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Background: Despite the important role of adiponectin in regulating general metabolic homeostasis, analysis of genetic determinants of adiponectin and the related cardio-metabolic traits in African American population has been limited and inconsistent. Considering the high genetic admixture of African Americans and thus the important population stratification that may confound the genetic-trait associations, the objective of this work was to perform a comprehensive analysis of the associations between ADIPOQ variants and adiponectin levels and obesity phenotypes in a large African American population from the Jackson Heart Study (JHS) cohort., Methods: Genotype data was available for 2968 JHS participants (1131men; 1837women). Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) were selected by a Tag-SNP Approach and literature review. The genotype imputation was performed using IMPUTE2 software and reference phased data from the 1000G project. PLINK software was used for the genetic analysis. Plasma specimens were analyzed by ELISA for adiponectin levels. All analyses were controlled for population stratification assessed by Individual Proportions of European Ancestry (PEA) estimates calculated in HAPMIX using ancestry informative markers (AIMs)., Results: We found a gender-dependent association of some ADIPOQ variants and adiponectin levels. In women four of the studied polymorphisms (rs6444174, rs16861205, rs1403697, rs7641507) were associated with adiponectin levels after Bonferroni correction and controlling for the percentage of PEA, age, annual household income and smoking. These results were consistent with the haplotype analysis. The association between the rs12495941 variant and obesity is modulated by the PEA, so that the relationship between the G allele and a higher incidence of obesity was present in those individuals within the lower PEA group. In addition we found an effect modification of obesity on the association between the ADIPOQ rs6444174 SNP and BMI so that the presence of the T allele was negatively and significantly associated with BMI only in participants with a normal weight., Conclusions: In this large African American cohort, ADIPOQ variants were associated with adiponectin levels in a gender-dependent manner and the relationship of some of these variants with obesity and BMI was modulated by the PEA and obesity status respectively. This suggests that the effects of these polymorphisms on adiponectin and obesity phenotypes are subject to a strong interaction with genetic and environmental factors in African American population.

Objective: To determine whether genetic ancestry was associated with subclinical atherosclerosis measures after adjustment for traditional cardiovascular disease risk factors, inflammatory marker, socioeconomic status, and psychosocial factors in a large admixed African American population., Approach and Results: Participants were drawn from the Jackson Heart Study. Participant's percent of European ancestry (PEA) was estimated based on 1747 genetic markers using HAPMIX. Association of PEA with peripheral arterial disease and common carotid intima-media thickness were investigated among 2168 participants and with coronary artery calcification >0 and abdominal aortic calcification >0 among 1139 participants. The associations were evaluated using multivariable regression models. Our results showed that a 1 SD increase in PEA was associated with a lower peripheral arterial disease prevalence after adjusting for age and sex (prevalence ratio=0.90 [95% CI, 0.82-0.99]; P=0.036). Adjustments for traditional cardiovascular disease risk factors, socioeconomic status, and psychosocial factors attenuated this association (prevalence ratio=0.91 [0.82-1.00]; P=0.046). There was also a nonlinear association between PEA and coronary artery calcification and abdominal aortic calcification. The lowest PEA was associated with a lower coronary artery calcification (prevalence ratio=0.75 [0.58-0.96]; P=0.022) and a lower abdominal aortic calcification [prevalence ratio=0.80 [0.67-0.96]; P=0.016) compared with the reference group (10th-90th percentile) after adjusting for traditional cardiovascular disease risk factors, inflammatory marker, socioeconomic status, and psychosocial factors. However, we found no significant association between PEA and common carotid intima-media thickness., Conclusions: Overall, our findings indicate that genetic ancestry was associated with subclinical atherosclerosis, suggesting unmeasured risk factors and interactions with genetic factors might contribute to the distribution of subclinical atherosclerosis among African Americans., (© 2015 American Heart Association, Inc.)

Background: Adiponectin is a biomarker that is associated with type 2 diabetes and hypertension. Lower circulating level is a risk factor. Higher levels are protective. African Americans have a higher prevalence of type 2 diabetes and hypertension and lower levels of adiponectin when compared to other racial/ethnic groups. Little is known about the association of adiponectin on these health outcomes among African Americans. The purpose of the study was to assess the association of adiponectin on type 2 diabetes and hypertension likelihood among African American men and women in the Jackson Heart Study., Methods: Separate multivariate logistic regressions were conducted stratified by sex based on cross-sectional data with type 2 diabetes and hypertension as the outcomes. Adiponectin was divided into four quartiles with the highest quartile as the reference. Data was collected from 2000-2004 on 3,663 participants. Data analysis was conducted in calendar year 2014. Two- tailed P < .05 was established as level of significance., Results: In the adjusted multivariate models, adiponectin level was inversely associated with type 2 diabetes among women (odds ratio [OR], 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.47, [1.02, 2.11], P = .04). There was no association among men. Women with the lowest level of adiponectin were less likely to be hypertensive (OR, 95% CI = 0.66, [0.46, 0.95], p = .02). There was no association among men., Conclusion: Findings reveal differential associations between levels of adiponectin with type 2 diabetes and hypertension likelihood among African American women. More research is needed to elucidate this differential association.