherapy and surgery with curative intent, 5‐year overall and recurrence‐free survival did not differ between countries. Capacity‐building efforts in Nigeria should focus on access to pathology services to direct systemic therapy and promoting receipt of complete chemotherapy to improve outcomes. In many low‐ and middle‐income countries, T4 breast cancer is common and outcomes are poor. This article compares the results of neoadjuvant chemotherapy for T4 breast cancer in Nigeria and the U.S. to identify modifiable targets for intervention and, in turn, improve outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Work–family research has mainly focused on nuclear families, neglecting other types of families, such as single self-employed parents. To what extent does the freedom and flexibility attached to being single and self-employed hinder or enhance single parents' work–family balance? Using role theory as a theoretical lens, this study examines single-self-employed parents' work–family balance. Design/methodology/approach: Drawing on the accounts of 25 single self-employed parents in Nigeria, the article uses semi-structured interviews to examine how this group achieves work–family balance. Findings: We found that the freedom and flexibility associated with being single and self-employed form a double-edged sword that increases the spate of singlehood and intensifies commitments to work, altogether preventing the participants in the study from achieving work–family balance. The findings also indicate that singlehood and a lack of spousal support cause and exacerbate work–family imbalance for this group. The findings further indicate that the reconstruction of functions, and the recreation of the traditional masculine gender role overwhelm single self-employed women in their entrepreneurial activities, thereby causing a lack of time and the energy required to function well in a family role, thus creating imbalance between the different spheres of life. Research limitations/implications: The extent to which the findings of this research can be generalised is constrained by the limited sample and scope of the research. Practical implications: While literature espouses freedom and flexibility as important ingredients needed to achieve work–family balance, this study shows that they enhance inter-role role conflict. The study suggests creation of private or family time, devoid of work or entrepreneurial engagements, for single female entrepreneurs. This will ensure quality time and energy for the family and for fresh relationship – all of which will impact business positively. Originality/value: Rather than enhancing work–family balance, the freedom and flexibility attached to being single and self-employed remain the main source of work–family imbalance for Nigerian single self-employed parents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High‐quality data are needed to guide interventions aimed at improving breast cancer outcomes in sub‐Saharan Africa. We present data from an institutional breast cancer database to create a framework for cancer policy and development in Nigeria. An institutional database was queried for consecutive patients diagnosed with breast cancer between January 2010 and December 2018. Sociodemographic, diagnostic, histopathologic, treatment and outcome variables were analyzed. Of 607 patients, there were 597 females with a mean age of 49.8 ± 12.2 years. Most patients presented with a palpable mass (97%) and advanced disease (80.2% ≥ Stage III). Immunohistochemistry was performed on 21.6% (131/607) of specimens. Forty percent were estrogen receptor positive, 32.8% were positive for HER‐2 and 43.5% were triple negative. Surgery was performed on 49.9% (303/607) of patients, while 72% received chemotherapy and 7.9% had radiotherapy. At a median follow‐up period of 20.5 months, the overall survival was 43.6% (95% CI −37.7 to 49.5). Among patients with resectable disease, 18.8% (57/303) experienced a recurrence. Survival was significantly better for early‐stage disease (I and II) compared to late‐stage disease (III or IV) (78.6% vs 33.3%, P <.001). Receipt of adjuvant radiotherapy after systemic chemotherapy was associated with improved survival in patients with locally advanced disease (68.5%, CI −46.3 to 86 vs 51%, CI 38.6 to 61.9, P <.001). This large cohort highlights the dual burden of advanced disease and inadequate access to comprehensive breast cancer care in Nigeria. There is a significant potential for improving outcomes by promoting early diagnosis and facilitating access to multimodality treatment. What's new? Despite being a leading cause of cancer deaths in Nigeria, data on breast cancer, particularly long‐term outcomes of the disease, remain limited. In the present study, sociodemographic and disease‐related variables were analyzed among breast cancer patients, using data from a prospective institutional database on current breast cancer management in Nigeria. Analyses show that most patients had advanced disease at diagnosis and that stage at presentation significantly impacted survival. The findings highlight the importance of early diagnosis and access to care and provide a reference for current and future breast cancer interventions in Nigeria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The majority of women in Nigeria present with advanced‐stage breast cancer. To address the role of geospatial access, we constructed a geographic information‐system–based model to evaluate the relationship between modeled travel time, stage at presentation, and overall survival among patients with breast cancer in Nigeria. Methods: Consecutive patients were identified from a single‐institution, prospective breast cancer database (May 2009‐January 2019). Patients were geographically located, and travel time to the hospital was generated using a cost‐distance model that utilized open‐source data. The relationships between travel time, stage at presentation, and overall survival were evaluated with logistic regression and survival analyses. Models were adjusted for age, level of education, and socioeconomic status. Results: From 635 patients, 609 were successfully geographically located. The median age of the cohort was 49 years (interquartile range [IQR], 40‐58 years); 84% presented with ≥stage III disease. Overall, 46.5% underwent surgery; 70.8% received systemic chemotherapy. The median estimated travel time for the cohort was 45 minutes (IQR, 7.9‐79.3 minutes). Patients in the highest travel‐time quintile had a 2.8‐fold increase in the odds of presenting with stage III or IV disease relative to patients in the lowest travel‐time quintile (P =.006). Travel time ≥30 minutes was associated with an increased risk of death (HR, 1.65; P =.004). Conclusions: Geospatial access to a tertiary care facility is independently associated with stage at presentation and overall survival among patients with breast cancer in Nigeria. Addressing disparities in access will be essential to ensure the development of an equitable health policy. Geospatial access to cancer care is associated with cancer stage at presentation and overall survival among patients with breast cancer in Nigeria. As the country's breast cancer control system matures, measuring access will be essential to ensure the development of an equitable health policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: It is often mandatory for veterinarians and clinical veterinary students to receive rabies pre-exposure vaccination being among the occupational at risk group. The practice of encouraging veterinary students to receive rabies pre-exposure vaccination has the advantage of ensuring their safety during their clinical training and practice. The study examined the prevalence of rabies pre-exposure prophylaxis and rabies risk perception among veterinary students at the University of Ibadan. Materials and Methods: A well-structured questionnaire was used to obtain data from registered 325 veterinary students across all levels of study at 45 students per level of study using stratified random sampling method. Social Science Statistical Package 21 was used to analyze results. Results was presented as means, frequencies and percentages. Results: The mean age of respondents was 22.81±4.67 years with 51.3% being male and 91.9% was single. The prevalence of rabies pre-exposure prophylaxis was extremely low, 18.6%. Rabies risk perception was slightly high 62.5% among the respondents. Level of study and previous dog bite injury were statistically significant for rabies risk perception. Conclusion: There was non-compliance with the WHO recommendation that individuals at risk of rabies due to their occupational exposure should receive rabies pre-exposure prophylaxis. The University administration and Veterinary Council of Nigeria should make it known to be a policy for the clinical veterinary students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study draws on social stigma and prejudice to examine the perceptions and beliefs of managers and employees regarding visible tattoos and body piercings, as well as the impact they have on potential employment and human resource management in the global South, using Nigeria as the research context. Design/methodology/approach: The study uses a qualitative research approach, drawing on data from 43 semi-structured interviews with employees and managers in Nigeria. Findings: Contrary to the popular opinion that tattoos and body piercings are becoming more accepted and mainstream in society, this study finds that some Nigerian employers and employees may stigmatise and discriminate against people with visible tattoos and body piercings. The findings of this study suggest that beliefs about tattoos are predicated on ideologies as well as religious and sociocultural values, which then influence corporate values. Research limitations/implications: The extent to which the findings of this research can be generalised is constrained by the limited sample and scope of the research. Practical implications: Religious and sociocultural preconceptions about people with visible tattoos and body piercings have negative implications for the recruitment and employment of such people and could prevent organisations from hiring and keeping talented employees. This implies that talented employees might experience prejudice at job interviews, preventing them from gaining employment. Furthermore, stigmatising and discriminating against people with visible tattoos and body piercings may lead to the termination of employment of talented employees, which could negatively affect organisational productivity and growth. Originality/value: This study provides an insight into the employment relations regarding tattoos and body piercing in Nigeria. The study highlights the need for mild beliefs and positive perceptions about people with visible tattoos and unconventional body piercings. There should be a general tolerance of the individual preference for body art and physical appearance, and this tolerance should be incorporated in organisational policies, which are enactments of corporate culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Persistent drop in quality of Nigerian cocoa exported to the international communities portends a grave danger to the economy of the country. This study investigates factors determining adoption of bean quality improvement practices by cocoa farmers in Cross River State, Nigeria. Using a two-stage random sampling technique to select 336 farmers from communities with high production, data were collected with a structured questionnaire and subjected to factor analysis and descriptive statistical procedures. The data revealed that majority of the respondents (66.1%) were male with mean age of 48 years, 78.6% were formally educated whereas 31.0% had a quarterly contact with extension agents. Most of the respondents (98.2%) had high perception on practices considered as being adequate for improving the quality of cocoa beans. There was a positive and significant relationship between perception on cocoa bean quality and adoption of bean quality improvement practices (r = 0.142 and p = 0.001) at one percent level of significance. Factor analysis showed that socioeconomic, production, technological and institutional factors with Eigenvalues of 3.312, 2.403, 1.862 and 1.055, respectively, accounted for the quality of cocoa beans. However, educational level of farmers (0.867), cost of inputs (−0.724), relative advantage of the practice (0.683) and contact with extension agents (0.703) exert greater influence on farmers' capacity to produce quality cocoa beans. The identified variables should therefore be considered when disseminating improved practices to cocoa farmers for increased adoption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]