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Using a new propagation measurement set-up, which produces a high number of data, enabling a proper statistical analysis, and resulting in very concise results, propagation measurements were performed and analyzed at 16 residential locations in The Netherlands in the frequency range from 1.8 to 28 MHz. In the whole frequency range the propagation loss appears to be higher than might be expected according the International Telecommunication Union ground-wave propagation model. Also typical characteristics of that model are not present, but instead the propagation shows a constant roll-off in dBs per decade, with a slope increasing with frequency. A regression curve could be established, and constants filled in. This statistical information may be used for building an accumulation model to lay a causality between source powers, source densities, and local man-made noise levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Commercial microwave links are installed and maintained for the purpose of telecommunication. Hydrometeors between transmitting and receiving antennas cause the microwave signal to be attenuated. From signal attenuation, the path-averaged rainfall intensity can be calculated. A 7-month dataset of instantaneously logged signal powers from almost 2000 unique links in the Netherlands is analyzed. Rainfall intensities are calculated with the RAINLINK package with a novel preprocessing module, enabling the package to be applied on instantaneously logged data from now on. Rainfall intensities per link are validated with the path-averaged rainfall intensities according to a gauge-adjusted radar product. Both the overall performance and the dependence of errors on link characteristics and measurement conditions are evaluated. The coefficient of variation decreases from 3.70 to 2.32 and the correlation increases from 0.30 to 0.63 from instantaneous to daily estimates of rainfall accumulations. The coefficient of variation is also smaller during heavy rainfall. Errors are largest for pathlengths shorter than 2 km, for observations during the late night and early morning, and for observations during colder months (when solid or melting precipitation could occur and dew is more likely to form on the antennas). Comparison of our results with those of earlier studies shows that minimum/maximum sampling (widely employed in network management systems) outperforms instantaneous sampling regarding detection of both quantity and occurrence of rain at a 15-min sampling rate in the Dutch climate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]