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Case History: In spring 2021, on a seasonally calving, pastorally based, Taranaki dairy farm, 12 first-calving heifers (≤ 30 days post-calving) developed similar dry, red to black, crusting lesions on the medial aspect of the teat udder junction extending down the medial teat. Some cows had multiple teats affected. Treatment was initially unrewarding and did not slow the progression of the disease. Overall, 8/12 cows recovered, and 4/12 cows were culled, with three of the cows culled after a teat sloughed and the fourth after surgical amputation of a teat. Outbreaks of the same condition, on the same farm but affecting fewer animals, occurred in spring 2022 (n = 6) and spring 2023 (n = 3). Clinical Findings: An initial scab-like or crusting lesion progressed to resemble a thick eschar consisting of very dry and hard dead tissue. The unaffected areas of the teat felt normal but immediately under the dead tissue, there was a warm, firmer area consistent with an inflammatory reaction. Removing the scab led to profuse bleeding, with no visible bed of granulation underneath the scab. There was no leaking of milk in those cows that lost a teat, and no smell to the lesions themselves. Serology and virology ruled out the involvement of bovine alphaherpesvirus (BoHV-2) bovine gammaherpesvirus (BoHV-4), orthopoxviruses (cowpox) and parapoxviruses (pseudocowpox). Histopathology of an affected and surgically amputated teat showed multifocal erosion and ulceration of the epidermis, covered by a thick serocellular crust. In areas of ulceration, there were numerous neutrophils, and the dermis was expanded by granulation tissue with variable numbers of neutrophils, eosinophils, and lymphocytes around small blood vessels. Diagnosis: Based on the similarity of the history, presentation, and histopathological changes to those described for a novel disease reported in the UK, a diagnosis of ischaemic teat necrosis (ITN) was made. Clinical Relevance: If ITN is an emerging condition in New Zealand and becomes as prevalent as it has in the UK, clinicians will be confronted with a significant new welfare problem in dairy cows. Anecdotally, there have been reports of other ITN outbreaks in New Zealand, and the Ministry for Primary Industries would be interested in collating reports from other New Zealand veterinarians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Five factors for Maori teacher success in Aotearoa/New Zealand are identified in the success narratives of alumnae of a pre-service teacher education programme: whanau support, collegial working environments, feeling valued, risk-taking, and pursuing ongoing learning opportunities. Strong links to key Maori values are evident within these factors. Using a kaupapa Maori approach to qualitative research design and implementation, the interplay of these factors is described in relation to how they can support Maori teacher success, and how they can enhance the design and delivery of teacher education programmes.

Data and the use of data for teaching and learning can be a powerful tool. However, data can also be overwhelming or underused if teachers and leaders do not have adequate systems, supports, or mindsets to facilitate effective data use. The Data, Knowledge, Action programme of research involves early childhood researchers and teachers working together to design and try out new data systems to produce useful information to guide pedagogical change and strengthen learning outcomes. This article outlines conceptual processes and tangible supports we've embedded in our work to develop the habits of mind and skills to use data effectively.

Online and blended learning bring opportunities and challenges, including more opportunities for authentic activities (Gikandi, Morrow, & Davis, 2011). Blended online environments are now a common mode for pre-service teacher education, providing interesting opportunities to develop and showcase alternative approaches that blend with practice in the field. This paper presents a case study of an online course that supported 55 student teacher inquiries into the practice of teaching. The author describes some successful strategies, using a range of e-learning tools, including the university's Moodle learning management system, in the professional inquiry focused course that she led. The study informs course and programme redesign to encourage student teachers to develop their own networks of practice during pre-service tertiary education.

Aotearoa New Zealand's demographics are changing rapidly and, as a consequence, there is now greater diversity in the tertiary student population. This diversity is evident in the continuing growth of Maori and Pasifika student participation. Teacher education is increasingly emphasising social competencies and intercultural awareness. Online pedagogies based on sociocultural methods require openness to difference, understanding, and sharing; but it is a challenge to support productive learning communities that span diverse cultural backgrounds. This study began with a literature review, and then the eight dimensions in the cultural dimensions of learning framework (CDLF; Parrish & Linder-VanBerschot, 2010) survey were modified for use with online courses. The modified survey was trialled with 112 students and four lecturers in 11 online teacher education courses offered by a New Zealand university. Although respondents exhibited a wide range of choice in the survey, the participants were not sufficiently diverse to reveal any differences that might be attributed to culture. It was concluded that the CDLF could provide a useful stimulus to promote discussion amongst learners and teachers and that this discussion could raise awareness of the diversity of approaches to learning that could have a cultural basis. However, the lack of attention to indigenous worldviews and the limited evidence of reliability in the CDLF scales suggest that further empirical research of this survey instrument is unlikely to be worthwhile.

In response to the diverse number of child sexual abuse (CSA) prevention programs currently implemented in school contexts, this paper examines key considerations for selecting such initiatives and the multiplicity of understandings required to inform facilitation of contextually relevant prevention curriculum. First, the paper examines concerns about the lack of explicit professional development for educators concerning child protection, and the need to develop understandings about prevention program best practices within pre-service and in-service training. Second, drawing on a systematic review of literature, the paper identifies five key considerations to inform teachers' selection and facilitation of CSA prevention curriculum in school contexts. Third, the paper advances calls by Wurtele (2009) and presents CSA prevention "best practices" overview and "model programs" list for professionals such as teachers. (Contains 1 table.)

How can tertiary education in regions respond innovatively and collaboratively to issues regarding teacher supply and quality, especially in regions of teacher shortages? This research report focuses on one response. The Rotorua regional primary teaching flexible learning option was established by the Christchurch College of Education (CCE) in late 1996 and based at Waiariki Institute of Technology (Waiariki). It is an example of how one region in Aotearoa New Zealand (NZ) responded to two identified national concerns; first, a teacher shortage and second, the provision of a pre-service teacher education programme that prepares teachers with particular skills to teach Maori children, who make up a substantial proportion of students in that region. This report is of a stocktake of the programme after 10 years of operation.

One of the most interesting recent developments in global agri-food systems has been the rapid emergence and elaboration of market audit systems claiming environmental qualities or sustainability. In New Zealand, as a strongly export-oriented, high-value food producer, these environmental market audit systems have emerged as an important pathway for producers to potentially move towards more sustainable production. There have, however, been only sporadic and fractured attempts to study the emerging social practice of sustainable agriculture--particularly in terms of the emergence of new audit disciplines in farming. The ARGOS project in New Zealand was established in 2003 as a longitudinal matched panel study of over 100 farms and orchards using different market audit systems (e.g., organic, integrated or GLOBALG.A.P.). This article reports on the results of social research into the social practice of sustainable agriculture in farm households within the ARGOS projects between 2003 and 2009. Results drawn from multiple social research instruments deployed over six years provide an unparalleled level of empirical data on the social practice of sustainable agriculture under audit disciplines. Using 12 criteria identified in prior literature as contributing a significant social dynamic around sustainable agriculture practices in other contexts, the analysis demonstrated that 9 of these 12 dimensions did demonstrate differences in social practices emerging between (or co-constituting) organic, integrated, or conventional audit disciplines. These differences clustered into three main areas: 1) social and learning/knowledge networks and expertise, 2) key elements of farmer subjectivity--particularly in relation to subjective positioning towards the environment and nature, and 3) the role and importance of environmental dynamics within farm management practices and systems. The findings of the project provide a strong challenge to some older framings of the social practice of sustainable agriculture: particularly those that rely on paradigm-driven evaluation of social motivations, strong determinism of sustainable practice driven by coherent farmer identity, or deploying overly categorical interpretations of what it means to be "organic" or "conventional". The complex patterning of the ARGOS data can only be understood if the social practice of organic, integrated or (even more loosely) conventional production is understood as being co-produced by four dynamics: subjectivity/identity, audit disciplines, industry cultures/structure and time. This reframing of how we might research the social practice of sustainable agriculture opens up important new opportunities for understanding the emergence and impact of new audit disciplines in agriculture. (Contains 2 tables.)

In New Zealand, Maori (indigenous New Zealanders) and Pacific students tend not to attain the same levels of educational success as Pakeha (New Zealanders of European descent). Addressing this problem is a particular challenge in the sciences. The kaupapa (values-base) of Te Ropu Awhina (Awhina) is to produce Maori and Pacific professionals to contribute to Maori and Pacific development and leadership through the creation of an inclusive off- and on-campus whanau (extended family) environment where high expectations, aspirations and achievement, collective success, and reciprocity are normalised. This paper reviews theories and practices of recruitment and retention relevant to Maori and Pacific students at tertiary level, presents the rationale for Awhina in the Faculties of Science and Architecture and Design at Victoria University of Wellington, and assesses the impact of the whanau. Based on analyses of quantitative measures of student achievement, and biennial surveys of student responses from the first 6 years of Awhina, it is suggested that the results are consistent with improving Maori and Pacific graduate and postgraduate achievement and retention. Potential implications for efforts to reduce disparities in tertiary education in New Zealand and elsewhere are summarised.

The "credit card effect" describes a finding where greater value is given to consumer items if credit card logos are present. One explanation for the effect is that credit cards elicit spending behavior through associative learning. If this is true, social, economic and historical contexts should alter this effect. In Experiment 1, Year 1 New Zealand university students valued consumer items less in the presence of credit card logos. Experiment 2 replicated this effect. These findings support the idea that New Zealand students' negative conditioning history with credit card stimuli results in a "negative" credit card effect, whereby credit cards limit rather than facilitate spending. This "negative" effect suggests that the presence or absence of a "positive" effect in previous studies depends on previous associations with credit card stimuli. (Contains 4 tables and 1 figure.)

Within the political economy of agriculture and agrofood literatures there are examples of approaches that reject simple dichotomies between alternatives and the mainstream. In line with such approaches, we challenge the assumption that alternative agriculture, and its attendant improved environmental practices, alternative management styles, less intensive approaches, and better approaches to animal and ecosystem welfare, is the only source of agricultural sustainability. This article uses national farm-survey results for New Zealand's sheep and beef, dairy, and horticulture sectors to examine conventional farmers, measure their assessments of farming practices, and assess their environmental orientation. Analysis identifies a proenvironmental cluster of farmers in each sector characterized by a higher environmental-orientation score and distinct ratings of other farm practices queried in the survey. We interpret the results in terms of the exposure of different agricultural sectors to the effects of market-based, audited, best-practice schemes. The presence of shades of "greenness" among conventional farmers has important implications for environmental management and for our understanding of the various and complex pathways toward the greening of agrofood systems. (Contains 6 footnotes and 6 tables.)

With the increasing American attention on the rapidly evolving field of Teaching Artistry, this article aims to initiate some dialogue on the international level. A global sharing of relevant ideas and practices will help to improve understanding and expand one's perspective. The authors believe ongoing global dialogue will enhance various efforts in the field, such as developing and implementing a Teaching Artist Rubric. Since this rubric is a "work in progress," overseas peers might add further insights to strengthen that process. Global dialogue around TA's work context, realities, training, strengths and weaknesses may stimulate new or different ways to look at, and possibly strengthen, current TA practices everywhere. The authors decided to take an open-ended approach to see what quantity and quality of responses were forthcoming.

The article considers how the rollout of COVID-19 vaccines in New Zealand drew from the country's distinctive approach to human rights. It suggests the role of Te Tiriti o Waitangi in the vaccination rollout. It attributes the COVID-19 response and vaccine rollout to workers' rights, social rights and Indigenous people's rights, balance between competing rights, and personal duties and responsibilities to the community as envisaged in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

Background and objectives: To update information on the treatment of children under general anaesthetic (GA) in New Zealand in order to provide evidence for health service planning and dental care provision for children, and to determine whether District Health Boards (DHBs) have followed guidelines that were published in 2008. Methods: A questionnaire was sent to all Clinical Directors of DHBs in New Zealand. This was complemented by structured interviews with a number of those Clinical Directors. Results: The numbers of children receiving dental care under GA have risen substantially, from 4,646 in 2004/2005 to 7,755 in 2014 (a 65% increase). Hospital dental departments are reporting difficulties meeting demand. The 2008 guidelines have been widely used by hospital dental units in providing such care. Resources (both in the community oral health services and the hospital dental services) have had to increase; first to attempt to prevent, and second to treat those who develop decay. This has been at some considerable cost to the health system. However, many DHBs are still struggling to meet the increasing demand. All Clinical Directors believed that reducing demand for dental care under GA should be an explicit goal of the Government and DHBs. Conclusions: Hospital dental units have adopted many of the 2008 guidelines, but variations persist in access to such treatment, with DHBs under more pressure than ever to cope with the growing demand for child dental care under GA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AIM: To conduct an epidemiological investigation of an idiopathic myopathy, known as “Go Slow” (GSM), which was initially recognised in dogs used for pig hunting. A secondary aim was to describe the hunting activities, diet and health of dogs used for pig hunting in New Zealand. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was conducted between June 2014-June 2017. Cases of GSM in dogs were diagnosed by veterinarians using a combination of clinical history, physical examination findings, serum biochemistry and/or skeletal muscle histology. A telephone interview was conducted with the owner or primary veterinarian to provide information regarding the dog’s diet and exercise over the 7 days preceding the onset of clinical signs. In August 2015, a separate online survey of owners of dogs used for pig hunting was conducted to characterise the normal hunting activities, diet and health of these dogs. RESULTS: A total of 86 cases of GSM were recruited, of which 58 (67%) were pig hunting dogs, 16 (19%) pet dogs and 12 (14%) working farm dogs. Cases were most commonly reported in the upper North Island, and 65 (76 (95% CI=67-85)%) were from the Northland region. Processed commercial dog food had been fed to 93 (95% CI=88-98)% of affected dogs. Ingestion of raw, frozen or cooked wild pig in the preceding week was reported for 76 (88 (95% CI=82-95)%) dogs with the myopathy. In the survey of owners of healthy pig hunting dogs, 203 eligible responses were received; pig hunting was reported to most commonly occur in Northland (20.2%), Waikato (22.3%) and Bay of Plenty (23.2%) regions. Commercial dog food was fed to 172 (85 (95% CI=80-90)%) of the dogs included in this survey, and 55 (27 (95% CI=20-33)%) had eaten wild pig in the preceding week. The most common reported health problem in pig hunting dogs was traumatic wounds. CONCLUSIONS: Cases of GSM were most commonly recognised in dogs used for pig hunting, but also occurred in pet and working farm dogs. The disease was most frequently reported in the upper North Island of New Zealand and ingestion of wild pig was a consistent feature in cases of this myopathy. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: To minimise the risk of dogs developing this myopathy, it would seem prudent to avoid feeding any tissues from wild pigs to dogs in areas where the disease is known to occur. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: The meaning and purpose of social work has always been debated within the social work profession. The profession dreams of contributing towards a better, fairer, civil society locally and internationally. This article explores the professionalisation of social work in Aotearoa New Zealand. This exploration has been undertaken as background for an ongoing research project. METHOD: A critical consideration of the different theoretical and historical dimensions and interests at work that impacted on the journey of professionalisation of social work in this country has been undertaken based on a review of literature. Part one of the article outlines a definition of social work, and different concepts and approaches to professionalisation. Part two of the article contextualises the different approaches to professionalisation within Aotearoa New Zealand, from early forms of welfare pre-colonisation up until the early 1990s. CONCLUSION: The literature and trends discussed serve to both document the history of professionalisation of social work in Aotearoa New Zealand and as background to an ongoing critical research project which aims to uncover interests at work and interrogate the legitimacy of those interests, while enabling the voices of key actors from the time to surface, be explored, and be recorded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Treatment of growth hormone ( GH)-deficient adults with GH has been shown to improve a range of metabolic abnormalities and enhance quality of life. However, the results of access to nationally funded treatment have not been reported. Design Retrospective case series auditing nationally funded treatment of defined GH-deficient adults in New Zealand, with carefully designed entry and exit criteria overseen by a panel of endocrinologists. Patients Applications for 201 patients were assessed and 191 approved for funded treatment over the initial 3 years since inception. The majority had GH deficiency following treatment of pituitary adenomas or tumours adjacent to the pituitary. Results After an initial 9-month treatment period using serum IGF-I measurements to adjust GH dosing, all patients reported a significant improvement in quality of life (QoL) score on the QoL- AGHDA® instrument (baseline (95% CI) 19 (18-21), 9 months 6 (5-7·5)), and mean serum IGF-I SD scores rose from -3 to zero. Mean waist circumference decreased significantly by 2·8 ± 0·6 cm. The mean maintenance GH dose after 9 months of treatment was 0·39 mg/day. After 3 years, 17% of patients had stopped treatment, and all of the remaining patients maintained the improvements seen at 9 months of treatment. Conclusion Carefully designed access to nationally funded GH replacement in GH-deficient adults was associated with a significant improvement in quality of life over a 3-year period with mean daily GH doses lower than in the majority of previously reported studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the New Zealand court case Hosking v. Runting, which dealt with beach of privacy as a tort action. Topics include if the publication of private facts constitutes a tort, an individual's reasonable expectation of privacy (REP), and remedies for intentional unauthorized intrusion.

Abstract: Douglas-fir (Pseudotusga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco), a native to the Pacific Coast Range in North America, is recognized as a tree that is long-lived and can grow rapidly to standing volumes that approach the highest recorded for temperate conifers. Managed plantations in western Oregon register maximum periodic annual increments (PAI) at ages between 20 and 40 years of ∼30m3 ha−1 year−1. The same seed source, when planted in New Zealand and elsewhere in the Southern Hemisphere, may attain a PAI of ∼50m3 ha−1 year−1. Is this higher productivity mainly related to climate or to isolation from native pests? To evaluate the role of climate, we obtained meteorological data from plantation sites in New Zealand and Oregon, from which we established relationships between mean monthly temperature extremes and solar irradiance, air humidity deficits, and frost frequency. Using these empirical relationships, long-term weather records were converted to the meteorological variables required to drive a process-based forest growth model, 3-PG, for sites approaching the most productive in New Zealand and in Oregon. Annual precipitation is similar in both areas, but sites in Oregon receive only 10% during the growing season, resulting in humidity deficits 30% larger than those recorded in New Zealand. According to sensitivity analyses and direct measurements, the more productive Douglas-fir forests in Oregon avoid the limiting effects of summer drought by obtaining water from the subsoil and fractured bedrock. If such forests were under a reduced evaporative demand similar to that in New Zealand, we show that they would exhibit comparable productivity. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article examines the introduction of Dichloro Diphenyl Trichloroethane (DDT) into New Zealand farming practice and then details its subsequent prohibition, including the influence of Rachel Carson's book Silent spring. Grass grub infestation was arguably the major technical barrier to increased farm productivity in New Zealand. The failure of forms of biological control against grass grub meant that farmers had to constantly re-sow pasture in order to maintain productivity. The first recorded experiments with DDT in New Zealand occurred in 1946 and were on codling moth and other orchard pests. In part this reflected a growing use of agricultural chemicals in the form of fertilizers and trace elements, to make up for soil deficiencies that limited production. The first concerns about DDT residues in soil and meat in New Zealand surfaced in 1953. The political activity surrounding the European Economic Community and a debate about whether New Zealand should join the International Monetary Fund overshadowed a very significant event in June 1961, when a shipment of meat was rejected by the United States for chemical contamination.

Visitors to National Parks in New Zealand have strong expectations about their rights to enjoy recreational opportunities in natural areas free from perceived adverse effects of aircraft overflying and aircraft related sound. These factors influence their responses to surveys of annoyance and level of satisfaction with the outdoor experience. This paper considers the methods available for managing conflicts between users of the natural environment and the air-tourism industry. The two issues described in the paper are: 1) controlling total noise emitted from an aerodrome in Fiordland National Park, based on the method recommended by NZ Standard (NZS6805: 1992), and 2) a model for investigating aircraft overflying noise impacts over the main walking tracks in the hilly terrain of the Milford Track located in Fiordland National Park. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the overseas marketing of dairy products in New Zealand under the Dairy Export Act of 1923. A brief review of the dairy situation in New Zealand prior to the Act in 1923 will help to understand the Act itself. The government early recognized that the climate and land of New Zealand were favorable for dairying and by numerous legislative acts dating from 1892, the government consistently offered encouragement to the development of factories for processing dairy products and in promoting dairy herd improvement mechanical milking, grading, cold storage, etc. Furthermore, one of the chief contributing causes for the attempt of New Zealand to control dairy produce exports is found in great price fluctuations that have occurred seasonally since World War. The Act created an agency of the Board in London for the purpose of giving the Board representation in the British markets. The whole situation in New Zealand was one of uneasiness among dairymen. Finally, on July 13, 1927, the Control Board met and decided to limit its activities. In other words, the Control Board has been forced to abandon its attempts at revolutionizing the dairy produce markets and be content to prove its worth by steady progress.

A combination of idealised modelling and satellite imagery has been used to assess the dispersal of estuarine plume water and suspended material throughout the ecologically significant marine area off the west coast of the central North Island, New Zealand. The idealised modelling was used to elucidate the relative importance of oceanographic and meteorological conditions in controlling the horizontal structure of the estuary plumes, and then compared to plumes visible in satellite imagery and environmental monitoring data. Under low to average river flows the plumes can be categorised as either non-rotational or rotational. Rotational plumes are directed southwards under light (<5 m/s SW or <10 m/s E) winds and northwards under stronger (>5 m/s SW) winds. Non-rotational plumes remain close to the estuary mouth. The type, orientation and extent of the plumes have implications for estuarine flushing and for the dispersal of land-derived contaminants into the marine environment. • Plume extent has been described using a combination of satellite imagery and models. • The methods provide a coherent explanation of plume extent. • Plume extent controls estuarine flushing and the distribution of contaminants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An understanding of students' career interests at entry and exit from undergraduate nursing programmes could inform decisions regarding curricula and clinical placements. Since 2006, the University of Auckland has surveyed healthcare students at entry to and exit from their respective programmes, collecting information on a range of demographic, and career-related factors. This article describes career interests of over 500 undergraduate nursing students in New Zealand over a ten-year period. All Bachelor of Nursing cohorts commencing between 2006 and 2016 were invited to complete a questionnaire which included questions about their career interests. In total 1875 questionnaires were completed (89% response rate). Among the overall cohort at entry, there was strongest interest for emergency care and child health, and least interest in older person's health. At exit, child health and surgery (general) were of strongest interest to the cohort, while older person's health remained of least interest. The analysis of the paired data (n = 564) identified decreases in interest for mental health and child health over the course of the programme, while there was an increased interest in primary health care. Changes in career interests indicate that education and clinical exposure to specialty areas during the programme may influence career interests. • First 10-year longitudinal study of nursing students career choices. • Nursing students remain disinterested in working in older persons health. • Interest in primary health care increased after clinical exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Here we describe the isolation and characterization of stictamycin, a new aromatic polyketide with activity against Staphylococcus aureus . Stictamycin was identified following metabolic profiling and bioactivity guided fractionation of organic extracts from Streptomyces sp. 438-3, an isolate from the New Zealand lichen Sticta felix . Comprehensive 1D and 2D NMR analyses were performed to determine the planar structure of stictamycin and relative configurations of stereo centers, with subsequent comparison of experimental and theoretical ECD spectra allowing elucidation of the absolute configuration. Whole-genome sequencing and biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC) analysis revealed that the Streptomyces sp. 438-3 strain contains an atypical type II polyketide (T2PKS) BGC capable of assembling polycyclic-aromatic ring skeletons. Cloning and knockout studies of this T2PKS BGC were used to confirm that it is responsible for the biosynthesis of stictamycin and elucidate a plausible biosynthetic scheme.

We collected cigarette butts in a range of residential areas, to assess differences in the length of unburnt tobacco in the butts, and in proportions of roll-your-own (RYO) cigarettes. Two high, two medium, and two low deprivation areas, as classified by deciles of the New Zealand Deprivation Index, were selected for the Wellington region. Collected butts were systematically classified and measured. A mixed model of analysis, treating location clusters nested within deprivation level areas as a random effect, was used to assess differences in mean length of unburnt tobacco in the butts. A total of 6,262 cigarette butts and separate filters were collected, of which 3,509 (56.0%) were measurable manufactured cigarette butts, 1,069 were unmeasurable manufactured butts, 1,450 were RYO butts, and 236 were RYO filters. The RYO butts were not measured because of the extent of their degradation. The unburnt tobacco lengths in manufactured cigarette butts were significantly shorter in the most deprived areas, relative to the least deprived areas (p = .035). Deformed manufactured cigarette butts (i.e., that potentially were stubbed out) showed the same pattern (p = .011 between the most and least deprived areas). We found no significant difference between deprivation areas in the proportion of RYO material found. The shorter mean unburnt tobacco length in the most deprived areas is consistent with more intensive smoking among smokers in those areas. This finding is consistent with other evidence of increased price sensitivity among poorer smokers, and with basic economic theory. Further evidence on observed smoking behavior in the field is necessary to better interpret these preliminary findings.