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Background: Use of Continuous Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion (CSII) has been shown to improve glycemic outcomes in Type 1 Diabetes (T1D), but high costs limit accessibility. To address this issue, an inter-operable, open-source Ultra-Low-Cost Insulin Pump (ULCIP) was developed and previously shown to demonstrate comparable delivery accuracy to commercial models in standardised laboratory tests. This study aims to evaluate the updated ULCIP in-vivo, assessing its viability as an affordable alternative for those who cannot afford commercially available devices. Methods: This first-in-human feasibility study recruited six participants with T1D. During a nine-hour inpatient stay, participants used the ULCIP under clinical supervision. Venous glucose, insulin, and β-Hydroxybutyrate were monitored to assess device performance. Results: Participants displayed expected blood glucose and blood insulin levels in response to programmed basal and bolus insulin dosing. One participant developed mild ketosis, which was treated and did not recur when a new pump reservoir was placed. All other participants maintained β-Hydroxybutyrate < 0.6 mmol/L throughout. Conclusion: The ULCIP safely delivered insulin therapy to users in a supervised inpatient environment. Future work should focus on correcting a pump hardware issue identified in this trial and extending device capabilities for use in closed loop control. Longer-term outpatient studies are warranted. Trial Registration: The trial was prospectively registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12623001288617) on the 11 December 2023. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We explored opportunities, advantages and barriers to enabling students to establish student-led learning events at a New Zealand university. We used an action-research approach to explore if students felt empowered to use the infrastructure of this university to realise something that they themselves set out to achieve. We discovered that, in achieving a series of open discussions about sustainability, students adopted a democratic, distributed form of decision-making, not unlike a typical academic model, with leaders taking temporary roles that included passing on responsibility to those who followed. Students were proud of the events they created and identified the discussion format as something different from their experience as undergraduate students in our institution. This article, co-authored by staff and students, considers whether higher education processes that do empower students do so adequately and the extent to which students are prepared by higher education to take on powerful roles after they graduate.

Reports on Aotearoa New Zealand's research, science, and innovation (RSI) system suggest the sector could improve its social responsibility and create more social value. However, researchers and innovators within the sector find this challenging. Through qualitative interviews and a national survey of RSI system participants, this study explores the current perceptions, practices enacted, and support given around responsible research and innovation practices. Findings indicate that researchers and innovators have diverse understandings of what responsible research and innovation entails, viewing anticipation and reflexivity-aligned practices as the most important aspects of responsible research and innovation. Participants feel most supported by research organisations and funding bodies to enact such aspects of responsible practice. However, they perceive a discrepancy, across all dimensions explored, between what researchers and innovators should do, and what they actually do in terms of enacting responsible practices. Thus, significant room for improvement is identified, particularly regarding practices that align with researchers' and innovators' obligations under Te Tiriti o Waitangi, and requirements under Vision Mātauranga. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The childhood years are highlighted as a crucial time when ongoing participation in physical activity can be nurtured and maintained. The nurturing of a child's proclivity to participate in organised sport normally falls into the domain of adults. While both parents and coaches have been identified as key influences on children's enjoyment of sport, some negative perceptions exist about their roles. Although children's perspectives are increasingly being acknowledged as valuable, it would appear that young children are still marginalised as active participants in areas of health-related research. The primary objective of this study was to give space to children's views of organised sport and to examine how adult behaviours affected these children's enjoyment of sport. This qualitative study utilised eight focus group interviews with a total of 30 children (aged 6-11 years) in the Greater Auckland area of New Zealand. This paper presents a Foucauldian discourse analysis of children's views relating to their sporting experiences. Children articulated three discursive constructions of sport: sport as competition, sport as fun and sport as fair play. The dominance of sport as competition would appear to serve the needs of coaches and parents more than those of children. Coaches who appear to be firmly positioned within a competitive discourse of sport use their power to support coaching practices that clash with the guidelines provided for them by their sporting bodies. Our analysis shows that many children may be exposed to discursive practices that are not conducive to a child-centred sporting environment. Through the exercise of disciplinary measures, there is pressure on children to conform to the normative behaviours associated with a dominant competitive sport discourse.

Riparian planting is often recommended for stream restoration, notably to mitigate solar heating of stream waters. However, plant leaves shade photosynthetically active radiation (PAR, 400–700 nm) more efficiently than the near‐infrared (NIR, 700–3000 nm) wavelengths that comprise about half of incident solar radiation and so contribute equally to water heating. Total solar radiation (NIR + PAR) exposure at the reach scale is needed to avoid bias when predicting the thermal response of streams. In this article, we alert stream ecologists and riparian restorers to the water heating contribution of NIR and provide a means to account for both NIR and PAR in total solar radiation penetrating riparian canopies. We used spectral pyranometers to simultaneously measure total solar radiation and its NIR component under different tree canopies over a wide range of shade conditions as indexed by PAR exposure. Measurements were made during full overcast (diffuse lighting) conditions so as to 'sample' transmission of radiation through the complete canopy. The NIR proportion of sub‐canopy solar radiation increased steadily with increasing shade and was appreciably greater under willow than pine canopies, while NZ native broadleaf rainforest had intermediate (rather variable) NIR content. Our trend lines for different tree canopies permit total sub‐canopy solar radiation to be estimated from PAR exposure for unbiased modelling of stream thermal regimes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Insects are a relatively sustainable food source with a high protein content, and an alternative food option for the growing global population. However, while entomophagy (eating insects) is a growing food trend on the global stage, very few studies focus on New Zealanders' perceptions of it. This research aims to better understand the New Zealand publics' attitudes to the consumption of insects, by exploring willingness to eat insects, the preferred processing methods for consumption, and barriers to adopting insects into participants' diets. An online survey was conducted via SurveyMonkey in 2019 recruiting via social media platforms. Within the sample (n = 1322), male participants were more likely to express a willingness to consume insects, as were younger participants (<56 years) and those who consume meat. Over sixty percent of participants responded that they would eat insects, and possibly regularly, if in an acceptable form such as a capsule for improved health. Participants were aware of the environmental benefits of eating insects over other protein sources but less aware or certain of the potential health benefits. New Zealand may be a candidate for well-marketed products containing insects, most likely in the form of a powder to add to existing foods or health products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mobile phones have become an essential part of modern family life. Their proliferation has been accompanied by a diverse range of apps, including apps for separated parents. Family law professionals are increasingly being asked about post-separation parenting apps by clients. Yet the empirical evidence about their potential benefits and risks is sparse. The present study draws on qualitative data from an online survey of 344 family law professionals in Australia and New Zealand about their attitudes to co-parenting apps. Three broad potential benefits of co-parenting app functions were identified: accountability, convenience and containment. Drawing on a realist evaluation framework, we find that the same app functions were identified as posing a variety of potential risks, including technology-facilitated abuse, depending on context. We argue that family law professionals need a good understanding of the potential benefits and risks of co-parenting apps, along with the contextual factors that can determine outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to estimate the optimal mix of frost resistant crops and land area needed to provide basic nutrition during various nuclear winter scenarios for New Zealand (NZ), a temperate island nation. It used linear programming to minimize land area required for cropping while producing enough food to achieve dietary energy and protein requirements for the whole population. The potential agricultural impacts of three nuclear winter scenarios on NZ, were sourced from the literature. The optimized combinations of frost resistant crops that were found to feed the entire population were, in descending order: wheat and carrots; sugar beet; oats; onions and carrots; cabbage and barley; canola and cabbage; linseed and parsnip; rye and lupins; swede and field beans; and cauliflower. But in terms of current production levels of these frost resistant crops in NZ, there would be a 26% shortfall for the "war without a nuclear winter" scenario and a 71% shortfall for the severe nuclear winter scenario (150 Tg of soot in the stratosphere with a 61% decline in crop yields). In conclusion, at current production levels, frost resistant food crops could not feed all NZ citizens following a nuclear war. There is a need for the NZ Government to conduct a detailed pre-war analysis on how these shortfalls are best addressed. For example, by: increased pre-war production of these crops and/or post-war scalability; growing enough frost sensitive crops (i.e., in greenhouses or the warmest parts of the country); and/or ensuring continuing production of food derived from livestock fed on frost resistant grasses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In many Western societies there is increasing demand for counselling; in turn, heightened levels of support needs have been identified for counsellors themselves. Despite calls for practitioners to adopt a more proactive approach to self-care, research suggests many still pay insufficient attention to alleviating on-the-job stress or achieving "work-life balance". These issues were examined within the context of inviting six high school counsellors in New Zealand to talk generally about their professional lives. The authors suggest findings support calls for counsellor education programmes to offer structured opportunities for trainees to reflect upon the task of discursively constructing professional roles.

A group of 5 to 7‐week‐old calves presented with unusual clinical signs that included facial paralysis and ear droop. Postmortem examination of a single calf ruled out infectious causes and confirmed that the calf had ingested a gritty slag, a by‐product from the steel industry. The slag was being used on a farm on grazing land but had been stored in such a way that the calves had been exposed. Analysis of the ingested material and tissue analysis confirmed the presence of vanadium at concentrations likely to be significant. A literature search confirmed two other similar cases in Sweden and New Zealand where steel slag exposure had been associated with similar clinical signs; in the former case, these had been attributed to acute vanadium toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To describe access to and engagement with cervical and breast screening services for women who are Deaf or live with a physical or sensory disability in Aotearoa New Zealand (NZ). We carried out an online survey on a convenience sample of 84 women. Tests of association were undertaken between socio-demographics and cervical and breast screening; and between disability type, and health outcomes and barriers to screening respectively. Participants also reported specific barriers to screening. Living without family/partner and unemployment were associated with never having a cervical smear. Non-English preferred language, and urban residence were related to lower levels of breast self-examination; having insufficient income was related to never having a mammogram. Disability type was not related to either smear or mammogram on eligibility, uptake ever, or uptake timeframe. A higher proportion of those with multiple disability types experienced service environment barriers to having a cervical smear. Specific barriers to screening covered accessibility, service environment, and information. This study, unique in Aotearoa, provides insights into disabled women's access to and engagement with screening services and suggests factors that may inhibit or facilitate participation. Women with multiple disabilities may be disadvantaged in the seeking and delivery of screening. Rehabilitation and other practitioners need to be attuned to how women living with multiple disabilities may be disadvantaged in the seeking of, and, more importantly, the delivery of breast or cancer screening. Practitioners need to discuss with disabled women what supports or resources they need to have screening procedures, and to advocate for these supports for their clients. Practitioners need to ensure accessibility that encompasses the whole screening journey from the initial invitation to the obtaining of results. For practitioners to be able to provide equitable service delivery, the government and institutional policies and procedures that are developed must take into consideration the multiple needs of women living with disabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To date, methods for assessing community resilience have focused predominantly on disaster recovery. Those that do focus on broader social-ecological and psychological contexts tend to be qualitative and have not been validated at the community scale. This situation reveals a need for quantitative measurement tools for assessing community resilience to slow-moving change such as rural depopulation or climate change. Our research provides a proof of concept across two diverse contexts, New Zealand and Vermont, USA, that community resilience can be quantified and broken down into dimensions of resilience. Using mixed methods, we assessed how eight communities across two countries perceive resilience and compared their perceptions with indicators of resilience in the form of official statistics. Vermonters generally perceived their communities as more resilient than did New Zealanders, and reported different dimensions of resilience as drivers of overall perceptions of resilience. Although institutional resilience was a driver of overall resilience in both countries, social and cultural dimensions of resilience were also drivers in New Zealand, whereas economic and environmental dimensions were drivers of overall resilience in Vermont. Resilience indicators were found to be weakly related or unrelated to community perceptions of resilience. This result suggests that the proposed method for measuring resilience can be used across contexts, but that there is not one type of resilience that is the key to higher levels of overall resilience. It also suggests that the two proxy measures of resilience, i.e., community perceptions and indicators, do not provide a consistent picture of resilience, raising the question of which is a more accurate measure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Refugees are forced to flee their native country to escape war or oppression. They are resilient and generally have a high level of motivation to rebuild their lives, as well as to make a meaningful contribution to the host country. However, refugees in general have complex health needs and they often face significant barriers in accessing health services in their host countries. Health promotion has been identified as an effective approach for increasing service utilization by minority populations such as refugees, and contributing to their overall positive health outcomes. This qualitative study examined the accessibility and acceptability of health promotion services for Bhutanese refugee women who resettled in New Zealand. The study consisted of two phases: focus group discussions with 32 Bhutanese women and eight Bhutanese men, followed by individual interviews with 12 health professionals including five nurses, four doctors and three midwives. The data were collected in two regional towns of New Zealand in 2014. The study's conceptual framework utilized the strategies and actions underpinning the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion. Findings of this study revealed that Bhutanese women were missing some essential health promotion services, such as antenatal education sessions mainly due to language and cultural barriers. This study recommends to develop health promotion resources in the Nepali language; and to deliver the health promotion sessions by culturally and linguistically competent providers. This study also uncovered resiliency and strengths of Bhutanese women that could be recognized, strengthened and utilized in promoting their health and well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To use finite element analysis to investigate the influence of insertion torque on the stress distribution around an immediately placed oral implant. Method and Materials: Finite element software was used to model a mandibular molar extraction socket. The properties of surrounding cancellous bone and thickness of cortical bone were modified to give four 3D finite element models (I, II, III, and IV). A wide-diameter tapered oral implant was modeled and inserted into the socket. Final insertion torques of 32, 50, and 70 Ncm were applied, and the stress profile in each model was evaluated. The maximum von Mises stresses along the buccal cortical bone adjacent to the implant neck were statistically analyzed to compare the three torque values and four bone models. Results: At the level of the cortical bone, the greatest von Mises stress levels were generated in model IV and diminished as the bone quality increased. Significant increase in stress values at the crestal bone level was observed in all models after using 70 Ncm compared with 32 Ncm. The maximum von Mises stresses at the cancellous bone were higher in model I and reduced with lower level of bone quality (model IV). Conclusion: The use of 70 Ncm or more insertion torque during placement of an immediately placed wide-diameter implant substantially increases stresses on the crestal bone. The development of a modified surgical protocol involving moderate insertion torque value (32 to 50 Ncm) may contribute to minimizing the risk of early implant failure in extraction sockets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A significant number of people have been displaced from their country of origin and become refugees. Good health is essential for refugees to actively engage and take up opportunities within the society in their host countries. However, negotiating a new and unfamiliar health system hinders refugees' ability to access and make use of the available health services. Communication difficulties due to language barriers are the most commonly cited challenges faced by refugees in accessing and utilizing health services post-resettlement. In this study, we aimed to examine effectiveness of interpreting services for refugee women in New Zealand. Data were collected through three sources: focus groups with Bhutanese women, focus group with Bhutanese men, and individual interviews with health professionals. The findings of this study reveal inadequacies and constraints in the provision of a socioculturally and linguistically effective interpreting service to Bhutanese women and provide evidence for recommendations to address these inadequacies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is common among children. However, their caregivers' knowledge and understanding of symptoms may influence how the injury is managed. Primary objective: To investigate the knowledge of New Zealand (NZ) parents about TBI and concussion. Method and procedures: Parents (n = 205) of children aged 5–13 years completed a pen-and-paper or online survey containing questions examining their knowledge of TBI terminology, TBI symptoms and knowledge about concussion management. Main outcomes and results: A high proportion (61%) of parents did not think that a concussion was the same as a brain injury. Loss of consciousness (LOC) was the most endorsed symptom of TBI. However, 69% of participants were aware that TBI could occur without LOC. On average, parents correctly identified 19.5 (67.3%) of the 29 symptoms of TBI, but also identified 2.0 (11.9%) of the 17 distractor symptoms as being TBI related. Demographic factors and experience of TBI/concussion were associated with TBI symptom identification accuracy and concussion knowledge. Conclusions: Further education of parents is needed to ensure they recognise the signs and symptoms of concussion/mild TBI so that they can make informed decisions on how best to manage their child's injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ephemeral wetlands or kettle holes contain an often unique biodiversity of flora and fauna. In New Zealand, they can be an important breeding ground for iconic taonga species such as kakī/black stilt. Understanding the possible effects of climate change on the holes is a challenge as there is often limited information on the local hydrology, restricting the applicability of established hydrological models. We present a mathematical model that is parameterised using only recent rainfall data and water level. We assess the efficacy of our model to predict water levels under current climatic conditions and then explore the effects of a range of simple climate change scenarios. Our simple but effective modelling approach could be easily used in other situations where complex data and modelling expertise are unavailable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We explored opportunities, advantages and barriers to enabling students to establish student-led learning events at a New Zealand university. We used an action-research approach to explore if students felt empowered to use the infrastructure of this university to realise something that they themselves set out to achieve. We discovered that, in achieving a series of open discussions about sustainability, students adopted a democratic, distributed form of decision-making, not unlike a typical academic model, with leaders taking temporary roles that included passing on responsibility to those who followed. Students were proud of the events they created and identified the discussion format as something different from their experience as undergraduate students in our institution. This article, co-authored by staff and students, considers whether higher education processes that do empower students do so adequately and the extent to which students are prepared by higher education to take on powerful roles after they graduate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New Zealand women with intellectual disabilities do not participate in population-based breast and cervical screening programs to the same extent as other women. This article reports on one component of a study that was designed to (a) explore the knowledge and experiences of women with intellectual disabilities in relation to breast and cervical screening, and (b) to identify factors that health practitioners and disability service providers perceived as either facilitating or impeding the participation of women with intellectual disabilities in generic health screening. Findings related to the second aim are reported here. Three disability support service health advisors and two clinicians contributed data through in-depth qualitative interviews. Braun and Clarke's approach to inductive data analysis was implemented, with coding aligned to the purpose of the study. Three themes were identified: perceived influences on screening; informing women about screening; and supporting women during and after screening. The findings suggest that disability support services can assist women to access screening, and support them throughout the process. Strategies might include challenging attitudes of others regarding a woman's eligibility for screening; assisting women to access information that is meaningful; ensuring that women are supported to engage with screening by disability support service staff they are comfortable with; and developing relationships with primary health providers to facilitate increased participation in screening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the 1970s, radical lesbian feminists identifi ed heterosexuality as a socially glorifi ed state of being, and organised to resist social pressure to conform to heteronorms. Decentring of radical feminist discourse has been linked to a 'shrinking lesbian world', with implications for the health and wellbeing of young women who identify as lesbian. This article employs a poststructural feminist perspective, and Foucault's notions of discourse and genealogy. Two sets of data were analysed: issues of Aotearoa New Zealand feminist periodical Broadsheet published 1972-1976, and interviews with 15 young lesbian women conducted in 2012. Findings explore how radical lesbian discourse was marginalised, and some of the implications for the health and wellbeing of young lesbian identifi ed women. Compulsory heterosexuality persists as a health and wellbeing issue which produces 'sexual minority stress' and legitimises discrimination, violence and harassment. Marginalisation of radical lesbian discourse via compulsory family status operates to limit opportunities for collective and public lesbian resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The WATYIELD water balance model is used to demonstrate that increased transpiration and interception associated with mānuka (Leptospermum scoparium) encroachment in the tussock catchment comprising part of the Glendhu experimental catchment study, Otago, New Zealand, is responsible for the flattening and subsequent decline in the difference in water yield between that predicted and observed for the planted (Pinus radiata) catchment from 2005 until 2013. Linear extrapolation based on aerial photographic coverage taken in 1980 and 2015 suggests that mānuka could cover up to three-quarters of the tussock catchment by 2090, which is approximately equivalent to the proportion of forest cover in the planted catchment prior to harvesting. Statistical modelling shows that this could result in an annual reduction in water yield of about 216 mm (25%) in the tussock catchment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background In New Zealand ( NZ), Maori and Pacific women are less likely to complete prenatal screening for Down syndrome and other aneuploidies than other ethnic groups. Young women <20 have low rates of completed screening compared with women >20 years. Women living in deprived areas have lower completed screen rates than women living in more affluent areas. Combined first trimester screening has a superior sensitivity (85%) compared with second trimester screening (75%) for trisomy 21. The relative contribution of demographic factors to timing of screening uptake (first vs second trimester) has not previously been examined. Aim To evaluate the association of ethnicity, deprivation, District Health Board ( DHB) of domicile and maternal age with timing of prenatal screening (first vs second trimester) in pregnant women screened in NZ from 2010 to 2013. Methods and Materials Univariate logistic regression analyses were used to explore the association between timing of completed screening and each of ethnicity, deprivation index, DHB of domicile and maternal age. Multivariate logistic regression models were developed to calculate odds ratios ( OR) and 95% confidence intervals ( CI). Statistical analyses were performed using SAS v9.3 Results Of completed prenatal screens, 88% were completed in the first trimester. Ethnicity, age, deprivation and DHB were all significant predictors of completed first versus second trimester screening. Maori women were almost 60% less likely (adjusted OR 0.37, CI 0.35-0.39) and Pacific women almost 80% less likely (adjusted OR 0.23, CI 0.21-0.24) than NZ European women to have completed first versus second trimester screening. Women <30 years were less likely to have completed first trimester screening, as were more deprived women. Variation was also seen by DHB with women living in Whanganui DHB less likely to have completed first versus second trimester screening than women living in Auckland (adjusted OR 0.76, CI 0.71-0.81). Women living in Bay of Plenty DHB were more likely to be screened in the first versus second trimester compared with women living in Auckland (adjusted OR 1.55, CI 1.38-1.74). Within Auckland itself, women living in Counties Manukau DHB were less likely to be screened in the first versus second trimester than women living in Auckland DHB even after adjusting for ethnicity, deprivation and maternal age. Conclusion Maori and Pacific women have the lowest uptake of completed first versus second trimester screening after adjusting for age, deprivation and DHB. Research is required to understand if this relates to characteristics of the carer making the offer of screening, language and/or cultural barriers to care or specific collective cultural or religious views held by women from these ethnicities. The lower completed first trimester versus second trimester prenatal screening in deprived areas, as well as variation by DHB, may relate to the availability of ultrasound and/or laboratory services in specific regions. Cost may be a contributing factor to inequity in timing of completed prenatal screening uptake, as first trimester screening incurs a part-charge to the individual, while second trimester screening is fully funded. Systemic factors within the NZ maternity model of care may also be contributory with a potential disconnect occurring for the woman between primary medical care and later registration with a Lead Maternity Carer in the first trimester. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Little is known about the barriers and facilitators to pregnancy, birth and motherhood for disabled women within the New Zealand context. Our study explored this deficit with the aim of improving health care interventions and support for disabled mothers. Methods: This paper reports on the third phase of a mixed-methods study. The first two phases used semi-structured individual and focus group interviews with disabled women, and health professionals, involved in maternity and postnatal care and has been reported elsewhere. Phase 3 utilised a modified Delphi technique with both groups of participants to seek consensus on the prioritisation of recommendations from the study. This article focuses on the disabled women's recommendations. Results: In all, 20 disabled women took part in the Delphi phase of the study (28% of the cohort from Phase 1). In total, 11 key recommendations were identified by the disabled women, with the top seven discussed in detail here. Conclusions: Health professionals and health systems could, and arguably should, utilise a matrix of these recommendations to facilitate a review of service responsiveness to disabled women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents results from 34 years of the Glendhu Experimental Catchment Study, established in 1979 by the former New Zealand Forest Service in upland east Otago in New Zealand's South Island to determine the hydrological consequences of converting indigenous tussock grassland to plantation forestry. A traditional paired catchment approach was adopted; after a 2.5-year pretreatment period, one catchment (GH2, 310 ha) was planted over two thirds of its area in Pinus radiata, and an adjacent catchment (GH1, 216 ha) was left in tussock as a control. The average annual reduction in water yield from the planted catchment between canopy closure in 1991 and 2013, compared with that in tussock, was 273 mm (33%). Annual water yields from the planted catchment continued to decline relative to the tussock catchment until 2010. Since then, the difference in annual water yields between the two catchments has narrowed. Ripping before planting caused some redistribution of the total streamflow from stormflow to baseflow. Following canopy closure, afforestation has reduced the low flow ( Q95) by an average of 26% compared with the tussock catchment. Average peak flows for small events (2-5 L/s/ha) were reduced by 78%, but only by 37% for larger, less frequent storms (>15 L/s/ha), suggesting that peak flows during high magnitude storms are less dependent on the prevailing land cover. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many people are displaced from their country of origin and become refugees, mostly due to armed conflicts, political violence and human rights abuse. Refugees have complex mental, physical, and social health problems related to their traumatic background and the experiences they have endured during their refugee journey. The aim of this qualitative exploratory study was to examine the effectiveness of primary health care services in addressing mental health needs of Bhutanese refugee women resettled in New Zealand. This study included focus group discussion with Bhutanese women and men followed by interviews with health service providers. The findings of this study highlighted inadequacies and constraints in addressing Bhutanese refugee women's mental health needs in New Zealand and provided evidence for recommendations to address these inadequacies. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Background: approximately 25% of older people who fall and receive paramedic care are not subsequently transported to an emergency department (ED). These people are at high risk of future falls, unplanned healthcare use and poor health outcomes. Objective: to evaluate the impact of a fall-risk assessment and tailored fall prevention interventions among older community-dwellers not transported to ED following a fall on subsequent falls and health service use. Design, setting, participants: Randomised controlled trial involving 221 non-transported older fallers from Sydney, Australia. Intervention: the intervention targeted identified risk factors and used existing services to implement physiotherapy, occupational therapy, geriatric assessment, optometry and medication management interventions as appropriate. The control group received individualised written fall prevention advice. Measurements: primary outcome measures were rates of falls and injurious falls. Secondary outcome measures were ambulance re-attendance, ED presentation, hospitalisation and quality of life over 12 months. Analysis was by intention-to-treat and per-protocol according to self-reported adherence using negative binominal regression and multivariate analysis. Results: ITT analysis showed no significant difference between groups in subsequent falls, injurious falls and health service use. The per-protocol analyses revealed that the intervention participants who adhered to the recommended interventions had significantly lower rates of falls compared to non-adherers (IRR: 0.53 (95% CI: 0.32-0.87)). Conclusion: a multidisciplinary intervention did not prevent falls in older people who received paramedic care but were not transported to ED. However the intervention was effective in those who adhered to the recommendations. Trial registration: the trial is registered at the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry: ACTRN 12611000503921, 13/05/2011. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose:Paid work is seen as a key outcome in rehabilitation. However, research demonstrates that because of normative expectations in the job market and workplace, experiences of disability can be intensified in a work context. We sought to explore this issue in more depth by analysing the effects of societal constructions of worker ‘value’ within individual case studies of people with acquired neurological injury. Method:Instrumental case study of four heterogeneous participants, employing a discourse analysis approach. Results:Participants described a perpetuation of discourses in which a disabled body or mind itself is seen to qualify, disqualify or limit a person’s value in employment. Nevertheless, interviews also highlighted discourses that constructed other worker identities: based on pre-injury identities, life experiences and other aspects of self. The contrasts between individuals illustrated how worker identities, when situated within broader societal discourses of worker ‘value’, can either constrain or expand the vocational opportunities available to individuals who experience disability. However, current and historical interactions about worker ‘value’ shaped the identities genuinely available to each individual. Conclusion:Understanding how societal discourses enable and constrain worker identities may be vital to (a) facilitating valid opportunities and (b) navigating situations that could unintentionally hinder vocational possibilities.Implications for RehabilitationThis study shows how worker identities, situated within societal discourses of worker ‘value’, can constrain or broaden vocational opportunities available to individuals who experience disability.Barriers to gaining, maintaining and developing in employment could be re-envisaged in terms of what is limiting a person’s ability to embody an enabling identity.A knowledge of both societal discourses and individuals’ interactions with them may be vital to facilitating opportunities that users of rehabilitation services experience as valid options. This knowledge can also provide information with which to navigate situations that could potentially (sometimes unintentionally) constrain vocational possibilities. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

We describe a cost effective method of continuously monitoring relative trends in recreational effort and harvest, based on web camera imagery and interview data provided by a concurrent low intensity creel survey. The number of boats returning to three boat ramps in separate regions on the north eastern coast of New Zealand’s North Island fluctuated over a ten year period between 2004–05 and 2013–14. The most pronounced change occurred in the Hauraki Gulf, where most recreational fishing occurs. Web camera monitoring detected a 34% decline in the number of boats returning to one of the busiest ramps in the Hauraki Gulf over a three year period between 2011–12 and 2013–14, which was mirrored by a 58% decline in snapper catch rates over the same period. The combined result was a 71% decline in the weight of snapper landed annually at the monitored ramp over this three year period, which was far more rapid than anticipated given differences seen between harvest estimates provided by infrequent large scale surveys in the past. Trends in effort and harvest derived from data collected at a small number of ramps will only have utility, however, if they reflect trends in the wider fishery. The relative difference in snapper harvest estimates provided by aerial-access surveys of the entire Hauraki Gulf fishery in 2004–05 and 2011–12, closely matched the difference in the harvest landed at the high traffic ramp that was monitored in the Gulf during these years. This independent confirmation of relative trends inferred from combined web camera and creel survey monitoring at a small number of sites has further highlighted the need to continuously monitor recreational fisheries, which are potentially far more dynamic than previously thought. We discuss strategies that we have progressively developed to minimise the cost of monitoring these recreational fisheries and how they could be applied to continuously monitor recreational fisheries elsewhere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Australia and New Zealand, a critical mass of academic and clinical leadership in Adolescent Medicine has helped advance models of clinical services, drive investments in teaching and training, and strengthen research capacity over the past 30 years. There is growing recognition of the importance of influencing the training of adult physicians as well as paediatricians. The Royal Australasian College of Physicians (RACP) is responsible for overseeing all aspects of specialist physician training across the two countries. Following advocacy from adolescent physicians, the RACP is advancing a three-tier strategy to build greater specialist capacity and sustain leadership in adolescent and young adult medicine (AYAM). The first tier of the strategy supports universal training in adolescent and young adult health and medicine for all basic trainees in paediatric and adult medicine through an online training resource. The second and third tiers support advanced training in AYAM for specialist practice, based on an advanced training curriculum that has been approved by the RACP. The second tier is dual training; advanced trainees can undertake 2 years training in AYAM and 2 years training in another area of specialist practice. The third tier consists of 3 years of advanced training in AYAM. The RACP is currently seeking formal recognition from the Australian Government to have AYAM accredited, a process that will be subsequently undertaken in New Zealand. The RACP is expectant that the accreditation of specialist AYAM physicians will promote sustained academic and clinical leadership in AYAM to the benefit of future generations of young Australasians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In many countries today, digital technology and instant communication are embedded in children's everyday lives to the extent that their play frequently incorporates smartphones, the Internet and other technologies. In this paper, we explore the recent historical conditions within the New Zealand context that have increased the accessibility of these technologies and imbued them with particular meanings. We suggest that from a Foucauldian perspective, these technologies can be seen as a form of subtle disciplinary power using techniques of governmentality through which children's ways of thinking are shaped to benefit societal requirements of the current historical era. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 2D prospectivity model of epithermal gold mineralisation has been completed over the Taupo Volcanic Zone (TVZ), using the weights of evidence modelling technique. This study was used to restrict a 3D geological interpretation and prospectivity model for the Ohakuri region. The TVZ is commonly thought of as a present-day analogue of the environment in which many epithermal ore deposits, such as in the Hauraki Goldfield, Coromandel Volcanic Zone, are formed. The models utilise compiled digital data including historical exploration data, geological data from the Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences Ltd. Quarter Million Mapping Programme, recent Glass Earth geophysics data and historic exploration geochemical data, including rock-chip and stream sediment information. Spatial correlations between known deposits and predictive maps are determined from the available data, which represent each component of the currently accepted mineral system model for epithermal gold. The 2D prospectivity model confirms that the TVZ has potential for gold mineralisation. However, one of the weaknesses of this weights of evidence model is that the studies are carried out in 2D, with an approximation of 3D provided by geophysical and drilling data projected to a 2D plane. Consequently, a 3D prospectivity model was completed over the Ohakuri area, constrained by the results of the 2D model and predictive maps. The 3D model improved the results allowing more effective exploration targeting. However, the study also highlighted the main issues that need to be resolved before 3D prospectivity modelling becomes standard practise in the mineral exploration industry. The study also helped develop a work flow that incorporates preliminary 2D spatial data analysis from the weights of evidence technique to more effectively restrict and develop 3D predictive map interpretation and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Muslim women in New Zealand comprise ethnic and religious minorities. Research related to the physical activity levels of these women and their health status is sparse, particularly in the New Zealand context. International literature shows that Muslim women are at risk of various diseases related to inactivity. Islam, the religion followed by Muslims, is perceived by many Muslims as a way of life that influences almost all aspects of their lives. Particular understandings of Islam and women's roles within Islam influence the norms and expectations about health beliefs and physical activity. This study explored the role religion plays in shaping the physical activity of Muslim women in New Zealand. Findings revealed that the women related to Islam in different ways and practised the religion in ways which either facilitated or hindered physical activity. We identified two key constructs -- 'being-Muslim' and 'doing-Islam' -- which helped us understand some of this variation in women's narratives about physical activity and Islam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently in New Zealand the Prime Minister's Chief Science Advisor has warned of changing circumstances creating a "powder keg" during adolescence, another top government advisor is reported as claiming young people's behaviour problems are the country's "biggest social issue", and the catchphrase of a parenting series on national television has been that teenagers are best understood as "not right in the head". Perhaps it is unsurprising that surveys have been reporting high levels of teacher stress and increasing levels of abuse and assault. Should secondary teaching therefore be considered a dubious career choice and a mass exodus from the profession anticipated? With regard to the implications for those whose lives continue to meet and mix in schools, this paper critically examines some of the local and overseas "expert talk" inspired by key features of scientific assertions regarding the changing nature of physical and cognitive development in adolescence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: We examined whether physical activity risk differed between migrant sub-groups and the Australianborn population. Methods: Data were drawn from the Australian National Health Survey (2001) and each resident's country of birth was classified into one of 13 regions. Data were gathered on each resident's physical activity level in the fortnight preceding the survey. Multivariable logistic regression, adjusted for potential confounders examined the risk of physical inactivity of participants from each of the 13 regions compared to the Australian-born population. Results: There was a greater prevalence of physical inactivity for female immigrants from most regions compared to male immigrants from a like region. Immigrants from South East Asia (OR 2.04% 95% CI 1.63, 2.56), Other Asia (OR 1.53 95% CI 1.10, 2.13), Other Oceania (1.81 95% CI 1.11, 2.95), the Middle East (OR 1.42 95% CI 0.97, 2.06 [note: border line significance]) and Southern & Eastern Europe are at a significantly higher risk of being physically inactive compared to those born in Australian. In contrast, immigrants from New Zealand (OR 0.77 95% CI 0.62, 0.94), the UK & Ireland (OR 0.82 95% CI 0.73, 0.92), and other Africa (OR 0.69 95% CI 0.51, 0.94) are at a significantly lower risk of being physically inactive compared to the Australian born population. Conclusion: Future research identifying potential barriers and facilitators to participation in physical activity will inform culturally sensitive physical activity programs that aim to encourage members of specific regional ethnic sub-groups to undertake physical activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A mosaic of siliciclastic and mixed carbonate-siliciclastic sediments and authigenic minerals occurs at shelf and slope depths (30-1015 m water depth) on the open, wave-dominated north Kaipara continental margin (NKCM) off northern New Zealand. Texture and composition define five surficial sediment facies. Facies 1 (siliciclastic sand) comprises generally well-sorted fine sands that extend to outer shelf depths. Facies 2 (glauconitic sand) is composed of 30-95% authigenic glauconite grains at 150-400 m water depth in central to northern portions of NKCM. Facies 3 (mixed bryozoan-siliciclastic sand) occurs only in northernmost NKCM and involves a conspicuous (>40%) bryozoan carbonate content. Facies 4 (pelletal mud) occupies the mid shelf (100-150 m water depth) in northern NKCM and consists of muddy sediment with >30% mixed carbonate-siliciclastic pellets of probable fecal origin. Facies 5 (foraminiferal mud and sand) contains >30% foraminiferal tests at slope depths in southern NKCM and at both slope and mid-outer shelf depths towards the north. The siliciclastic mineralogy is consistent with mainly distant provenances to the south of the NKCM in central North Island and northern South Island, while much of the bryozoan material is likely reworked from the Three Kings carbonate platform to the north. No single shelf sedimentation model explains the complex facies distributions on the NKCM because the deposits record the interplay of several present and past hydrodynamic and sediment supply controls. While truly modern deposits may occur inshore, the bulk of NKCM surficial sediments are mainly palimpsest and/or relict deposits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND Embryo donation is a recently approved practice in New Zealand. Guidelines require disclosure of donor identity, openness, joint donor and recipient counselling and ethics approval on a case-by-case basis. This study explores the roles and practices of fertility counsellors in the context of New Zealand's policies. METHODS Nine fertility counsellors were interviewed regarding their roles in the practice of embryo donation. Data were thematically analysed to identify counsellors' key roles and concerns. RESULTS Counsellors supported the principles underlying the policy in New Zealand. They saw their role as, firstly, helping patients shift from a focus on their current situations to considering the longer term psychosocial implications of embryo donation. Secondly, counsellors facilitated donors' and recipients' exploration of the implications not only for themselves but also for existing and potential children resulting from the donation and the effects on the wider family network. CONCLUSIONS As determined by policy, counsellors play an integral role in facilitating embryo donation and regard their role as contributing to the long-term wellbeing of families created through and affected by embryo donation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The exploratory study aimed to understand the range of community responses to three pest eradication technologies proposed for use in New Zealand and to examine community perceptions of past incursion responses, with the aim of improving future responses. Qualitative techniques were used to elicit information from a small group of people selected from the general public, the Department of Conservation and three government councils. Participants were fairly trusting of the basic information provided to them about the three technologies, and as a result were generally accepting of aerial spraying of pheromones and sterile insect technology. However, the use of aerial sprays presented some concerns. More in-depth information, the manner in which it was presented, and how the community was be included in the decision-making process were likely to be the significant influences in predicting the public response to eradication attempts in the future. Recommendations for future research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]