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This study aimed to define better the clinical presentation, fracture patterns, and features predictive of associated injuries and need for surgery in pediatric facial trauma patients in an urban setting. Charts of patients 18 years or younger with International Classification of Disease 9th and 10th revision (ICD-9/ICD-10) codes specific for facial fractures (excluding isolated nasal fractures) at NY-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center between 2008 and 2017 were retrospectively reviewed. Of 204 patients, most were referred to the emergency department by a physician's office or self-presented. Children (age 0–6 years) were most likely to have been injured by falls, while more patients 7 to 12 years and 13 to 18 years were injured during sporting activities ( p  < 0.0001). Roughly half (50.5%) of the patients had a single fracture, and the likelihood of surgery increased with greater numbers of fractures. Older patients with either orbital or mandibular fractures were more likely to undergo surgery than younger ones ( p  = 0.0048 and p  = 0.0053, respectively). Cranial bone fractures, CSF leaks, and intracranial injuries were more common in younger patients ( p  < 0.0001) than older patients and were more likely after high energy injuries; however, 16.2% of patients sustaining low energy injuries also sustained cranial bone, CSF leak, or intracranial injury. In an urban environment, significant pediatric facial fractures and associated injuries may occur after nonclassic low kinetic energy traumatic events. The age of the patient impacts both the injuries sustained and the treatment rendered. It is essential to maintain a high index of suspicion for associated injuries in all pediatric facial trauma patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent studies show that 85% of women have changed their traveled routes to avoid harassment and assault. Despite this, current mapping tools do not empower users with information to take charge of their personal safety. We propose SafeRoute, a novel solution to the problem of navigating cities and avoiding street harassment and crime. Unlike other street navigation applications, SafeRoute introduces a new type of path generation via deep reinforcement learning. This enables us to successfully optimize for multi-criteria path-finding and incorporate representation learning within our framework. Our agent learns to pick favorable streets to create a safe and short path with a reward function that incorporates safety and efficiency. Given access to recent crime reports in many urban cities, we train our model for experiments in Boston, New York, and San Francisco. We test our model on areas of these cities, specifically the populated downtown regions with high foot traffic. We evaluate SafeRoute and successfully improve over state-of-the-art methods by up to 17% in local average distance from crimes while decreasing path length by up to 7%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data on building energy use for large and dense cities is not yet available at adequate spatial and temporal scales. The energy consumption from buildings significantly influences the local climate and this impact is not adequately integrated into regional or local scale weather models. The primary objective of his study is to understand and map building energy consumption and quantify its impact on the urban environment; here, New York City (NYC) is used as a test case. The project involved a detailed classification of buildings in NYC using a high-resolution landuse/landcover dataset. The customized classification was then coupled with a single building energy model (SBEM) to estimate the building energy use. The developed model matched the annual energy use of NYC within 5% of the observed value. Coupled energy simulations were then performed with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. The results show that heat released from building's heating and air conditioning system during extreme heat events can be as high as 18% of the overall available energy. Finally, a comparison between the average annual energy use, the urban heat island intensity (UHI) and the landcover/landuse fraction for various parcels during extreme heat events indicated that neighborhoods surrounding the highly-commercialized zones were disproportionately impacted by high UHI values. The increase was related to advection of heat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban ecological history can give us a fascinating glimpse into the sometimes completely obscured natural past right under our noses. It is also an effective vehicle for reconnecting people with their urban environment. Interdisciplinary artist Edmund Mooney uses eco-history as an invitation to walk into New York City, against the grid, with an eye and an ear to land and water features long erased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Objective: To evaluate the association between adult individuals' body mass index (BMI) and characteristics of parks (size and cleanliness) in an urban environment taking into account the physical and social environments of the neighborhood. Methods: Cross-sectional, hierarchical linear models were used to determine whether park effects were associated with BMI using self-reported height and weight data obtained from the Community Health Survey in New York City (2002–2006). Results: Both the proportion of the residential zip code that was large park space and the proportion that was small park space had significant inverse associations with BMI after controlling for individual socio-demographic and zip code built environment characteristics (−0.20 BMI units across the inter-quartile range (IQR) for large parks, 95% CI −0.32, −0.08; −0.21 BMI units across the IQR for small parks, 95% CI −0.31, −0.10, respectively). Poorer scores on the park cleanliness index were associated with higher BMI, 0.18 BMI units across the IQR of the park cleanliness index (95% CI 0.05, 0.30). Conclusions: This study demonstrated that proportion of neighborhoods that was large or small park space and park cleanliness were associated with lower BMI among NYC adults after adjusting for other neighborhood features such as homicides and walkability, characteristics that could influence park usage. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article discusses how the paradigm of cooperation, rather than competition, emerging in the field of ecology in the mid-20th century gave urban intellectuals in New York City a new way to frame the city's social issues. In particular, the publication of the work of nature writer Rachel Carson in "The New Yorker" magazine is seen as encouraging the rise of urban and community ecology, which in turn fueled the work of urban activists like Jane Jacobs, whose 1961 book "The Death and Life of Great American Cities" opposed the destruction of neighborhoods through urban renewal.

The article discusses African American geographies and bodies on Northern urban public transportation from 1915 to 1940. The article focuses on public transportation in the cities of Chicago, Illinois and New York. The author explains that public transportation forced African Americans to share a space with whites. The frequency with which African Americans used public transportation in New York following the 1935 Harlem riot is addressed. The author argues that public transportation helped to breach communal geographical boundaries and test individual physical boundaries.

We examine New York's SoHo and Chelsea districts for evidence of how art and place interact over time. More specifically, we trace the decline of New York's SoHo as a gallery district and the concomitant rise of nearby Chelsea, concluding that such a transition cannot simply be explained, as it usually is, by rises in property rents that ‘force out’ the art. Of equal significance, and following a different trajectory, is the change in art prices — particularly for the kind of art with which these places have been in reciprocal relation. A final factor in determining neighborhood fates is how difficult or easy it is to reassemble social scenes from one place to another. We show how artifact specifics, including their shape, form and aesthetic appeal, conjoin with property markets and scene sociality to affect urban morphology. Résumé Dans le cadre des recherches consacrées aux liens entre économie créative et processus urbains, cet article s'intéresse à la manière dont art et lieu interagissent sur le long terme dans les quartiers new-yorkais de Soho et Chelsea. Plus précisément, il retrace le déclin de Soho en tant que haut-lieu des galeries et l'ascension simultanée du quartier voisin de Chelsea devenu un marché d'art. On ne peut se contenter de l'explication habituelle de cette transition, selon laquelle l'augmentation des loyers a ‘expulsé’ l'art. Sur un même plan, quoique sur un axe différent, se trouve l'évolution du prix des œuvres – en particulier dans le type d'art auquel ces lieux ont été associés réciproquement –, évolution qui se reflète sur l'occupation des terrains. Ce qui influe également sur le destin de ces quartiers est la plus ou moins grande difficultéà reconstituer les scènes sociales d'un lieu à l'autre. L'article montre comment les spécificités des objets d'art, qu'il s'agisse de leur valeur financière ou de leur forme, se combinent aux marchés immobiliers et à la nature sociale des scènes pour modifier la morphologie urbaine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the work of four documentary photographers: Gordon Parks, Helen Levitt, Walter Rosenblum and Jerome Liebling. During the late-1930s and 1940s, they photographed, in unique ways, the children and adolescents living in New York City. Their distinctive forms of street photography explore a sub-terrain of attitudes about child behaviour in an urban environment. The study is based upon interviews conducted by the author and a close examination of the work of the photographers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the picture of New York City during 1930's as captured by real property survey of the city, done by a governmental body, Works Progress Administration. This survey was divided into two systematic projects of documentary photography. One of these, Berenice Abbott's Changing New York, is well known. It produced over 300 views of a rapidly changing urban environment. The second major photographic portrait of the city during the Great Depression also records the changing cityspace, but this is generally unknown. It is comprised of over 700 000 black and white photographs depicting every real state in the city. The purpose of this project, named as "Real Property Tax Card Record System for the City of New York," was to collect and record information about every piece of real estate in the city in order to assess and levy property taxes in an equitable manner. These photographic collections now serve as one of the most interesting record of the history and the tax photographs are used by architects, historic preservationists, historians and film consultants as documentary evidence of the state of the building and the state of the city during 1930 and 1940.

The article discusses the aerial photography and psychogeographic view of a situationist-inspired map of imaginary New York City containing digital collages by graduate student Melissa Schultheis. It states that the inspiration is drawn from a psychogeographic map 'The Naked City' by Guy Debord and Asgar Jorn who mapped how Paris, France was rationalizing urban space after World War II. It states that Schultheis's map is based on revolutionary energy in the U.S. including Black Lives Matter.