Search

The essay focuses on New York State penitentiaries and mentions racial differences and gendered ideologies of violence in the penitentiaries. Topics discussed include history of violence against women prisoners, violence against black women and immigrant white women and racism in punishment. Other topics such as criminal reforms are also mentioned.

Detailed crown condition information, including numbers of broken branches ≥5 cm diameter, broken tops, and healthy branches, were recorded for 5434 living trees >9 cm dbh from 603 ten-basal-area-factor prism plots (three per forest stand) at 201 random points (stands) throughout the ice damage region of northern New York State. Twenty five percent of the sample stands had ≥20% branch breakage. Bigtooth aspen, red oak, red maple, and white pine had the most breakage. Comparison of potential mortality of trees associated with ≥75% ice damage (severe damage) to baseline (predicted) mortality to maintain the existing forest structure suggests that ice damage may alter the health of 18% of the forest stands but this is not sufficient to alter the health (sustainability) of the larger forest system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Damage from the 1998 ice storm was evaluated on 50 plot clusters (1667 trees) in northern New York. For seven of the 10 most dominant species, observed diameter distributions fit those predicted by the best fit negative exponential model according to Chi-square analysis (χ² α = 0.05). The lack of fit for Pinus resinosa, Fraxinus nigra and Tsuga canadensis was attributed to plantation management, variable flooding regimes and harvesting practices, respectively. Trees were then removed from the distributions based on the severity of the ice storm damage. Acer saccharum and Populus tremuloides distributions became significantly different from negative exponential, indicating a possible change in population structure that could impact forest succession. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New York State provides institutional aid to nonpublic institutions of higher learning within the context of its constitutional prohibitions against aid to denominational institutions. To qualify for state aid, New York's private colleges and universities must prove they are constitutionally eligible, a process which has prompted extensive self-evaluation and frequently some changes by many of those institutions with traditional religious affiliation. State aid administrators have chosen to restrict their constitutional approach to state standards and ignore the United States Supreme Court's tripartite standards articulated in Lemon v. Kurtzman, as modified by the Tilton-Hunt-Roemer decisions. The state law has been cautiously and diplomatically administered, but the possibility of future state "entanglement" with church-related institutions remains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]