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In 2 cross-lagged, longitudinal studies we contrasted parental talk about want in a single context versus multiple contexts. Study 1 examined thirty-two 2 year olds, with mothers describing pictures to children. Mothers could use want in zero, one, or multiple contexts. Children whose mothers used want in multiple contexts experienced a significantly larger gain in mental state terms over a 6-month period. Study 2 examined 50 preschoolers, measuring theory of mind (ToM) with tasks and mental state terms, then had parents intervene by reading booklets in which want was used in 1 or multiple contexts. Over a 6-week period, the latter group made larger gains in ToM. We posit that maternal use of want in multiple contexts assists understanding that want refers to an underlying mental state rather than a single behavior.

Background: Community-based data on the prevalence of clinical signs of possible serious bacterial infection (PSBI) and the mortality associated with them are scarce. The aim was to examine the prevalence for each sign of infection and mortality associated with infants in the first two months of life, using community surveillance through community health workers (CHW). Methods: We used population-based surveillance data of infants up to two months of age from the African Neonatal Sepsis Trial (AFRINEST). In this study, CHWs visited infants up to 10 times during the first two months of life at five sites in three sub-Saharan African countries. CHW assessed the infant for signs of infection (local or systemic) and referred infants who presented with any sign of infection to a health facility. We used a longitudinal analysis to calculate the risk of death associated with the presence of a sign of infection at the time of the visit until the subsequent visit. Results: During the first two months of their life, CHWs visited 84,759 live-born infants at least twice. In 11,089 infants (13.1%), one or more signs of infection were identified, of which 237 (2.1%) died. A sign of infection was detected at 2.1% of total visits. In 52% of visits, infants had one or more sign of systemic infection, while 25% had fast breathing in 7–59 days period and 23% had a local infection. All signs of infection, including multiple signs, were more frequently seen in the first week of life. The risk of mortality was very low (0.2%) for local infections and fast breathing in 7–59 days old, it was low for fast breathing 0–6 days old (0.6%), high body temperature (0.7%) and severe chest indrawing (1.0%), moderate for low body temperature (4.9%) and stopped feeding well/not able to feed at all (5.0%) and high for movement only when stimulated or no movement at all (10%) and multiple signs of systemic infection (15.5%). The risk of death associated with most clinical signs was higher (1.5 to 9 times) in the first week of life than at later age, except for low body temperature (4 times lower) as well as high body temperature (2 times lower). Conclusion: Signs of infections are common in the first two months of life. The mortality risk differs with clinical signs and can be grouped as very low (local infections, fast breathing 7–59 days), low (fever, severe chest indrawing and fast breathing 0–6 days), moderate (low body temperature and stopped feeding well/not able to feed at all) and high (for movements only on stimulation or no movements at all and multiple signs of infection). New treatment strategies that consider differential mortality risk could be developed and evaluated based on these findings. Clinical trial registration: The trial was registered with Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry under ID ACTRN 12610000286044. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zeaxanthin is an important natural pigment which has found commercial application in food and nutritional supplements. Its potential widespread use requires an easy and effective extraction methodology for obtaining higher yields. Extraction from Chlorella sp. under optimized conditions demonstrated a marked reduction in extraction time (13.48 min) compared with a control experiment (30 min). The extraction conditions such as solvent/cell dry weight (CDW) ratio, power, pulse, time and their combinations were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). Almost all the variables were shown significantly ( p -value <0.05) affect the carotenoid yield. Significant interaction ( p -value <0.05) was observed with a substantial effect on zeaxanthin yield for solvent/CDW ratio and power, as well as power and time, whereas the β-carotene control exhibited significant interaction between solvent/CDW ratio and pulse, as well as between pulse and time. The R 2 -value approached unity in both models, demonstrating their accuracy. Data obtained from these interactions were used to construct 3D response plots. Solvent/CDW ratio of 67.38 µl mg −1 , power 27.82% (total power 500 W), pulse length of 19.7 s and time 13.48 min were found to be the optimized conditions for zeaxanthin (11.2 mg g −1 ) and β-carotene (4.98 mg g −1 ) extraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] A new strain of Chlorella saccharophila was isolated from New Zealand marine waters. [•] This species can be grown heterotrophically using either glucose or glycerol. [•] This species produces both lipid and the carotenoids zeaxanthin and β-carotene. [•] This species has potential as a biofuel producer. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Introduction of non-indigenous species can generate new trophic interactions that may facilitate or control their spread. The first recorded Atlantic population of the mytilid Xenostrobus securis, originally from New Zealand, offers an opportunity to examine how native predators may control the outcome of invasions. Laboratory experiments were done to evaluate the impact of the native crab, Carcinus maenas, on 2 species of mussels, X. securis and the native Mytilus galloprovincialis, at 3 different temperatures (15, 20 and 25°C). In addition, we investigated handling time, breaking time and profitability for both species of mussel. We tested the hypotheses that (1) C. maenas exerts a greater predation pressure on the native mussel and (2) C. maenas increases its ingestion of the most profitable species of mussel at higher temperatures. The first hypothesis was supported because C. maenas consumed greater than twice as many native mussels as invasive ones at all temperatures. This greater consumption of M. galloprovincialis could be explained by its greater profitability and shorter handling and breaking time. These results are in concordance with the enemy release hypothesis suggesting that C. maenas might facilitate the invasion of X. securis. The consumer–prey relationship was not significantly affected by temperature although the number of X. securis ingested by C. maenas tended to decrease with increasing temperature, whereas the number of M. galloprovincialis consumed increased at the highest temperature. Results, therefore, suggest that global warming could enhance the facilitation of the invasion of X. securis due to its lower profitability and greater handling and breaking time. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is an under-recognised cause of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) with a strong female predominance. There are currently limited prospective studies and no randomised controlled trials that inform on SCAD's best clinical care. Little is also known about predictors of acute SCAD deterioration or recurrence. We describe the study design of a multi-centre prospective and historical cohort study recruiting patients with SCAD across 15–20 sites in Australia/New Zealand (NZ). The primary aim is to describe the clinical presentation, management and outcomes along with predictors of acute deterioration and recurrence in a large Australian/NZ SCAD cohort, with international data pooling. Consented patients diagnosed with SCAD during a hospital admission for an ACS will be prospectively followed at 30 days then yearly, for up to 5 years. Each recruiting site will also retrospectively identify historical cases of SCAD from the proceeding 10 years, with a waiver of consent. For historical cases, data will be collected in a de-identified manner with date of last follow-up or death obtained from the medical records. All cases undergo core laboratory adjudication of coronary angiography and any accompanying imaging to confirm SCAD diagnosis. The primary endpoint will be occurrence of major adverse cardiovascular events; a composite of all-cause mortality, recurrent myocardial infarction (including SCAD recurrence), stroke/transient ischaemic attack, heart failure, cardiogenic shock, cardiac arrest/ventricular arrhythmia, heart transplantation and, repeat/unplanned revascularisation. Secondary endpoints will include each individual primary outcome as well as acute SCAD extension and quality of life/Seattle Angina Score in prospectively recruited participants. Endpoints will be assessed at the end of the hospital admission and at 30-days, 1 year, and median long-term follow-up. Multicentre ethics approval has been granted from the Western Sydney Local Health District Human Research Ethics Committee (2021/ETH00040). The analysed results will be published in peer-reviewed journals on completion of the historical data collection and then on completion of the prospective data collection. The ANZ-SCAD registry has been prospectively registered with the Australia and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12621000824864). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is an important but under-recognised cause of acute coronary syndrome (ACS), particularly in younger women. We assessed trends in the detection, management and outcomes of all patients with SCAD over 6 consecutive years.Methods: All patients with first diagnosis of SCAD at Christchurch Public Hospital, New Zealand, between January 2014 and January 2020 were included. Patient management and outcomes were determined by retrospective review of medical records. SCAD presentations were compared to total ACS presentations, obtained from a national ACS (ANZACS-QI) database.Results: We identified 113 patients with angiographic diagnosis of SCAD. Median age was 54 years (88% female). The detection of SCAD increased over the period, both as a total number (Kendall's τ 0.87, p=0.015) and as a proportion of all ACS (p value for trend <0.0001). In 2019, SCAD represented 2.4% of all ACS and 18% of ACS in females aged less than 60 years. The most common presentation was non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) in 72%; and, there was an increase in NSTEMI compared with STEMI over the period (p=0.023). Initial strategy of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) was undertaken in 12% of patients, with a significant trend towards a more conservative approach over the study period (p=0.019). The rate of 30-day major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) was 8.8% overall, and significantly reduced over the study period to 3% in 2019 (p value for trend, 0.006).Conclusions: The detection of SCAD has increased and is a particularly important cause of ACS in younger women. This increase has been largely driven by an increasing number of NSTEMI patients diagnosed with SCAD, associated with a significant improvement in 30-day MACE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]