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The Polish school education system makes a distinction between two types of assessment: (1) Intra-school or internal assessment; and (2) External assessment. The idea of introducing external examinations into the Polish school education system emerged in 1992. This was directly inspired by study visits to the United Kingdom and the Netherlands undertaken by the Ministry of National Education staff during which we familiarised ourselves with European external examination systems. This paper discusses the objectives, organization, and use of results of the national testing of pupils in Poland. This paper contains the following parts: (1) General Overview of Pupil Assessment; (2) Historical Background to National Testing and its Political Framework; (3) Aims and Organizations of National Testing; and (4) Impact of National Testing.