Search

New Zealand's structural development has been dominated for the last generation by a strongly neoliberal, market-focused orientation. The country has signed several neoliberal free trade agreements, and for long periods largely abandoned active or strategic industry policy. It has seen the steady decline of manufacturing as a proportion of total production and of higher value manufacturing as a proportion of exports, and failed to significantly diversify its exports, retaining high dependence on a few primary commodity exports. Productivity performance has been notably poor. The Labour-led government elected in 2017 has demonstrated its willingness to at least partly break with neoliberal precepts in other policy areas; this commentary surveys its approach to date in industrial and trade policy reforms, and the role of unions in these developments. There are initial promising steps but the free trade agreements place significant restraints on what is possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article first briefly describes pre-Covid-19 support for workers who lose their jobs in New Zealand, then outlines and evaluates the government response to potential and actual job loss in the Covid-19 emergency. The main response was a wage subsidy. Some aspects of it were highly effective; others were problematic and tolerable only because it was a crisis and temporary. It demonstrated the systemic weaknesses in New Zealand's support for displaced workers. The article finally considers what is needed to prepare New Zealand better for times of job loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fingolimod is indicated for the treatment of patients with the relapsing‐remitting form of multiple sclerosis. The primary study objective was to evaluate the bioequivalence of a test formulation, 0.5 mg fingolimod HCl capsule (Lebrina, Asofarma Sociedad Anónima Industrial y Comercial, Argentina) relative to a reference formulation, 0.5 mg fingolimod capsule (Gilenya, Novartis Pharmaceutical, Australia). In a single‐center, randomized, single‐dose, single‐blinded, 2‐way crossover study, 33 New Zealand healthy subjects of both sexes were enrolled to receive a 0.5‐mg dose of 3 capsules of each fingolimod formulation under fasting conditions, with a 42‐day washout period between administrations. Additional pharmacokinetic information regarding its main active metabolite, fingolimod phosphate, was also provided. The point estimate and 90% confidence intervals of the ratios of maximum concentration and area under the plasma concentration–time curve from time 0 to 72 hours were 99.07 (95.83‐102.41) and 97.64 (95.33‐100.00) for fingolimod, and 95.60 (90.95‐100.49) and 98.54 (96.19‐100.96), for fingolimod phosphate. Primary parameters, maximum concentration and area under the plasma concentration–time curve from time 0 to 72 hours for fingolimod and fingolimod phosphate were found to have no significant difference when test and reference formulations were compared. Fingolimod and fingolimod phosphate of both formulations were within the accepted 90% confidence interval limits of 80.00% and 125.00%. No significant differences between the test and reference drug products were detected in any of the pharmacokinetic parameters estimated. Notwithstanding the primary conclusion of bioequivalence is focused on the measurement of the parent compound, compliance with the same criteria by the active metabolite reinforces the comparability between the pharmacokinetic profiles of both formulations (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03757338). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the plan of the Ministry of Social Development (MSD) to use the Investment Approach government social policy to use it on other social services in New Zealand.

The article presents an overview of the income inequality of men and women in New Zealand. The topics discussed include the crucial roles of salaries and wages in the income inequality in the country, the attributing factors of the greatest income inequality extremes, and the rise of income inequality cases in the country.

Geothermal, as a source of renewable energy (power and heating), has the potential to meet 3-5% of global demand by 2050. For some high-temperature reservoirs, a technical challenge that may constrain deployment is ground subsidence caused by reservoir pressure decline. At the Wairakei-Tauhara geothermal system in New Zealand, an integrated geotechnical-geoscientific investigation of the causes of local subsidence anomalies (up to 15 m, accumulated over 50 years) has successfully identified and modelled the factors, mechanisms and processes involved. Zones of hydrothermally altered porous sediments and clays, at up to 400 m depth, display inelastic deformation behaviour, yielding to a highly compressible state once subjected to a fluid pressure decline. Monitoring shows that pressure dissipates slowly through these low-permeability capping formations. Adaptive management involves continued monitoring of subsidence rates, and sampling, analysis and predictive modelling where necessary. Simulation modelling indicates that long-term mitigation can be achieved by sustaining pressures through targeted shallow injection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Drill-hole temperature and stratigraphic datasets from the Wairakei geothermal field were used for geostatistical predictions using Kriging. In order to adequately constrain Kriging models, anisotropy and trends associated with temperature and stratigraphy were studied using standard variogram analysis, in combination with new regional and local structural data, revised gravity, and available geoscientific and reservoir data. This combined analysis lead to the incorporation of horizontal anisotropy (horizontal to vertical correlation ranging from 8:1 for regional stratigraphic units to 4:1 for local rhyolite bodies) in the case of stratigraphic models and variable anisotropy in the case of temperature models. In the latter, the variable anisotropy was represented by two end members: an isotropic model (horizontal to vertical correlation of 1:1) representative of depths >2000mGL, and an anisotropic model (horizontal to vertical correlation of 3:1) representative of depths <1000mGL. Kriging models of temperature also incorporated a vertical trend which is a combination of two end members at Wairakei: Boiling-Depth-Point Curve (convective) and linear (conductive). The Kriging models succeeded in identifying the primary geological controls on temperature distribution: major upflows largely controlled by structures at depth (>1000m depth) and shallow (<1000m depth) outflows stratigraphically channelled through formation contacts and rhyolite edges. A combination of stratigraphy and faults explain local cold downflows in shallow (750–1000m depth) parts of the field. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Community capacity building (CCB) is held up as a benchmark for sustainable health promotion, reflecting the empowering discourse of the Ottawa Charter (). In light of concerns that this language may be that of the presiding bureaucratic elite rather than the realities of those working directly with communities (), we question whether CCB reflects the work of New Zealand health promoters. The aim of this study is to assess what CCB means to health promoters and how relevant it is to their work in New Zealand. Focus groups and interviews were carried out with 64 health promoters between January 2008 and March 2009. The results of this qualitative study indicated that, while the terminology of CCB is poorly established in New Zealand, the overwhelming majority of participants felt that, to be an effective health promoter, they needed the buy-in and support of the communities in which they work. As a result, community-driven approaches have emerged as a core component of good health promotion practice in New Zealand. Yet, the concept of CCB was applied loosely with health promoters adopting language and practices corresponding more with the nuances of community development. The limited use of systematic approaches to building community capacity was accompanied by few successes achieving sustainable health promotion programmes. In prioritising community relationships many health promoters were placed in an ideological bind whereby achieving community ownership over health promotion meant compromising the evidence base of their programmes. Academic discussions of CCB appear to have gained little traction into the realm of health promotion practice in New Zealand highlighting the need for relevant research with a strong grounding in practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article the authors discuss media ownership patterns associated with radio in New Zealand. The authors mention that there were 157 radio stations of which over 87 were owned by three companies including New Zealand Radio Network, Radio Pacific, and Energy Enterprises Inc. in 1996. They say that the Gisborne Media which runs two stations was bought by RadioWorks Inc. in February 2005. They add that the only independent national network was Radio Pacific.

The name "Ohakuri" has been applied both formation and group names to surface deposits and deeply buried deposits recorded in geothermal drillholes in central Taupo Volcanic Zone (TVZ) of New Zealand. surface deposits are dated at 240 ± 10 ka (1 SD) and sequences that postdate the 320-340 ka Whakamaru group ignimbrites, whereas the buried deposits demonstrably predate the Whakamaru group ignimbrites. The Ohakuri Formation is here redefined to refer only to the surface deposits, which are also reinterpreted to be composed predominantly of primary pyroclastic deposits (mostly ignimbrite with minor intercalated fall and secondary mass-flow deposits). The term Waikora Formation has been used interchangeably with the term Ohakuri Group in geothermal drill core logs, but was originally defined to cover only pre-Whakamaru sedimentary units containing abundant rounded greywacke clasts. We recommend three terms be used: Waikora Formation, which retains its original usage, Tahorakuri Formation (new) for the other volcaniclastic and sedimentary deposits between the Whakamaru group ignimbrites and the greywacke basement, and Reporoa Group (new) as an overall term for all subsurface pre-Whakamaru lavas and deposits previously and collectively referred to by the name Ohakuri Group. The Reporoa Group thus includes the Waikora Tahorakuri Formations, plus numerous other locally named thick ignimbrites and lava flows between the Whakamaru group ignimbrites and the greywacke basement. The term Ohakuri Group should be abandoned [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents the maximum likelihood estimators of the Bayesian approach applied on horse-racing in New Zealand. Use of Bayesian estimators for zero-one, linear and quadratic loss functions; Estimate of horses taking part in the race; Calculation of the estimators.

The article presents a previously unpublished document written by Frederick Revans Chapman just prior to his becoming President of the Court of Arbitration in New Zealand in 1903. While serving as a judge and chairman of the Conciliation Board in Dunedin, New Zealand, Chapman expresses his views on the New Zealand system of industrial conciliation and arbitration. The details of initial conciliation hearings and the appeal process to the Arbitration Court are provided. The author argues that the system has been effective in doing away with strikes for any trade that is represented by a union.

Focuses on the relationship between family size and income in New Zealand. Analysis of income distribution ; Determination of weekly earnings; Role of households in economic conditions.

This article presents abstracts of several papers about economics published in the December 1964 issue of the journal Economic Record. In the article New Zealand Economic Survey, August 1964, W. Rosenberg attempted to illustrate by the example of New Zealand in 1964 the Prebisch thesis that there exists a permanent tendency in the post-war world for the terms of trade to move against primary exporters. In the article Import Substitution, B. D. Cameron examined methods of handling imports in input-output models.

• First dates for host rocks of largest geothermal field in central TVZ. • U-Pb and U-Th zircon ages range from 1.65 million to 60 thousand years. • The modern Wairakei-Tauhara geothermal system was probably initiated at ca. 60 ka. • Zircon ages plus new stratigraphy constrain major volcano-tectonic events. The central part of the Taupo Volcanic Zone (TVZ), New Zealand, is notable for the number (23) and size of its high-temperature geothermal systems. Of these, the Wairakei-Tauhara geothermal system collectively represents the largest commercially developed example. Natural thermal output prior to utilisation, i.e. before 1950 was ∼530 MW. Since 1950, drilling of over 300 closely spaced wells for power generation has provided geological data for a comprehensive stratigraphic framework. Within this framework, the strata are dominantly rhyolitic pyroclastic rocks and lava bodies, with interbedded fluvial and lacustrine deposits. Until now, no subsurface units had been directly dated and their ages were constrained only by their positions relative to the surficial 25.4 ka Oruanui ignimbrite, or to buried ignimbrite that is correlated with the 349 ka Whakamaru Group. This paper presents 33 suites of U-Pb age data and a limited number of reconnaissance U-Th disequilibrium age data from magmatic zircon crystals (zircons) to date the rocks of the Wairakei-Tauhara system. The oldest units dated are intermediate lavas from ca. 1.7 Ma, while the youngest locally vented eruptives of Tauhara dacite are tentatively dated to ca. 60 ka. Placing the age data within the established drillhole record allows for the recognition of major volcano-tectonic events and spatially clustered local volcanism that represents magmatic heat sources for geothermal activity within the Wairakei-Tauhara area. In contrast to the Rotokawa and Ngatamariki geothermal systems 10–20 km to the northeast, the Wairakei-Tauhara area was affected by two episodes of caldera collapse associated with deposits dated at 349 ka and 310 ka, leading to major faulting and abrupt variations in thicknesses of units. The faulting and deposit thickness variations established in these two events remain major controls on present-day permeability of the geothermal system. The new age data and stratigraphy demonstrate development of distinct magma systems through time which may have stimulated previous periods of hydrothermal activity. However, from zircon age data from the rhyolite-andesite mixed Tauhara dacite, we propose that the current geothermal system was initiated at ca. 60 ka and is thermally maintained by continuing contributions from the same magmatic system that has sporadically vented distinctive rhyolite since. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author reflects on the International Geographical Union meeting held in Waiheke, New Zealand. He points out that the Waiheke meeting has captured the essence of previous commission meetings. He emphasizes the importance of these meetings in developing ideas, spawning new collaborations, as well as creating new and renewed international bonds of friendships. He encourages people to take advantage of the formalities and informalities that can be found by participating in a commisson meeting.

The most powerful category of explosive volcanic eruptions, called "ultraplinian," was proposed in 1980 on the basis of the distribution of a single pyroclastic fall product of one phase of the 1800a Taupo eruption in New Zealand. Dispersal data, a measure of the "footprint" of the deposit, were used subsequently to estimate eruption plume heights of 50-51 km, more than 10 km higher than observed or estimated for any historical Plinian eruption. Today, this unit remains the only deposit to have met the rigorous ultraplinian dispersal criteria, and it is an important and widely cited exemplar in physical volcanology. The earlier study was based on total thicknesses for the entire bed and grain-size data across that full thickness. We have now subdivided this bed into 26 subunits and measured their individual thicknesses and selected maximum clast sizes. Our data show that the apparent large footprint of this bed is an artifact of a previously unrecognized shift in the wind field during the eruption, rather than extreme eruptive vigor. Our study demonstrates the dangers of applying full-thickness approaches to even seemingly uniform fall deposits. The results throw into some doubt the need for the term ultraplinian, at least for this deposit. With the revision of plume heights for the Taupo ultraplinian, a height range of 35-40 km may be practical for use as an upper limit for source parameters in models of transport and dispersal of volcanic ash. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spatial and temporal distributions of volcaniclastic deposits in arc-related basins refl ect a complex interplay between tectonic, volcanic, and magmatic processes that is typically difficult to unravel. We take advantage of comprehensive geothermal drill hole stratigraphic records within the Taupo- Reporoa Basin (TRB), and integrate them with new 40Ar/39Ar age determinations, existing age data, and new mapping to develop a four-dimensional model of basin evolution in the central Taupo Volcanic Zone (TVZ), New Zealand. Here, exceptional rhyolitic productivity and high rates of extensional tectonism have resulted in the formation of at least eight calderas and two subparallel, northeast-trending rift basins, each of which is currently subsiding at 3 to 4 mm/yr: the Taupo fault belt (TFB) to the northwest and the TRB to the southeast (the main subject of this paper). The basins are separated in the northeast by a high-standing, fault-controlled range termed the Paeroa block, which is the focus of mapping for this study, and in the southwest by an along strike alignment of smaller scale faults and an associated region of lower relief. Stratigraphic age constraints within the Paeroa block indicate that a single basin (~120 km long by 60 km wide) existed within the central TVZ until 339 ± 5 ka (Paeroa Subgroup eruption age), and it is inferred to have drained to the west through a narrow and deep constriction, the presentday Ongaroto Gorge. Stratigraphic evidence and field relationships imply that development of the Paeroa block occurred within 58 ± 26 k.y. of Paeroa Subgroup emplacement, but in two stages. The northern Paeroa block underwent uplift and associated tilting first, followed by the southern Paeroa block. Elevations (>500 m above sea level) of lacustrine sediments within the southern Paeroa block are consistent with elevations of rhyolite lavas in the Ongaroto Gorge, the outlet to the paleolake in which these sediments were deposited, and indicate that the Paeroa block has remained relatively stable since development. East of the Paeroa block, stratigraphic relationships show that movement along the Kaingaroa Fault zone, the eastern boundary of the central TVZ, is associated with volcano- tectonic events. Stratigraphic and age data are consistent with rapid formation of the paired TRB and TFB at 339 ± 5 ka, and indicate that gradual, secular rifting is punctuated by volcano-tectonic episodes from time to time. Both processes influence basin evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]