1. Metabolic adaptation to caloric restriction and subsequent refeeding: the Minnesota Starvation Experiment revisited.
- Author
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Müller, Manfred James, Enderle, Janna, Pourhassan, Maryam, Braun, Wiebke, Eggeling, Benjamin, Lagerpusch, Merit, Glüer, Claus-Christian, Kehayias, Joseph J., Kiosz, Dieter, and Bosy-Westphal, Anja
- Subjects
BODY fluid analysis ,SYMPATHETIC nervous system physiology ,ENDOCRINE system physiology ,LIVER analysis ,PHYSIOLOGICAL adaptation ,ADIPOSE tissues ,ANALYSIS of variance ,BASAL metabolism ,BLOOD pressure measurement ,BODY composition ,BODY temperature regulation ,BODY weight ,CALORIMETRY ,CLINICAL trials ,COLLEGE students ,STATISTICAL correlation ,CREATININE ,DIET in disease ,DIET therapy ,ENERGY metabolism ,HEART rate monitoring ,INGESTION ,INSULIN ,ISOTOPES ,MAGNETIC resonance imaging ,MATHEMATICS ,NITROGEN ,NUTRITIONAL assessment ,PLETHYSMOGRAPHY ,PROBABILITY theory ,REGRESSION analysis ,RESEARCH evaluation ,RESEARCH funding ,RESPIRATORY quotient ,STATISTICS ,TESTOSTERONE ,URINALYSIS ,WALKING ,WATER-electrolyte balance (Physiology) ,WEIGHT gain ,LEPTIN ,DATA analysis ,GHRELIN ,BODY mass index ,ACCELEROMETRY ,REPEATED measures design ,LEAN body mass ,PHYSICAL activity ,DATA analysis software ,ADIPONECTIN ,SKELETAL muscle ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics - Abstract
Background: Adaptive thermogenesis (AT) is the fat-free mass (FFM)-independent reduction of resting energy expenditure (REE) to caloric restriction (CR). AT attenuates weight loss and favors weight regain. Its variance, dynamics, and control remain obscure. Objectives: Our aims were to address the variance and kinetics of AT, its associations with body composition in the context of endocrine determinants, and its effect on weight regain. Design: Thirty-two nonobese men underwent sequential overfeeding (1 wk at +50% of energy needs), CR (3 wk at 250% of energy needs), and refeeding (2 wk at +50% of energy needs). AT and its determinants were measured together with body composition as assessed with the use of quantitative magnetic resonance, whole-body MRI, isotope dilution, and nitrogen and fluid balances. Results: Changes in body weight were +1.8 kg (overfeeding), 26.0 kg (CR), and +3.5 kg (refeeding). CR reduced fat mass and FFM by 114 and 159 g/d, respectively. Within FFM, skeletal muscle (25%), liver (213%), and kidneys (28%) decreased. CR also led to reductions in REE (2266 kcal/d), respiratory quotient (215%), heart rate (214%), blood pressure (27%), creatinine clearance (212%), energy cost of walking (222%), activity of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) (238%), and plasma leptin (244%), insulin (254%), adiponectin (249%), 3,5,3#-tri-iodo-thyronine (T3) (239%), and testosterone (211%). AT was 108 kcal/d or 48% of the decrease in REE. Changes in FFM composition explained 36 kcal, which left 72 kcal/d for true AT. The decrease in AT became significant at #3 d of CR and was related to decreases in insulin secretion (r = 0.92, P , 0.001), heart rate (r = 0.60, P , 0.05), creatinine clearance (r = 0.79, P , 0.05), negative fluid balance (r = 0.51, P , 0.01), and the free water clearance rate (r = 20.90, P , 0.002). SNS activity and plasma leptin, ghrelin, and T3 and their changes with CR were not related to AT. Conclusion: During early weight loss, AT is associated with a fall in insulin secretion and body fluid balance. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01737034. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
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