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Positive and negative parental affect influence developing parent--child attachment relationships, especially during infancy as well as children's social--emotional, academic, and behavioral functioning later in life. Increasingly, because both mothers and fathers can play central caregiving roles, the parenting qualities of both parents demand consideration. Therefore, this study investigated whether parental gender and caregiving role were associated with mothers' and fathers' positive affect and negative affect during interactions with their 4-month-old firstborn infant, while determining whether parenting stress, infant temperament, having a singleton/twin, and living in the Netherlands, France, or the United Kingdom were related to parental positive affect and negative affect. In all, 135 different-sex, same-sex male, and same-sex female couples (113 fathers and 157 mothers, comprising 147 primary, and 123 secondary caregivers) who conceived through artificial reproductive techniques were studied. The couples were videorecorded at home while in feeding, cleaning, and playing contexts to assess the levels of positive and negative parental affect. In addition, the couples completed questionnaires about their caregiving role, parenting stress, and the infants' temperament. Mixed linear models indicated that the levels of positive and negative parental affect toward the infant in all contexts were not related to parental gender, caregiving role, the interaction between parental gender and caregiving role, parenting stress, infant temperament, or singleton/twin status. However, the target parental behaviors were related to the country of origin, suggesting differences among Dutch, French, and British parents. Overall, we found no evidence that gender or caregiving roles were associated with the levels of positive and negative affect shown by the parents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research shows that parents have a strong influence on the party preferences of their children. Yet little is known about how such preferences are transmitted in multiparty systems with weak party identification and high electoral volatility. We propose a model of intergenerational transmission that includes both direct effects of parents' party preferences on those of their children, as well as indirect effects through left-right and issue positions. We test this model with original survey data of Dutch adolescents (14-20 years old) and their parents (N = 751 adolescent-parent pairs). We find two paths through which parents exert influence on the party preferences of their adolescent children. On the first path, parental party preferences function as a direct predictor of adolescent party preferences. On the second path, adolescent left-right and issue positions function as a mediator between parental left-right and issue positions and adolescent party preferences, with the effect of left-right positions being stronger than that of issue positions. The frequency with which adolescents discuss political topics with their parents moderates these effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) availability affect plant sexual reproduction performance. Seed as the main product of sexual reproduction is expected to be affected by N and P availability in parent plant. We experimentally test how parental N:P stoichiometry affected seed characteristics and performance of two grassland species. Seeds of a common species (Holcus lanatus) and an endangered species (Parnassia palustris) were collected from parent plants under two different N:P ratio growth conditions in a grassland reserve in the Netherlands. We measured the following traits of the two species from the two parental N:P ratio growth conditions: seed N concentration and content, seed P concentration and content, seed length, seed area, seed weight, seed germination, and offspring survival. No significant inter-location difference was found in seed weight of the collected seeds for either of the two species. However, the stronger P-limited conditions at the locations of the parent plants affected seed length and seed area negatively in H. lanatus and positively in P. palustris. Stronger P-limited conditions also decreased seed P concentration and content and increased seed N:P ratio of H. lanatus, but no inter-location nutrient difference was found in seeds of P. palustris. Surprisingly, contrary to what could be expected from seed P concentration and content there was no inter-location difference in seed germination for H. lanatus. For P. palustris, stronger P-limited conditions in the parental environment significantly enhanced seed germination, whereas stronger P-limited conditions in the offspring environment decreased offspring survival, suggesting that P limitation may negatively affect P. palustris rejuvenation. Our results suggest the possibility of different influences of parental N:P ratio and especially of P limitation on seed characteristics and performance of a common and an endangered species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Research has increased our understanding of the parental factors associated with the initiation and development of cannabis use disorder in adolescents, but few studies about this have been performed in middle- or low-income countries. Objective: First, to examine whether perceived past parental drug use, parental monitoring, and attitude toward adolescent cannabis use are associated with general and problematic cannabis use in Chilean adolescents. Second, to explore whether perceived past parental drug use weakens the associations of protective factors with general and problematic adolescent cannabis use. Methods: Regression analyses were performed on cross-sectional data from a multistage probabilistic sample stratified by clusters (municipalities, school and grade) of 43,060 students (47% male, mean age 15.5 years) from grades 8 to 12, which was collected from the Chilean National School Survey on Drug Use (2013). Results: Perceived past parental drug use increased the likelihood of adolescent cannabis use in general, but not its problematic use. Parental monitoring of adolescents' whereabouts and parental opposition to adolescent cannabis use decreased the likelihood of adolescent cannabis use in general, as well as problematic use. Perceived past parental drug use only interacted with parental monitoring of school activities. Conclusions: In line with research from the United States, the Netherlands and Spain, parental monitoring of adolescents' whereabouts and a strong parental opposition to cannabis use appear to be protective factors, irrespective of past parental use. However, the effectiveness of monitoring adolescents' school activities seems to decrease when parents are perceived as having used drugs in the past. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radicalization of young people might be influenced by the way parents react towards the development of political or religious ideals. However, these reactions have hardly been explored. This study aimed to discover how parents reacted to the development of extreme ideals, and why they responded in the way that they did. To gain knowledge about the influence of parents on adolescents who developed extreme ideals, 82 in-depth interviews were held with adolescents and young adults who held extreme ideals. Interviews were also held with the parents or siblings of each adolescent and young adult. In line with parenting style theory, it was found that parents react in four possible ways: (1) by rejecting, (2) applauding, (3) ignoring, or (4) discussing the (extreme) ideals of their children. Few parents discuss ideals and values with their child, and this paper tries to show why (e.g., powerlessness, disassociation, occupation with other problems, believing it to be a phase that will pass, or that their reaction would not help). Most parents struggle to cope with radicalization and do not know how to react. Support and control are potentially important tools for parents to use to combat the development of extreme ideology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study we tested whether the relation between fathers' and mothers' psychopathology symptoms and child social-emotional development was mediated by parents' use of emotion talk about negative emotions in a sample of 241 two-parent families. Parents' internalizing and externalizing problems were measured with the Adult Self Report and parental emotion talk was observed while they discussed a picture book with their children (child age: 3 years). Children's parent-reported internalizing and externalizing problems and observed prosocial behaviors were assessed at the age of 3 years and again 12 months later. We found that mothers' use of emotion talk partially mediated the positive association between fathers' internalizing problems and child internalizing problems. Fathers' internalizing problems predicted more elaborative mother-child discussions about negative emotions, which in turn predicted more internalizing problems in children a year later. Mothers' externalizing problems directly predicted more internalizing and externalizing problems in children. These findings emphasize the importance of examining the consequences of parental psychological difficulties for child development from a family-wide perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated gender differences in parental monitoring and sensitivity toward parents and the extent to which these measures can influence children's mate preferences. In 2 samples (the United States and the Netherlands), females reported experiencing higher levels of parental monitoring and being more sensitive toward their parents' feelings regarding mate choice (e.g., being more upset if their parents did not approve of their partner) than males. Individuals displaying higher sensitivity toward parents rated parental investment and cooperation, and to a lesser extent genetic quality, as being more important in a potential mate than individuals lower in sensitivity toward parents. The level of parental monitoring did not significantly predict the importance of parental investment and cooperation or genetic quality in a potential mate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hypothesis that the degree to which parents control the mate choice of their children may explain differences in mate guarding across and within cultures was tested. Study 1, in a sample of 80 students from 30 different countries studying in The Netherlands, showed that the perceived level of parental influence on mate choice in a culture was associated with more mate guarding reported by individuals from that culture. Study 2, in a sample of 242 Argentinean individuals, showed that individuals who were more in favor of parental influence on mate choice did report more mate guarding. The effects remained intact when controlling for potentially confounding variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Criminal behavior of parents substantially affects the criminal behavior of children. Little is known, however, about how crime is transmitted from one generation to the next. In order to test two possible explanations against each other, we pose the question whether the timing of the criminal acts of fathers is important for children’s chances of committing crime. Static theories predict that it is the number of delinquent acts performed by fathers that is important, and that the particular timing does not affect the child’s chance of committing crime. Dynamic theories state that the timing is important, and children have a greater chance of committing crime in the period after fathers have committed delinquent acts. Results show that the total number of convictions of a father is indeed very important, but also the exact timing is key to understanding intergenerational transmission of crime. In the year a father is convicted the chance his child is also convicted increases substantially and it decays in subsequent years. This decay takes longer the more crimes father has committed. Our results show that some of the assumptions of the static theories at least need to be adjusted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the tracked educational system of the Netherlands, students at the end of secondary education have to decide whether they want to enter subsequent post-secondary or tertiary education. Depending on the previous qualification, they have the choice between up to four different options, including not entering further education. We propose, in line with prevalent theoretical approaches, that children from lower socio-economic backgrounds tend to make decisions that do not fully capitalize on their previously obtained qualifications. By means of multinomial logistic regression models we tested the unconditional and conditional effects of family background for entering the different tracks of post-secondary education. In the unconditional analyses we found effects for parental education on making a transition to all types of post-secondary and tertiary education, but the occupational status of the father seems to be only relevant for the transition to lower tier tertiary education. The conditional effects of parental education for making the transition to senior vocational education and university are strong, while the transition to lower tertiary education is not influenced by parental background characteristics. This shows that even with eligibility for the most prestigious tracks, children from lower socio-economic backgrounds tend to make less ambitious educational decisions. We also examined to what extent this inequality changed across time for the cohorts that terminated secondary education between 1932 and 1995. Decreasing effects of parental education indicate that the expansion of secondary education had the positive effect of leading more children from lower social backgrounds into favourable secondary education tracks, especially the intermediate general track. This equalization is carried forward through the entire sequence of educational transitions. The students from advantaged backgrounds nevertheless still profit from the parental resources in access to the most prestigious tertiary education institutions given secondary qualifications. Their head start into the academic track has not been reduced across cohorts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contrary to assumptions underlying current psychological theories of human mating, throughout much of human history parents often controlled the mating behavior of their children. In the present research, the authors tested the hypothesis that the level of parental influence on mating is associated with the level of collectivism in a culture. A scale to assess the degree of parental influence on mate choice was administered to four samples: 371 students from the Netherlands; 197 young people from Kurdistan, Iraq; 80 students from 30 different countries studying in the Netherlands; and 102 students in Canada. As expected, the Kurdish sample reported higher levels of parental influence on mate choice than the Dutch sample, and parental influence was found to be higher in more collectivistic countries. In the Canadian sample, participants with an East Asian background (who have greater exposure to collectivistic cultural norms) indicated greater parental influence than did participants with a European background. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The present study investigated to what extent the frequency and seriousness of parental offending were related to their offspring offending. Police officers in one Dutch province completed a form to register risk factors and the actions undertaken when they came into contact with offenders aged 8–14 years. These juveniles were followed for 18 months to establish whether or not they committed more crimes. In addition, the parents of these children were traced in the police criminal record systems. Data were gathered from 577 children and their parents. Of these children, 34% were exposed to parental criminality, of which 33 delinquents had two criminal parents and 163 had one criminal parent. If both parents were criminal, the child had the highest frequency of offending. Further, the frequency of parental offending was positively related to the frequency of the child''s offending. Concerning the seriousness of juvenile crimes, the seriousness of the committed offences of the father showed a positive relation with the seriousness of his child''s offending. Unexpectedly, a negative association was found between the seriousness of maternal offending and the seriousness of her child offending. These results offered a better understanding of the influence that parents with a criminal history have on their children. Further research is needed to identify mechanisms underlying this relationship in order to provide appropriate prevention and intervention strategies. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In this article we analyzed the long term effects of parental media socialization on educational success. We employed information on 7838 individuals from 3083 families in the Netherlands to estimate hierarchical models that distinguish between family-specific (socialization) effects and individual effects. Our study reveals that parental media socialization plays a meaningful role in the intergenerational transmission of social inequality. Whereas parental time spent on television vie- wing actually harms a child's educational career, parental reading intensity benefits school success. The content of the parental media consumption plays a relevant role in the reproduction process as well. A parental role model emphasizing highbrow reading enhances school success. Parents actually restrict their children's educational success by showing a strong preference for popular TV Beside the parental role model on media use we studied instructive media guidance performed by parents. Our results showed that parent-child interaction on reading positively affects children's educational career. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examined the work and family plans of adolescents from five different ethnic origins. The way in which parents influence these plans was studied by using a representative sample of secondary school pupils ( N = 52,000) in The Netherlands. Results showed that substantial proportions of adolescents had traditional work and family plans. The study showed that work and family plans of adolescents of non-Dutch origin overall were at least as egalitarian as those of Dutch origin. Girls of all ethnic origins held more egalitarian plans than boys. Logistic regression analyses revealed that adolescents’ plans were associated with parents’ socio-demographic characteristics and role-modeling. The processes of intergenerational transmission were found to be highly similar for girls and boys in all ethnic groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the extent of parents influence to their children's attitudes, primarily focusing during socialization on the attitudes of their children as well to what extent these parental influences vary with family characteristics in the case of the Netherlands. It explores the similarities between parents and children in three different attitudes in order to challenge the generalizability of socialization effects. These attitudes concerns towards homosexuality, euthanasia and ethnic minorities. An overview of the hypotheses and results of the study is given. It concludes that parental influence on the attitudes of their adult children diminishes as respondents get older.

In this article we investigate which socialization features and individual aspects determine the membership of a cultural organization (i.e., band, choir or drama club) in the Netherlands. To test our hypotheses we employ the Family Survey Dutch Population 2000 that holds detailed information on cultural memberships. Event history analysis shows that parental social and religious participation during childhood, a person's educational level, and a culturally active partner increase tie odds of joining a cultural organization. On the other hand, young children in the respondent's household prevent joining a band, choir or drama club. Resigning a cultural membership is positively affected by moving to another town whereas a culturally active partner further stimulates to continue a cultural subscription. Surprisingly, increasing time restrictions have no impact on the odds to resign a membership of a band, choir or drama club. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Time and again, studies have shown that higher educated individuals are less inclined to avoid social contact with ethnic minorities than are lower educated individuals. This has been interpreted as the liberalizing effect of education: the school is considered to be the most important socializing agent transmitting liberal values that reduce ethnic intolerance and ethnic prejudice. However, parents too are considered to be important socializing agents. We set out to compare the effects of educational attainment with various kinds of parental influence. We analysed data on 201 young adults and theft parents from a Dutch panel study. The results show that the relative influence of parents is fairly small compared to the effect of education. Moreover, controlling for parental influences hardly reduces young adults' educational effect on ethnic distance: education is (still) the most important determinant for young adults' ethnic distance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To what extent do the mother's and father's jobs and occupational sex-typing influence the status and sex-typing of their children's occupation at first entry into the labour market? Our database contains 5027 respondents of two merged Dutch surveys held between 1992 and 1995. The effect of the mother's occupational status on her daughter's is significant, but smaller than either the effect of father's status on his son's or his daughter's status. The mother's occupational sex-typing is related to her daughter's occupational sex-typing. The more female sex-typed the daughter's occupation, the lower her occupational status. In the same way the father's occupational sex-typing is related to his son's occupational sex-typing. While the extension of the classical status attainment models by the mother's occupation and occupational sex-typing leads to interesting and new coefficients, we conclude that the more elementary classical model is not invalidated by these new perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on a study which illustrated that conventional conjoint choice models are not well suited to the modelling of parents' school choices for the purpose of assessing the impact of school policies on school choice. Changes in spatial planning of schools in the Netherlands; Experimental details; Results and discussion; Conclusion.

This study examines whether parental Expressed Emotion (EE) ratings, based on the Camberwell Family Interview (CFI), are predictive of the course of illness in a sample of Dutch families with an adolescent eating disorder patient. Levels of EE at first assessment and at the termination of treatment are reported. The levels of parental EE at first assessment were low. During the treatment period the levels decreased further. We used a stepwise multiple regression analysis, with the parental EE variables as independent variables, to predict the AOS at T2 and T3. This way we showed that the mothers' Critical Comments (CC) rating explained 28 to 34% of the outcome variance. The mothers' CC rating was also the best predictor of outcome when compared to other possible predictor variables. The results underscore the importance of involving the family in the treatment of adolescent eating disorders. Specific attention should be given to the mother's thoughts, feelings, and behavior concerning her ill daughter. Helping the mother and daughter to differentiate and separate through a constructive noncritical approach to the presenting problems may be a crucial factor in breaking through the perpetuating cycle of criticism and illness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the influence of the mother's education on the education of her children, in addition to that of the father's education and occupation. Stratification research tends to disregard the possible influence of the mother. Our results show, however, a clear influence of the mother's education on her children's. Over time, this influence is positive and constant, and is roughly the same for sons as for daughters. Our conclusion is that in the Netherlands the total parental influence (i.e. the influence of mother's education and father's education and occupation) has declined in the period 1905-1965. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we address the Bourdieu-like question of whether in the Netherlands parental economic resources explain increasingly less and parental cultural resources increasingly more of the transfer of education from parents to their eldest child. We do so by following up on De Graaf's (1986) analysis of the Quality of Life Survey 1977, which concluded that in the younger cohort parental cultural and financial resources contribute less to educational reproduction than in the older one with the contribution of financial resources becoming insignificant. However, an analysis of the Quality of Life Survey 1986 data leads to different findings. Now in the younger cohort both parental cultural and economic resources explain more of educational transfer than in the older one. Conclusions turn out to differ by sex. For daughters of the younger cohort no effect of parental economic resources is found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study we employ sibling-analysis to assess the effect of measured (parent's occupation and education, financial and cultural resources) and unmeasured family characteristics on children's educational attainment. We estimate the models with data from a recent survey, which is representative for the Netherlands. Our findings show that the effects of parental educational and occupational status represent about half of the total family effect, and that additional information on financial and cultural resources increasses this with five percent. We are able to demonstrate that families treat all children similarly: Family effects do not differ for boys and girls, nor for older and younger siblings. A cohort comparison between respondents born before and after 1950 does not display any trends. This suggests that the relationship between the educational resources parents have at their disposal and their educational and occupational status has not changed over time, and that the impact of family background has not diminished. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study the intergenerational transmission of political party preference was examined. Hypotheses were formulated and tested by analyzing data from a survey held among high school pupils in the Netherlands in 1991 (N=5148). Multinomial logistic diagonal reference models were applied to analyze the data. In general no differences were found between the relative influence of fathers' and mothers' political party preference. However, the fathers' party preference had more of an effect on the party preference of sons than the mothers', while the mothers' party preference had more impact on the party preference of daughters than the fathers'. Finally, contradictory to our hypotheses, children with political heterogeneous parents did not have a smaller chance to prefer a political party than children of politically homogeneous parents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In social inequality research, the impact of mothers' position on the transmission of family resources to children is often neglected. We ask what the effects of mothers' and fathers' status were on their sons' and daughters' status attainment in the nineteenth and early twentieth century in the Netherlands, and how these effects changed over time. We use occupational information in marriage record data to investigate the status of 465,790 sons and 157,967 daughters. Mothers' occupational and employment status mattered for both sons' and daughters' status attainment. Over time, the gender-specific influence of parental status on children's status remained stable, while the cross-gender impact of parental status on daughters' status attainment increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Knowledge on the long-term interactive interplay between children with a significant cognitive and motor developmental delay and their parents is very scarce. We aimed to characterize the (in)variability and potential mutual influence of parent's interactional style and child interactive engagement throughout early childhood. Every six months over the course of two years, thirty-five parent-child dyads (children aged 6-59 months) living in Flanders (Belgium) or the Netherlands were video-taped during a 15-minute unstructured play situation. Video-taped observations were scored using the Child and Maternal Behavior Rating Scales. No consistent group-level trend was found. Within singular interactions, parent's responsive behavior and child interactive engagement (attention and initiation) seem to be strongly related. Initial child initiation seems to positively predict parents' achievement orientation and directive behavior two years later. Parental responsiveness might be an effective interactional strategy to increase child engagement and higher levels of engagement in children possibly can facilitate parental responsiveness within a concrete interaction. The more initiative children show, the more parents might have hope for developmental benefits resulting from a directive/achievement oriented approach. Further research is warranted applying more differentiated and dynamically evaluated outcome measures and a longer follow-up time frame, with specific attention to inter-individual differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]