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Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are synthetic chemicals widely used as e.g., flame retardants and plasticisers in various consumer products. Due to the toxicity of OPEs in aquatic ecosystems, exposure of fauna and flora to these compounds is of potential concern. In this study, the concentrations, profiles, sources, and ecological risk of eight OPEs were investigated in the sediments from the two major rivers in southwest Nigeria. Concentrations of ∑OPEs in surface sediments were in the range 13.1 - 2110 ng/g dry weight (dw) (median: 378 ng/g dw) in the Ogun River and 24.7-589 ng/g dw (median: 174 ng/g dw) in the Osun River. These concentrations are broadly within the range of those reported in surface sediment in previous studies conducted in other locations around the world. Tris (2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP) was the dominant OPE in the sediment samples with a median concentration of 337 and 126 ng/g dw for the Ogun and Osun Rivers respectively, while tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP) was not detected in any sample. Excluding TBOEP, the chlorinated organophosphate esters: tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris(2-chloro-propyl) phosphate (TCIPP), and tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) were the dominant OPEs in the Osun River, while the aryl-OPEs: triphenyl phosphate (TPHP), 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPP), and tri-m-tolyl phosphate (TMTP) were dominant in the Ogun River. Under a median exposure scenario, moderate ecological risk was predicted from exposure to TCIPP in the Osun River. In contrast, under a high exposure scenario, concentrations of TDCIPP (risk quotient, RQ = 5.33-5.37) constituted a high ecological risk in both rivers, with moderate risks observed for TBOEP (RQ = 0.022-0.18) and TCIPP (RQ = 0.097 - 0.16). Therefore, the risk to aquatic organisms from concomitant exposure to mixtures of OPEs in freshwater ecosystems requires further investigation., (© 2023. Crown.)

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), brominated flame retardants (BFRs) like polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD), and novel flame retardants (NFRs) like decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) are ubiquitous environmental pollutants. Despite this, little is known about their concentrations in outdoor air in the African continent. To address this knowledge gap, concentrations of BFRs, NFRs, and PCBs were measured in outdoor air at 8 sites located within the metropolitan area of Lagos, Nigeria. Concentrations of ∑ 8 BDEs, ∑HBCDD, ∑ 7 NFRs and ∑ 8 PCBs were: 21-750 (median = 100) pg/m 3 , <12-180 (median = < 12) pg/m 3 , 34-900 (median = 300) pg/m 3 and 85-460 (median = 300) pg/m 3 , respectively. Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209, range: <16-620 pg/m 3 , median = 71 pg/m 3 ) and DBDPE (range: <37-890 pg/m 3 , median = 280 pg/m 3 ) were the dominant BFRs detected, while the non-Arochlor PCB 11 (range: 49-220 pg/m 3 , median = 100 pg/m 3 ) was the dominant PCB. To the authors' knowledge, these are the first data on the non-Arochlor PCB 11 in outdoor air in Africa. In general, concentrations of all target contaminants in this study were within the range reported elsewhere in Africa and worldwide. Likely due to the tropical climate of Lagos, no seasonal variation in concentrations was discernible for any of the target contaminants. While concentrations of PBDEs and some NFRs were correlated with population density, concentrations of PCBs appear more impacted by leaks from electrical transformers and for PCB 11 to proximity to activities like textile factories that produce and use dyes., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)