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A two-part review is presented relating historical tests of the toxicity of pesticides toTyphlodromus pyriand their relevance to modern pest management in New Zealand pome-fruit orchards. Over the past 30 years, the initial need forT. pyrito be resistant to broad-spectrum pesticides has substantially declined as a growing array of new selective chemicals have come into use. In Part 2, a short-term field test is described for determining the toxicity of single applications of pesticides at recommended rates to European red mite (ERM),Panonychus ulmi, and its predator, an organophosphate (OP)-resistant strain ofT. pyrion apples in New Zealand. For each pesticide, changes in mite density were measured from pre-treatment to 2, 7 and up to 25 days post-treatment compared with a water-sprayed control. Density was recorded and analysed for live adult and immature ERM, and live and dead eggs, larvae, nymphs and adults ofT. pyri. Fifteen acaricides, 17 fungicides and 17 insecticides were evaluated. Chemicals more toxic toT. pyrithan ERM were aminocarb, amitraz, binapacryl, chlordimeform, etrimphos, fenvalerate + azinphos-methyl, mancozeb + dinocap, methidathion, methiocarb, omethoate, oxamyl, pirimiphos-methyl and pyrazophos. Chemicals equally or less toxic toT. pyrithan to ERM were acequinocyl, azocyclotin, benzoximate, bromopropylate, chlorpyrifos, clofentezine, cycloprate, cyhexatin, dinocap, mineral oil, propargite, triazophos and vamidothion. The remaining 23 chemicals (primarily fungicides and OP insecticides) had slight or no toxicity to ERM andT.pyri. The short-term field tests provided a useful guide to the long-term effects on ERM andT. pyripopulations of almost all the pesticides. However, the potential disruptive effect of pyrazophos was not found in long-term field trials, and conversely, the apparently harmless dithiocarbamate fungicides were later shown to be highly disruptive when repeatedly sprayed, as in commercial practice. Most of the chemicals tested are no longer used in commercial pome-fruit orchards in New Zealand, all of which now practise integrated fruit production or organic fruit production based on selective pest management methods. The tested pesticides of continuing importance are identified and discussed with special emphasis on the current need to retest for dithiocarbamate resistance inT. pyri, some populations of which have been exposed to these compounds for up to 40 years. This and the changes in pesticide use in New Zealand are paralleled by similar developments in most pome-fruit growing areas of the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A two-part review is presented relating historical tests of the toxicity of pesticides toTyphlodromus pyriand their relevance to modern pest management in New Zealand pome-fruit orchards. Over the past thirty years, the initial need forT. pyriresistance to broad-spectrum pesticides has substantially declined as a growing array of new selective chemicals have come into use. In Part 1, a laboratory bioassay is described for determining the toxicity of pesticides to the eggs and larvae of an organophosphate (OP)-resistant strain ofTyphlodromus pyrifrom New Zealand. Apple leaves bearingT. pyriand its preyPanonychus ulmiwere collected from the field. Leaf discs with known numbers of eggs (no active stages) ofT. pyriand prey were cut from the leaves and sprayed with selected pesticides at recommended field rates to simulate field application. The survival of eggs, and the larvae which hatched from them, were recorded for seven days. Thirteen acaricides, 16 fungicides and 15 insecticides were evaluated. Toxic chemicals were aminocarb, amitraz, benomyl, binapacryl, chlordimeform, ethion, omethoate, oxamyl, permethrin, pirimiphos-methyl and triazophos. Slight and variable toxicity was caused by azinphos-methyl, chlorpyrifos, dinocap, mancozeb + dinocap, metiram + nitrothal-isopropyl, and sulphur. No toxicity was detected with the other 24 pesticides. A comparison of the test results with those from field trials in New Zealand showed good agreement, except that the laboratory tests failed to detect the known field toxicity of dithiocarbamate fungicides and the insecticide vamidothion. Most of the chemicals tested are no longer used in commercial pome-fruit orchards in New Zealand, all of which now practise integrated (IFP) or organic (OFP) fruit production based on selective pest management methods. The tested pesticides of continuing importance are identified, and a summary is presented of the international literature describing the impact onT. pyriof the current pesticides used in New Zealand IFP and OFP. The changes in pesticide use in New Zealand are paralleled by similar changes in most pome-fruit growing areas of the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]