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Background setting: The presumption that family violence will repeat and escalate is embedded in practices including risk assessment and case management. However, there is limited evidence that further episodes are inevitable, or that subsequent episodes will increase in severity. Therefore, we need to better understand temporal patterns in aggressor behavior to inform how risk is conceptualized in practice. Methods: For a sample of 2115 family violence aggressors who came to police attention in Integrated Safety Response catchment areas in Aotearoa New Zealand, we collected information New Zealand Police routinely recorded about reported harm between 2018 and 2020. We used a hidden Markov model to estimate the latent (i.e., unmeasurable) states behind the information reported to police, and modeled aggressors' movement between those states over time. Results: We identified three latent states. The first contained low or no reported harm, the second contained low probabilities of reported harm, and the third involved a high probability of reported verbal abuse and a moderate probability of reported physical violence. We identified four pathways through the latent states over the two-year follow-up period, which we called No reported harm, High reported harm, Low reported harm, and De-escalation. Conclusions: The findings add to the body of research indicating that family violence aggressors do not inevitably repeat or escalate their harmful behavior, and that a small subset of cases account for a large proportion of reported harm. This study demonstrates how information that police routinely collect can be used to estimate aggressors' latent behavioral states and model pathways communicating the probability that they will continue to come to police attention for family violence, contributing to improved risk assessment and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Applied linguists have increasingly focused on how the lives of English language teachers and learners are shaped by race and its intersections with other marginalized identities (e.g. Von Esch et al, 2020). Curiously overlooked, however, are the experiences of one particularly stigmatized group in English‐majority countries: Muslim women veiled in niqab or hijab. In a global climate wary of displays of Muslim identity, such women are particularly visible, misunderstood and disproportionately targeted. The present study explored ESL classroom‐based experiences of Islamophobia in the stories of twelve Saudi women sojourning in New Zealand. Presented here are stories related to encounters with classmates that were perceived by the women to be hostile or discriminatory. Analysis included a focus on recurring features of interactional conduct, which were interpreted as expressions of underlying discourses and ideologies. Among other findings, the women reported condescending interrogations of their lives and Muslim identities, with appeals to discourses such as that of 'imperiled Muslim women'. Also reported were incidents of verbal aggression, whether bald or masked as 'joking'. While arguing for tolerance, the authors urge the importance of recognizing, monitoring and addressing classroom‐based Islamophobia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surfing's popularity has seen substantial growth over the last 50 years, resulting in an increased number of surfers worldwide. With a greater number of individuals in the water, many surf breaks have become overcrowded, thus leading to management issues. At these crowded locations, some local surfers are protective and maintain ownership over a site or break through the practice of localism. Localism may produce aggressive behaviour, including verbal abuse, damage to property and violent confrontations. Previous studies on localism have mainly focused on residents' perceptions of tourists and newcomers. To further our understanding of the relationships and social interactions between local surfers and outsiders, the following research draws on the experience of 94 foreign participants who travelled to New Zealand with a surfing tour operator. Based on a participant observation and informal interviews conducted from 2011 to 2016, this paper reflects on experiences of outsiders at seven New Zealand surfing locations. The argument draws on the neo-tribal understanding of surfing and localism in reflecting on the concepts of masculinity and intersectionality, as well as in exploring Durkheim's theory of social organization. This paper concludes that localism is an expression of a coercive social structure belonging to the global, yet heterogeneous, surf community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There continues to be a rising incidence of violence and aggression within healthcare settings; this is neither new nor surprising. What is (or should be) surprising, is the level of acceptance with which we approach the elements that contribute to this. A significant number of events are reported but there seems little doubt that an even greater number go unreported. The reasons for this are complex, and the responses equally so. What needs to be considered, however, is the impact of a continuing workplace culture where certain aspects of violence have become normalised; where, as a profession, emergency nurses have accepted and, by default condoned the actions that contribute to this. A review of the conceptual and practical aspects associated with this topic are briefly presented, to raise awareness and stimulate further discussion. Why are nurses willing to accept so much, and how bad do things need to get before we are prepared to make changes? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study documents the lifetime and 12-month prevalence and overlap of psychological/emotional, physical, and sexual intimate partner violence (IPV) reported by a representative sample of New Zealand women. Use of controlling behaviors by women's current or most recent intimate partner was also explored. The results indicated that 55% of ever-partnered women had experienced any IPV in their lifetime: 33% had experienced more than one type of IPV (usually psychological/emotional violence and physical and/or sexual violence), and 22% had experienced one type of IPV. Use of controlling behaviors by the woman's current or most recent partner was associated with partner's use of physical or sexual violence. Implications are discussed at the population level, for service providers, and for future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Women who are verbally abused by their intimate male partners suffer serious mental health consequences and often experience physical violence in their relationship. Despite the importance of studying verbal abuse, no previous research has investigated the specific content of the insults men use to derogate their partners. We present the development and initial validation of a new measure designed to assess the specific content of insults used by men against their intimate partners. In a preliminary study, we used feedback from battered women, along with a review of the relevant literature, to identify specific insults for inclusion in the Partner-Directed Insults Scale (PDIS). We administered the PDIS to a sample of United States participants (Study 1) and a sample of New Zealand participants (Study 2), allowing for a cross-national investigation of the specific insults that men use to derogate their partners. The results demonstrate the practical need for such a scale and provide evidence for the discriminant validity of the PDIS by documenting that men's use of insults predicts their use of controlling behaviors and physical violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]