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Air pollution shows a generally decreasing trend from the north to the south in China since 2013 (GB3095-2012, the current standard for monitoring). However, an opposite observation was recorded in 2017, especially in winter. In this study, we collected monitoring data of six air pollutants in 2016 and 2017, from a northern city (Beijing) and a southern city (Nanjing) for comparison. As air pollution was highly dependent upon meteorological conditions, we further analyzed their relationships to explain this abnormal phenomenon. Seasonal averaged PM2.5, PM10, SO2, CO, and NO2 were negatively correlated with wind scale (WS) while 8-h O3 exhibited an opposite relationship. Relative humidity (RH) has opposite effects on the concentrations of different pollutants in Beijing and Nanjing. The 8-h O3 showed the closest positive correlation with temperature (T), which is due to its formation mechanism. In Beijing, decreased RH, together with more wind from northwest in winter, resulted in an improved air quality in 2017. In Nanjing, WS, RH, T, and wind direction fluctuated within a narrow range in each season, leading to relatively stable pollutant concentrations. These results suggest that meteorological conditions are important factors to evaluate the air quality and implement control measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]