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Low LDL cholesterol and apoB levels in plasma cosegregate with mutations of apoB in some kindreds with familial hypobetalipoproteinemia. Approximately 35 apoB mutations, many specifying apoB truncations, have been described. Based on the centile nomenclature where the full-length nature apoB consisting of 4536 amino acids is designated as apoB-100, only those truncations of apoB >25% of normal length are detectable in plasma. Previously, we reported on five unrelated kindreds with familial hypobetalipoproteinemia in whom although no apoB truncations were detectable in plasma, low apoB levels were nevertheless linked to the apoB gene. In one of those kindreds, we reported a donor splice site mutation in intron 5 (specifying apoB- 4). We now describe a nonsense mutation in exon 10 (apoB-9) in two of the other unrelated families. Both the apoB-4 and apoB-9 mutations have been reported by others in unrelated families. Recurrent mutations of apoB-40 and apoB-55 also have been reported, suggesting that recurrent mutations of apoB may account for an appreciable proportion of familial hypobetalipoproteinemia kindreds. To test this hypothesis, we searched for four apoB mutations whose products are not detected in plasma including the apoB-4, apoB-9, and two other previously reported mutations in exons 21 and 25. We studied three groups with plasma cholesterols <130 mg/dl in whom no apoB truncations were detected in plasma: a) 28 FHBL probands from St. Louis, b) 151 individual St. Louisians, and c) 28 individual Sicilians. One subject from the 28 kindreds and two subjects among 151 hypobeta individuals from St. Louis harbored the exon 10 mutation. None of the other mutations were detected. Thus, among hypobeta lipoproteinemic subjects without any detectable apoB truncations in plasma, <5% had an apoB truncation-producing mutation. As only about 0.5% of hypobeta lipoproteinemic subjects have plasma-detectable apoB truncations, our data suggest that the known apoB truncations account for only a small proportion of hypocholesterolemia.